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Purpose Chronic opioid use is a significant public health burden. Orthopaedic trauma is one of the main indications for opioid prescription. We aimed to assess the risk for long-term opioid use in a healthy patient cohort. Methods In this matched cohort study, bicycle trauma patients from a Swedish Level-I-Trauma Centre in 2006–2015 were matched with comparators on age, sex, and municipality. Information about dispensed opioids 6 months prior until 18 months following the trauma, data on injuries, comorbidity, and socioeconomic factors were received from national registers. Among bicycle trauma patients, the associations between two exposures (educational level and injury to the lower extremities) and the risk of long-term opioid use (> 3 months after the trauma) were assessed in multivariable logistic regression models. Results Of 907 bicycle trauma patients, 419 (46%) received opioid prescriptions, whereof 74 (8%) became long-term users. In the first quarter after trauma, the mean opioid use was significantly higher in the trauma patients than in the comparators (253.2 mg vs 35.1 mg, p Conclusion The risk of long-term opioid use after a bicycle trauma was low. However, opioids should be prescribed with caution, especially in those with injury to lower extremities or low educational level.

A proportion of patients treated for colorectal cancer have impaired quality of life (QoL) but it is uncertain if the level of QoL differs from the corresponding background population. This population-based cohort study aimed to evaluate health-related QoL in colorectal cancer patients and compare their QoL with that of a Swedish reference population.Patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer Stages I-III in the Stockholm-Gotland region in 2013-2015 received the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and the QLQ-CR29 questionnaires and the low anterior resection syndrome score, 1 year after surgery. Patient and tumour data were collected from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry. The patient cohort was matched to a Swedish reference population regarding EORTC QLQ-C30. Global QoL was compared to the reference population and a patient group with impaired QoL was defined. Detailed patient-reported outcomes were analysed in relation to global QoL in the patient cohort.A total of 925 patients returned the questionnaires and 358 patients (38.70%) reported a clinically relevant impaired global QoL compared to the reference population. Patients with impaired QoL reported clinically relevant and statistically significantly more complaints regarding bowel habits, pain and anxiety. After adjustment for sex, age and stoma, anxiety was the strongest predictor for impaired QoL, with OR 6.797 (95% CI 4.677-9.879).A substantial proportion of patients treated for colorectal cancer have impaired global QoL. This impairment is strongly associated with several physical symptoms and anxiety.

In this study, preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer was found to result in a dose-dependent impairment of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function, reflected both by decreased sperm count and characteristic changes in hormonal response, with signs of partial recovery between 12 and 24 months after surgery. Decreased semen volume was also observed, indicating ejaculatory tract dysfunction, that seemed to be longer-lasting and not related to testicular dose. This threatens fertility in men treated for rectal cancer, and suggests that pretreatment cryopreservation and anticonception after treatment should be discussed individually.

AIM: The aim of this study is to analyze postoperative adverse events (AE) in relation to acute primary testicular failure after radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer. METHOD: This relation was assessed in 104 men, included in a previous prospective cohort study of men treated with surgical resection of the rectum for rectal cancer stage I-III. Postoperative AE were graded according to Clavien-Dindo (2004). Grade 3 or more was set as cut-off for severe postoperative AE. The impact of primary testicular failure on postoperative AE was related to the cumulative mean testicular dose (TD) and the change in Testosterone (T) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) sampled at baseline and after RT. RESULTS: Twenty-six study participants (25%) had severe postoperative AE. Baseline characteristics and endocrine testicular function did not differ significantly between groups with (AE+) and without severe postoperative AE (AE-). After RT, the LH/T-ratio was higher in AE+, 0.603 (0.2–2.5) vs 0.452 (0.127–5.926) (p=0.035). The longitudinal regression analysis showed that preoperative change in T (OR 0.844, 95% CI 0.720 – 0.990, p=0.034), LH/T-ratio (OR 2.020, 95% CI 1.010 – 4.039, p=0.047) and low T (

