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Background and Objective: Tribal populations are the least well-off groups in society, and because of their ignorance, they are ill-equipped to take advantage of government possibilities. Hence, the study aimed to evaluate the level of ADA in Serum and Pleural Fluid and find its role in early diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) among Tribal and Non-Tribal Populations. Method: 76 participants in the study were split into two groups. Group-I includes 35 healthy control participants, and Group-II consists of 41 PTB patients, with 28 sputum-negative (-ve AFB) patients and 13 sputum-positive (+ve AFB) patients between the age of 18 to 65. In both patient groups, ADA levels were determined in serum and pleural fluid at the Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences in Umarda, Udaipur. Results: The ADA level in Serum and pleural fluid were significantly higher in sputum positive (+ve AFB) patients, 35.62±2.41 IU/L and 29.27±3.20 IU/L as compared to sputum negative (-ve AFB) patients, 57.40±32.14 IU/L and 55.94±18.60 IU/L. Further, serum ADA and Pleural Fluid ADA levels among tribal males were higher as compared to tribal females and among non-tribal females, it was higher as compared to non-tribal males. Conclusion: In the area of Udaipur where tuberculosis is quite prevalent among Tribal Population, ADA level in serum and pleural fluid is helpful as a quick and precise test for the early detection of PTB as ADA is an extremely sensitive, precise, affordable, quick, and easily accessible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) (Y3 Al5O12) nanopowder was carried out by sol-gel method. Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Al(NO3)3.9H2O in the presence of citric acid as complexing agent were used as starting materials. YAG nanopowder was characterised by FTIR, TGA, and XRD. To get phase-pure nanocrystalline YAG powder at relatively lower temperature, calcination at various temperatures was studied and calcination temperature was optimised. Particle size, estimated by XRD using Scherrer's equation, was found to be 28.35 nm which was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The particle morphology was studied by SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A cluster of metabolic indicators responsible to elevate the risk of high blood sugar, heart diseases along with stroke is called metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adipokines play critical roles in the formation and progression of these clusters of diseases. Adiponectin enhances fatty acid oxidation, prevents foam cell formation and improves lipid metabolism. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) possesses pro-atherogenic properties. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is directly associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Complete information about the association related to adipokines and CIMT in MetS of Indian population is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the association of adipokine levels and PAI-1 with CIMT in MetS patients, including its components. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study and IDF criteria were used for the screening of MetS. A total of 164 subjects with MetS (88 males and 76 females) and 100 controls (54 males and 46 females) were enrolled. Serum levels of adiponectin and PAI-1 were measured using ELISA. A CIMT measurement of carotid arteries was also done. The relationship between various parameters was assessed by the Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results: The levels of adiponectin were lower (p < 0.001), while those of PAI-1 and CIMT were higher (p < 0.001) when we compared patients with controls. When the number of metabolic abnormalities increased, the levels of adiponectin decreased and those of PAI-1 increased. There was a strong negative association between PAI-1 levels and those of adiponectin (p <0.001). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that elevated PAI-1 levels are associated with a higher probability of having MetS and negatively impact MetS-related components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]