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T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) account for approximately 15 to 20% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States. The most common form of TCL is cutaneous TCL (CTCL), with Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides being the most prevalent subtypes. Sézary syndrome is the more aggressive form and often is referred to as a late-stage variant of mycosis fungoides. Clinically, it is characterized by diffuse erythroderma, cutaneous edema, pruritus, nonhealing cutaneous ulcers, and lymphadenopathy. Patients also can present with changes to their nails, hyperpigmentation, alopecia, palmoplantar keratoderma, ectropion, and hepatosplenomegaly. The overall prognosis for patients with Sézary syndrome is poor. The literature regarding oral manifestations of CTCL mostly report those of mycosis fungoides because it is the most common subtype of CTCL. Currently, there are only 2 reports in the scientific literature of intraoral manifestations of Sézary syndrome. This case report describes a patient with Sézary syndrome who presented with rapidly progressing erythematous lesions of the gingiva and multifocal osteonecrosis of the maxilla and mandible. This is the third reported case of an intraoral manifestation of Sézary syndrome and the first reported case of osteonecrosis in the setting of CTCL.

Rare dental anomalies can present in both syndromic and non-syndromic patients. They can be cosmetically objectionable and may require complex dental interventions. Anomalies such as lobodontia, globodontia, and solitary maxillary central incisors occur in specific syndromes, while others like facial talon cusp and pyramidal molars can be isolated findings.

Anomalies of tooth eruption may occur in one tooth, multiple or all teeth of a dentition. Disruption during the eruption stage of tooth development, genetics, or environmental disturbance may affect eruption of primary incisors, primary molars, first permanent molars, maxillary permanent canines and interchange of the position of teeth. Treatment options include restorative, prosthetic, orthodontic or surgical intervention with the aim of achieving acceptable function and orthodontic development.

Anomalies of crown shape often occur in the permanent dentition. Heredity, chromosomal abnormality, environmental forces, traumatic injury, and mutations result in various anomalies of crown shape. As with crown size, the shape of teeth is created during morphodifferentiation in the Bell stage of tooth development.

Variations in tooth number represent one of the more common dental anomalies. Tooth agenesis, or failure of odontogenesis, may be total or partial, resulting in the absence or decreased number of teeth. Hyperdontia, or increased number of teeth, is a disorder of proliferation during odontogenesis. Genetic influences and multiple syndromes are associated with both anomalies.

Anomalies of tooth formation include diverse entities that vary in severity. Some of the anomalies can only be diagnosed with radiographic examination while others are clinically evident. Early diagnosis of some of these conditions is crucial in order to avoid further complications in patients such as pulp necrosis and abscess formation. Of these anomalies some present more frequently in the primary dentition and can have consequences in the developing permanent teeth.

Dentin is located within the crown and root of both primary and permanent teeth. Anomalies that affect the formation of dentin can result in abnormal tooth wear, abnormal tooth form, and can result in subsequent breakdown of the dentition with associated symptoms. The etiology is genetic with resultant varying phenotypic presentations based on the type of gene defect.

Anomalies of crown size may occur in one tooth, multiple teeth, or all teeth within the dentition. Disruption during the physiologic process of morphodifferentiation, genetics, environmental disturbance, chemotherapy, irradiation, and multiple syndromes is associated with crown size. Treatment options include restorative, prosthodontic, orthodontic, and/or surgical intervention with the aim of achieving acceptable function and esthetics.

Anomalies that affect the formation of enamel are due to genetic, systemic, local, or unknown causes. In general, defects in enamel formation due to either systemic or local etiologies will have various presentations depending upon which stage of enamel formation the insult occurred. In addition, the mode of inheritance (the molecular basis) will result in various visual presentations of enamel defects.

This article provides an overview of common color changes and soft tissue oral nodular abnormalities in children and adolescents. The clinical presentation and treatment options to address these conditions are presented in a concise approach, highlighting key features relevant to the oral health care professional.

The purposes of this study were to determine the previously unreported prevalence of antral pseudocysts in an exclusively pediatric dental population, characterize their presentation, and investigate potential correlates to the presence of these lesions.A tripartite chart review was conducted of 2,000 five- to 21-year-old pediatric dental patients at Yale-New Haven Hospital for the presence of antral pseudocysts identifiable on panoramic radiographs. Demographic, medical, and dental variables potentially influencing their pathogenesis were analyzed via descriptive statistics, odds ratios, and Fisher's exact test.Thirty-six antral pseudocysts were identified in the study sample (1.8 percent). They presented as asymptomatic solitary lesions with a slight male predominance and occurring with greater frequency in individuals with reported allergies. No significant relationship was found between maxillary extractions, orthodontics, obstructive sleep apnea, or history of orofacial trauma and the presence of antral pseudocysts.The prevalence of antral pseudocysts in the pediatric dental population falls among the lower end of ranges previously reported in the literature and may reflect their development over time in response to environmental exposures.

The bispectral index (BIS) monitor records electroencephalogram waveforms and provides an objective measure of the hypnotic effect of a sedative drug on brain activity. The aim of this pilot study was to use the BIS monitor to evaluate the depth of procedural sedation in pediatric dental patients and to assess if the BIS monitor readings correlate with a validated pediatric sedation scale, the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS), in determining the level of sedation in these patients. Thirty-five pediatric dental patients requiring sedation were studied prospectively. A baseline BIS reading was obtained and during the procedure an independent observer recorded the BIS every 5 minutes. The operator, who was blinded to the BIS results, determined the UMSS scale at the same 5-minute interval. The patients were monitored postoperatively for 1 hour. There was a significant but moderate correlation between BIS values and UMSS scores (Spearman's rank correlation r = −0.574, P < .0001). Percentage of agreement and kappa coefficient using all the observations were also calculated. The percentage of agreement was 37.8%, the kappa coefficient was 0.18 (P < .0001), and the weighted kappa coefficient 0.26 (P < .0001). A lack of correlation was noted between the deeper levels of UMSS sedation scores and BIS values. This study demonstrated a significant correlation between BIS values and the UMSS score in pediatric dental patients undergoing mild to moderate sedation. Based on our results, it appears that the BIS monitor may be useful during mild or moderate sedations to establish the level of sedation objectively without the need to stimulate the patient.