Introduction: Pelvic radiotherapy (RT) increases the risk of pelvic insufficiency fractures. The aim was to investigate if RT is associated with changes in serum bone biomarkers in women with rectal cancer, and to examine the incidence of radiation-induced bone injuries and the association with bone biomarkers.Material and methods: Women diagnosed with rectal cancer stage I-III, planned for abdominal surgery +/- preoperative (chemo) RT, were prospectively included and followed one year. Serum bone biomarkers comprised sclerostin (regulatory of bone formation), CTX (resorption), BALP and PINP (for-mation). A subgroup was investigated with annual pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The as-sociation between RT and bone biomarkers was explored in regression models.Results: Of 134 included women, 104 had surgery with preoperative RT. The formation markers BALP and PINP increased from baseline to one year in the RT-exposed group (p < 0.001, longitudinal comparison). In the adjusted regression analysis, the mean increase in PINP was higher in the RT-exposed than the unexposed group (17.6 (3.6-31.5) mg/L, p = 0.013). Sclerostin and CTX did not change within groups nor differed between groups. Radiation-induced injuries were detected in 16 (42%) of 38 women with available MRI. At one year, BALP was higher among women with than without bone injuries (p = 0.018, cross-sectional comparison).Conclusions: Preoperative RT was associated with an increase in the formation marker PINP, which could represent bone recovery following RT-induced injuries, commonly observed in participants evaluated with MRI. These findings should be further explored in larger prospective studies on bone health in rectal cancer patients.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funding Agencies|Swedish Cancer Society; Stockholm Cancer Society; Bengt Ihre Research Fellowship; Bengt Ihre Foundation; Stockholm County Council; Karolinska Institutet; Region Ostergotland

