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In the present study, a total of 720 samples were collected from retail raw meat from 13 upazilas in Sylhet District, Bangladesh, of which 225 samples were from cattle meat, 210 samples were from goat meat, and 285 samples were from chicken meat. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes using multiplex PCR. Among the 720 samples, Salmonella spp. was detected in 28.06% (202 out of 720) of the samples, with S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were identified in 11.53% (83 out of 720) and 12.22% (88 out of 720) of the samples, respectively. It was found that all Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from cattle meat displayed multidrug resistance (MDR) based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Notably, a significant proportion of S. Enteritidis isolates and all S. Typhimurium isolates from goat meat demonstrated complete resistance to multiple drugs (ampicillin, cefuroxime, and ceftazidime). Regarding chicken meat, out of 89 isolates encompassing both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, 57 isolates (64.04%) exhibited MDR. Additionally, blaCTX-M-1 exhibited the highest occurrence at 15.69% for S. Typhimurium and 7.89% for S. Enteritidis in chicken meat. Moreover, blaCTX-M-9 was only detected at 3.92% for S. Enteritidis in chicken meat. Furthermore, blaOXA had the highest prevalence rate of 19.04% for S. Enteritidis and 25.80% for S. Typhimurium in cattle meat, followed by chicken meat. These findings highlight the urgency for monitoring ESBL-producing Salmonella in retail raw meat and the need for strict measure to manage antibiotic use to prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing Salmonella strains, thereby protecting humans and reducing public health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most prevalent probiotic bacterium employed in the food industry is Lactobacillus because it can produce metabolites with antibacterial capabilities and exhibits hostility towards infections and microorganisms that cause spoilage. Aim: This study set out to identify naturally occurring Lactobacillus and plantaricin (pln EF) coding genes in raw cow milk and to assess the antibacterial potency of isolated Lactobacillus isolates. Methods: Following enrichment in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth, single colonies were isolated, and pure colonies were obtained by streaking on MRS agar. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the cultural positivity of all isolates. Additionally, the presence of plantaricin was verified by targeting the pln EF gene through PCR. Outcome: Out of the 166 raw milk specimens acquired from cows, 153 (91.17%; CI: 86.98–95.76) were identified as positive for Lactobacillus through both culture and biochemical screening. Subsequently, 121 (72.89%; CI: 65.46–79.49) of the isolates were affirmed to harbour Lactobacillus through PCR analysis. Within this subset, 6 isolates (4.96%; CI: 1.84–10.48) were found to possess the plnEF gene. When exposed to Lactobacillus isolates, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica displayed an average maximum zone of inhibition with a diameter measuring 24 mm. In contrast, Escherichia coli exhibited an average minimum zone of inhibition, featuring a diameter of 11 mm. Additionally, the Lactobacillus isolates demonstrated inhibitory zones against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, measuring 14, 22 and 19 mm, respectively. Clinical significance: Lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacilli, are plentiful in cow milk and possess broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A retrospective study for the assessment of current rational use of veterinary drugs was conducted at Jaintapur upazila veterinary hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Nine hundred eighty one (981) registered patients were analyzed retrospectively for the study. A total of 2,242 drugs were prescribed for a total of 981 patients. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.28 with maximum of 4 drugs. Out of 2,242 drugs, 40.50% antimicrobials, 23.59% anthelmintics, and 35.91% other drugs were prescribed for treatment. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 13.66% and the remaining 86.34% was prescribed with trade name. The level of education of the prescribers was also assessed and it was found that, 70.54% and 29.46% of the prescriptions were done by Veterinary Field Assistants (VFA) and Veterinarians, respectively. Among the all encounters 82.98% patients were treated empirically and 17.02% patients were treated based on confirmatory diagnosis. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials were Oxytetracycline 241 (26.54%), Streptomycin-Penicillin fixed combination 247 (27.20%) and Cephalosporin 119 (13.11%) and anthelmintics were Levamisole-Triclabendazole combination 129 (24.39%), Ivermectin 119 (22.5%) and Piperazine citrate 62 (11.72%). Most of the antimicrobials were prescribed for respiratory system (34.32%) followed by musculoskeletal-integumentary system (24.06%). On the other hand most of the anthelmintics were prescribed for treating digestive (45.36%) and respiratory (17.14%) system. Anthelmintics (5.5%) were found to be prescribed for the treatment of parasitic infestation and antimicrobials for bacterial infection (1.9%) and surgical (0.3%) cases. Study found anomalies in rational use of veterinary drugs in particular, prescribing generic, proper diagnosis and guideline of drug formulary in the study area. Therefore, strict measures should be taken to promote the rational use of veterinary drugs and to safe guard the public from the effects of drug residuals as well as antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to design to detect the presence of subclinical mastitis and their physicochemical properties in milking cows at Sylhet district. A total of 51 raw milk samples; 25 were collected from Sylhet Government Dairy Farms (SGDF), and the rest from three local private dairy farms (LPDF), Sylhet between September 2019 and February 2020. Subclinical mastitis was detected at the farm premise with Modified White Side Test (MWST) revealing 20 farms negative, 6 strong positive, 12 distinct, 8 weak and 5 doubtful. The highest amount of samples (60%) found test negative at SGDF while 45% from LPDF. Therefore, the overall prevalence of SCM was counted for this study was 49.02% where individually estimated as 40% and 57.69% for SGDF and LPDF respectively. The flavor found normal with yellowish white color and slightly sweet taste. The mean Specific Gravity of collected milk sample were ranged between 1.027-1.030. Among chemical constituents, fat, solid-not-fat, total solid and water percentage showed significant difference (P value < 0.05) between samples except the proportion of protein, lactose and ash. The mean chemical compositions with 95% Confidence Interval of samples stated as Fat% 3.02±1.84, Protein% 3.38±0.56, Lactose% 5.26±0.33, SNF% 9.57±0.62, TS% 12.59±1.80 and Ash% 0.77±0.05. Study samples showed no visible difference from the mean standard value of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and Bangladesh Standard (BDS). Although the study faced few restrictions of diagnostic kit availability, but still current experiment would cooperate with baseline information for the future detection of SCM in Sylhet district dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and devastating viral disease among all cloven-footed animals. In Bangladesh, the disease is endemic, with outbreaks occurring throughout the year in the haor regions. Thus, the FMD outbreaks impact livelihoods in the haor area and are of great concern. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for clinical FMD in some selected areas of haor in Sylhet division of Bangladesh. We examined 1,388 cattle, of which 343 were clinically affected with FMD (prevalence 24.71%, CI95% = 22.44 - 26.98) during the period from July 2017 through June 2018. Though production loss was observed, no mortality was recorded in the infected animals. The data article shows the spatial distribution of FMD prevalence. The temporal pattern indicates a higher number of FMD cases in June (47.01%, CI95% = 38.97 - 55.07). The gender was found associated (OR = 2.98; p < 0.001) with the potential risk of FMD occurrence through univariate analysis. Besides, indigenous breeds of cattle (OR = 2.83; p < 0.001) are found to be more susceptible to FMD compared to exotic and crossbreeds. The risk factors identified in this article will serve as a baseline for the development of risk based FMD control program in future., (© 2019 The Author(s).)