Clinical experience and limited data show that female sexual function is influenced negatively by preoperative radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the impact of RT on sexual function and ovarian reserve measured by levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).Women with stage I-III rectal cancer scheduled for surgery with or without preoperative (chemo)RT were included and followed for 2 years. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire responses and blood samples for hormone analyses, including AMH in women aged 45 years or less, were collected at baseline and during follow-up.In the group of 109 women who received preoperative RT, median scores in all FSFI domains decreased over time, as did the total FSFI score (from 18·5 (range 2·0-36·0) at baseline to 10·8 (2·0-34·8) at 2 years; P 0·001). In the group of 30 women who did not receive preoperative RT, only satisfaction declined over time (from 3·2 (0·8-6·0) to 1·8 (0·8-6·0); P = 0·012). In longitudinal regression analysis, the mean decline in FSFI total score was -9·33 (95 per cent c.i. -16·66 to -1·99; P = 0·013) for women who had preoperative RT compared with those who did not, with adjustment for age, Psychological General Well-being Index score and relationship with partner. A corresponding association was seen for arousal, lubrication, orgasm and pain. Five of six women aged 45 years or less with detectable serum levels of AMH at baseline had undetectable levels after RT.Preoperative RT was associated with impairment in sexual function in women with rectal cancer. This needs to be considered when discussing choice of treatment and rehabilitation. In younger women, undetectable AMH levels after RT indicate an irreversible loss of ovarian follicles.La experiencia clínica y los datos limitados que han sido publicados indican que la radioterapia (RT) preoperatoria por cáncer rectal influye negativamente en la función sexual femenina. El obejtivo de este estudio fue investigar prospectivamente el impacto de la RT en la funcion sexual y en la reserva ovárica evaluada por el nivel de hormona antimülleriana (anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH). MÉTODOS: Las mujeres con cáncer rectal estadio I-III en las que se planeaba un tratamiento quirúrgico con o sin (quimio)radioterapia ((chemo)radiotherapy (C)RT)) se incluyeron en el estudio y fueron seguidas durante 2 años. Se recogieron datos a nivel basal y durante el seguimiento del cuestionario del índice de función sexual femenina (Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI), así como se obtuvieron muestras de sangre para los análisis hormonales, incluyendo AMH en mujeres de ≤ 45 años de edad.En el grupo expuesto a RT (n = 109), la mediana de las puntuaciones disminuyó a lo largo del tiempo en todos los dominios del FSFI y en la puntuación total del FSFI (de 18,5 (2,0-36) a 10,8 (2,0-34,8), P 0,001). En el grupo no expuesto a RT (n = 30), solamente el grado de satosfacciòn disminuyó a lo largo del tiempo (de 3,2 (0,8-6,0) a 1,8 (0,8-6,0), P = 0,012). En el análisis longitudinal de regresión, la disminución media de la puntuación total del FSFI fue de -9,33 (i.c. del 95% -16,66; -1,99), P = 0,013) en el grupo expuesto a RT en comparacion con las mujeres no expuestas, durante los 2 años postoperatorios, ajustado por edad, índice de bienestar psicológico (Psychological General Well Being Index, PGWI) y vida en pareja. Se observó una asociación correspondiente con la exitación, lubricación, orgasmo y dolor. Cinco de seis mujeres de ≤ 45 años de edad con niveles séricos detectables de AMH en situación basal presentaron niveles indetectables tras la RT. CONCLUSIÓN: La RT preoperatoria se asociaba con alteración de la función sexual en mujeres con cáncer rectal. Este aspecto debe ser considerado a la hora de discutir la eleccion del tratamiento y la rehabilitación. En mujeres jóvenes, los niveles indetectables de AMH tras la RT indican una pérdida irreversible de folículos ováricos.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of testosterone administration on trunk and pelvic floor muscle area in women with low testosterone levels.Participants were hysterectomized women with total testosterone31 ng/dL and/or free testosterone3.5 pg/mL; participating in the Testosterone Dose Response in Surgically Menopausal Women (TDSM) trial. All participants received a standardized transdermal estradiol regimen during the 12-week run-in period, and were then randomized to receive weekly intramuscular injections of placebo, or 3, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg testosterone enanthate for 24 weeks. Muscle areas of the trunk and pelvis were measured at baseline and end of treatment using 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Total and free testosterone levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and equilibrium dialysis, respectively. Testosterone effect on muscle areas was analyzed using linear regression models.A total of 24 women who had available baseline and posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging were included in the analysis. Increased cross-sectional areas of the paraspinal, psoas, and abdominal wall muscles were seen after testosterone administration. The estimated mean change (95% CI; P value) between treatment groups was 4.07 cm (1.26-6.88; P = 0.007) for paraspinal, 1.60 cm (0.10-3.09; P = 0.038) for psoas major, and 7.49 cm (1.96-13.02; P = 0.011) for abdominal wall muscles. Increases in psoas muscle area were significantly associated with changes in free testosterone concentrations. No significant changes in obturator internus and pelvic floor muscle areas were observed.Short-term testosterone administration in women with low testosterone levels was associated with increased trunk muscle area.

Background This population-based cohort study aimed to evaluate occurrence of low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) and correlate this to health-related quality of life in patients who had undergone segmental colonic resection for colonic cancer in the Stockholm-Gotland region. The hypothesis was that there is a difference in occurrence of LARS depending on whether a right- or a left-sided resection was performed. Methods Patients who underwent segmental colonic resection for colonic cancer stages I-III in the Stockholm-Gotland region in 2013-2015 received EORTC QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR29 and LARS score questionnaires 1 year after surgery. Clinical patient and tumour data were collected from the Swedish ColoRectal Cancer Registry. Patient-reported outcome measures were analysed in relation to type of colonic resection. Results Questionnaires were sent to 866 patients and complete responses were provided by 517 (59·7 per cent). After right-sided resection 20·6 per cent reported major LARS. After left-sided resection the proportion with major LARS was 15·6 per cent. The odds ratio (OR) for major LARS after right-sided resection was 1·45 (95 per cent c.i. 1·02 to 2·06; P = 0·037) compared with left-sided resection. After adjustment for age and sex, an increase in the risk of major LARS after right- versus left-sided resection remained (OR 1·48, 1·03 to 2·13; P = 0·035). Major LARS correlated with impaired quality of life. Conclusion Major LARS was more frequent after right-sided than following left-sided colonic resection. Major LARS reflected impaired quality of life.

Introduction Complete Mesocolic Excision (CME) has been proposed as the preferred surgical technique for resection of colon cancer. This prospective cohort study evaluates the effect of CME surgery on colon cancer mortality after right-sided hemicolectomy on a population level. Methods Data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry and the Cause of Death Registry on all patients treated with elective right-sided hemicolectomy for colon cancer stage I to III in the Stockholm County 2008-2012 were analyzed. Adherence to principles of CME surgery was determined by structured analysis of anonymized surgical reports regarding presence of five essential features. The exposure to CME was graded as group 0 (not exposed to CME), group 1 (intermediate) and group 2 (exposed to CME). Results In total 1171 patients were analysed with 234 (20.0%) patients in CME group 0, 453 (38.7%) patients in CME group 1 and 484 (41.3%) in CME group 2. The 5-year colon cancer mortality was 20.2% in CME group 0, 13.9% in CME group 1 and 13.1% in CME group 2 (p=0.026). The adjusted hazard ratio for colon cancer mortality was 0.61 (95% CI 0.42 - 0.91; p=0.014) for CME group 1 and 0.52 (95% 0.35 - 0.77; p=0.001) for CME group 2. Discussion The presence of predefined CME features in surgical reports was related to a graded benefit on cancer specific mortality after right-sided hemicolectomy for colon cancer stage I to III.

AIM Reconstruction with an ileosigmoidal anastomosis (ISA) or ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) is a surgical option after a subtotal colectomy. Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a problematic complication and high rates have been reported, but there is limited understanding of the risk factors involved. The aim of this study was to assess the established and potential predictors of AL following ISA and IRA. METHOD This was a retrospective cohort study including all patients who had undergone ISA or IRA at three Swedish referral centres for colorectal surgery between January 2007 and March 2015. Data regarding clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome were collected from medical records. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between patient and treatment related factors and the cumulative incidence of AL. RESULTS In total, 227 patients were included. Overall, AL was detected amongst 30 patients (13.2%). Amongst patients undergoing colectomy with synchronous ISA or IRA (one-stage procedure), AL occurred in 23 out of 120 (19.2%) compared with seven out of 107 (6.5%) after stoma reversal with ISA or IRA (two-stage procedure) (P = 0.004). In addition, the multivariate analyses revealed a statistically significantly lower odds ratio for AL following a two-stage procedure (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.41, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms high rates of AL following ISA and IRA. In particular, a synchronous procedure with colectomy and ISA/IRA carries a high risk of AL.

Anastomotic leakage is a serious clinical problem after colorectal resections and is associated with a significantly increased length of stay, morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of changes in clinical practice on anastomotic leakage rate after colorectal resections. Retrospective cohort study based on prospectively collected data. All 894 patients with primary anastomosis after colorectal resection at a tertiary referral center between 2006 and 2013 were analyzed. Changes in clinical practice aiming at reducing the rate of anastomotic leakages were introduced in January 2010 and were characterized by exclusion of perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, introduction of intra-operative goal-directed fluid therapy and avoidance of primary anastomoses in emergency resections. The study population was divided into two groups, one treated before and one after the introduction of changes in clinical practice. Groups were compared regarding patient characteristics and incidence of anastomotic leakage. The cumulative incidence of anastomotic leakage after colorectal resections decreased from 10.0% (41 of 409) to 4.5% (22 of 485) after changing clinical practice, relative risk 0.45 (95% CI 0.27–0.75, p = 0.002). The adjusted odds ratio was 0.45 (0.26–0.78, p = 0.004). A separate analysis showed a decrease after colon resections from 9.1% (23 of 252) to 4.5% (14 of 310), relative risk 0.49 (0.26–0.94, p = 0.039), and from 11.5% (18 of 157) to 4.6% (8 of 175) after rectal resections, relative risk 0.40 (0.18–0.89, p = 0.024). Implementing a structured change of clinical practice can significantly reduce the anastomotic leakage rate after colorectal resections. Clinical trial registration number: ACTRN12617001497392.

Testosterone dose-dependently increases appendicular muscle mass. However, the effects of testosterone administration on the core muscles of the trunk and the pelvis have not been evaluated. The present study evaluated the effects of testosterone administration on truncal and pelvic muscles in a dose-response trial. Participants were young healthy men aged 18-50 years participating in the 5α-Reductase (5aR) Trial. All participants received monthly injections of 7.5 mg leuprolide acetate to suppress endogenous testosterone production and weekly injections of 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg of testosterone enanthate and were randomized to receive either 2.5 mg dutasteride (5aR inhibitor) or placebo daily for 20 weeks. Muscles of the trunk and the pelvis were measured at baseline and the end of treatment using 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. The dose effect of testosterone on changes in the psoas major muscle area was the primary outcome; secondary outcomes included changes in paraspinal, abdominal, pelvic floor, ischiocavernosus, and obturator internus muscles. The association between changes in testosterone levels and muscle area was also assessed. Testosterone dose-dependently increased areas of all truncal and pelvic muscles. The estimated change (95% confidence interval) of muscle area increase per 100 mg of testosterone enanthate dosage increase was 0.622 cm2 (0.394, 0.850) for psoas; 1.789 cm2 (1.317, 2.261) for paraspinal muscles, 2.530 cm2 (1.627, 3.434) for total abdominal muscles, 0.455 cm2 (0.233, 0.678) for obturator internus, and 0.082 cm2 (0.003, 0.045) for ischiocavernosus; the increase in these volumes was significantly associated with the changes in on-treatment total and free serum testosterone concentrations. In conclusion, core muscles of the trunk and pelvis are responsive to testosterone administration. Future trials should evaluate the potential role of testosterone administration in frail men who are predisposed to falls and men with pelvic floor dysfunction.

Background Multi-visceral resection, including parts of the urinary tract, is sometimes warranted to achieve cancer clear resection margins and optimize survival in patients with locally advanced colorectal and anal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess morbidity after urinary tract reconstruction dictated by colorectal and anal malignancy and to identify potential predictors of urological complications. Methods All patients undergoing surgery for colorectal or anal malignancy, including urinary tract resection and synchronous reconstruction, performed at the Karolinska University Hospital during 2004–2015 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Data was collected from medical records with follow-up until at least one year after the index surgery. Complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system of surgical complications. Results The study included 189 patients; 121 underwent cystectomy and 68 partial ureter resection. The rate of high grade urological complications was 22%. The risk of major urological complications was significantly higher in patients subjected to ureter resection compared to after cystectomy (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.23–5.49). Also, preoperative radiotherapy and intestinal anastomotic dehiscence significantly increased the risk of high grade urological complications. Conclusion To achieve potentially curative resections with uninvolved margins in patients with locally advanced colorectal and anal cancer, multi-visceral resection including urinary tract reconstruction can be performed with reasonable morbidity.

Introduction Preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer may affect Leydig cell function. However, the diagnosis of posttreatment hypogonadism is complicated as sexual symptoms associated to hypogonadism can rely on adverse events of pelvic radiation and surgery. Aim The objective of this study was to investigate the association of testosterone levels and body composition. The clinical value of such an association is tested subsequently in the study population. Methods This was a longitudinal study with prospective registration during 2010–2012 and 1-year follow up. Men with rectal cancer stage I–III, treated with radiotherapy and surgery, were eligible, and 40 of 53 men were available for analysis. Main Outcome Measures The areas of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were assessed on a defined section of a computed tomography at baseline and after 1 year. Androgen levels were recorded from morning blood samples. Results The area of skeletal muscle was related to the level of bioavailable testosterone (P = 0.01) but not to the level of serum testosterone (P = 0.36). The subcutaneous adipose tissue was not related to testosterone levels. Men with posttreatment serum testosterone levels of 8–12 nmol/L and longitudinal loss of psoas muscle area had a significantly increased luteinizing hormone-testosterone ratio compared with those with longitudinal gain of psoas muscle. Conclusions The area of psoas muscle is related to the unbound fraction of circulating testosterone in men treated for rectal cancer. The longitudinal loss of psoas muscle in men with borderline levels of serum testosterone seems to be an androgen-related symptom associated with compensatory activation of the pituitary–gonadal axis indicating a testicular failure in this group of patients.

OBJECTIVES: : To evaluate the outcome after Hartmann's procedure (HP) versus primary anastomosis (PA) with diverting ileostomy for perforated left-sided diverticulitis. BACKGROUND: : The surgical management of left-sided colonic perforation with purulent or fecal peritonitis remains controversial. PA with ileostomy seems to be superior to HP; however, results in the literature are affected by a significant selection bias. No randomized clinical trial has yet compared the 2 procedures. METHODS: : Sixty-two patients with acute left-sided colonic perforation (Hinchey III and IV) from 4 centers were randomized to HP (n = 30) and to PA (with diverting ileostomy, n = 32), with a planned stoma reversal operation after 3 months in both groups. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The primary end point was the overall complication rate. The study was discontinued following an interim analysis that found significant differences of relevant secondary end points as well as a decreasing accrual rate (NCT01233713). RESULTS: : Patient demographics were equally distributed in both groups (Hinchey III: 76% vs 75% and Hinchey IV: 24% vs 25%, for HP vs PA, respectively). The overall complication rate for both resection and stoma reversal operations was comparable (80% vs 84%, P = 0.813). Although the outcome after the initial colon resection did not show any significant differences (mortality 13% vs 9% and morbidity 67% vs 75% in HP vs PA), the stoma reversal rate after PA with diverting ileostomy was higher (90% vs 57%, P = 0.005) and serious complications (Grades IIIb-IV: 0% vs 20%, P = 0.046), operating time (73 minutes vs 183 minutes, P < 0.001), hospital stay (6 days vs 9 days, P = 0.016), and lower in-hospital costs (US $16,717 vs US $24,014) were significantly reduced in the PA group. CONCLUSIONS: : This is the first randomized clinical trial favoring PA with diverting ileostomy over HP in patients with perforated diverticulitis.

Long-term outcome data after total endoscopic preperitoneal hernia repair are scarce. This study reports the 10-year results after endoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair in terms of recurrence rates and various patient-orientated indicators of quality of life.Between July 1995 and April 2000, 107 consecutive patients underwent endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair. The follow-up assessment between December 2007 and June 2008 included a clinical examination and a patient questionnaire.Sixty-three patients (64.3%) with 108 hernias attended follow-up, an average of 115.7 months (range 91 to 148 mo) after the index operation. The incidence of recurrence was 2.8%, of chronic pain 15.9%, and of foreign body sensation 33.3%. Patient satisfaction measured on the Visual Analogue Scale was high with a median of 9.6 (range 0.3 to 10).Endoscopic total extraperitoneal hernia repair is a safe and effective procedure with excellent long-term results and an extremely high rate of patient satisfaction.

Radiotherapy (RT) for rectal cancer can have adverse effects on testicular function resulting in azoospermia and low testosterone levels. Variability of testicular dose (TD) due to differences in position of testes has been assessed with scrotal dosimeters and resulted in substantial variability of delivered TD. The aim of this study was to estimate planned and delivered TD using a treatment planning system (TPS).In 101 men treated with RT for rectal cancer the cumulative mean TD (mTD) was calculated by TPS based on plan-computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the effect of different predictors on planned TD. The delivered TD was estimated by TPS based on repeated cone-beam CTs in 32 of 101 men to assess within-person variability of planned and delivered TD in a longitudinal analysis.The median planned mTD for short course RT was 0.57 Gy (range 0.06-14.37 Gy) and 0.81 Gy (range 0.36-10.80 Gy) for long course RT. The median planned mTD was similar to the median delivered mTD in the 32 men analysed over the entire course of RT (p=0.84). The mTD did not change significantly over time of planning and delivering RT. The variation in proximity between testes and planning target volume (PTV) was related to within-person variability of mTD in men on the 50th and 75th percentile of mTD and as expected the absolute difference between planned and delivered mTD increased with higher mTD.Testicular doses calculated based on plan-CT are an accurate estimation of delivered TD based on repeated cone beam (CB)CT. The within-person variability of TD is related to variation in proximity between testes and PTV in men with moderate to high TD.

Introduction Eighty percent of all male rectal cancer patients are sexually active at the time of diagnosis. Because of modern multimodal therapy many can expect long-term survival. The testes can be exposed to scattered or direct radiation during radiotherapy, depending on their position in relation to the targeted volume. Aim This review analyzes the current literature providing data on testicular exposure to radiation during radiotherapy for rectal cancer and the consequences on testicular function. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Ten original articles providing data on testicular exposure to radiation and testicular function in men with primary rectal cancer were included for qualitative synthesis. Main Outcome Measures Data on testicular exposure to radiation and testosterone levels in men with rectal cancer are reported. Results On average, the testes were exposed to 0.24–8.4 Gy during long-course radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Testosterone levels after radiation were significantly lower compared with pretreatment levels or compared with patients treated with surgery alone. After radiotherapy, the absolute risk increase was 0.17–0.30 for posttreatment testosterone levels below 8 nmol/L. In the largest study, the relative risk was 2.7 for testosterone levels below 8 nmol/L for men treated with radiotherapy compared with men treated with surgery alone. Conclusion Current data generate three hypotheses: (i) during long-course radiotherapy for rectal cancer, the testes can be exposed to direct and/or scattered radiation; (ii) men treated with radiotherapy seem at risk to develop testicular dysfunction with decreased serum testosterone levels compared with both pretreatment values and men treated with surgery alone; and (iii) a decrease in testosterone levels (

The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of pleural empyema was assessed in a consecutive series of 328 patients between 1992 and 2002. An analysis of the predicting factors for conversion thoracotomy in presumed stage II empyema was performed.Empyema stage III with pleural thickening and signs of restriction on computer tomography imaging was treated by open decortication, whereas a thoracoscopic debridement was attempted in presumed stage II disease. Conversion thoracotomy was liberally used during thoracoscopy if stage III disease was found at surgery. Predictive factors for conversion thoracotomy were calculated in a multivariate analysis among several variables such as age, sex, time interval between onset of symptoms and surgery, involved microorganisms, and underlying cause of empyema.Of the 328 patients surgically treated for stage II and III empyema, 150 underwent primary open decortication for presumed stage III disease. One hundred seventy-eight patients with presumed stage II empyema underwent a video-assisted thoracoscopic approach. Of these 178 patients, thoracoscopic debridement was successful in 99 of 178 patients (56%), and conversion thoracotomy and open decortication was judged necessary in 79 of 178 patients (44%). The conversion thoracotomy rate was higher in parapneumonic empyema (55%) as compared with posttraumatic (32%) or postoperative (29%) empyema; however, delayed referral (p0.0001) and gram-negative microorganisms (p0.01) were the only significant predictors for conversion thoracotomy in a multivariate analysis.Video-assisted thoracoscopic debridement offers an elegant, minimally invasive approach in a number of patients with presumed stage II empyema. However, to achieve a high success rate with the video-assisted thoracoscopic approach, early referral of the patients to surgery is required. Conversion thoracotomy should be liberally used in case of chronicity, especially after delayed referral (2 weeks) and in the presence of gram-negative organisms.