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Selbstorganisation kann ein zeitgemäßes Organisations- und Führungsmodell in der Sozialwirtschaft sein. Dazu muss sie kanalisiert und kreiert werden. Über die Erkenntnisse aus dem Experiment „Kollegiale Führung“ im Bathildisheim berichtet Dr. Christian Geyer, Fachlicher Vorstand des Sozialunternehmens Bathildisheim e.V.

Bereits seit den frühen 1970er Jahren untersuchten verschiedene Studien anhand von Stellenanzeigenanalysen die sich verändernden Anforderungen an das fachliche Kompetenzprofil des Controllers im Wirtschaftsraum DACH. Ausgelöst durch verschiedene Treiber wie die Digitalisierung sind klare Kompetenzverschiebungen erkennbar. Ergebnisse jüngerer Studien lassen dabei die steigende Bedeutsamkeit von IT-Kenntnissen erkennen. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll die steigenden Anforderungen hinsichtlich der unternehmensseitigen Erwartungen an die IT-spezifischen Kenntnisse von (Nachwuchs-)Controllern analysieren und durch den Abgleich mit der Controlling-Lehre eine Trenddarstellung sowie ein mögliches Zukunftsszenario betrachten und diskutieren.

Die Digitalökonomie erfasst zunehmend auch soziale Dienstleistungen, die im Kern zwar nicht verrechenbare zwischenmenschliche Interaktionen darstellen, jedoch angebahnt, vermittelt und administriert werden müssen. Eine Plattformisierung der sachbezogenen Bestandteile von professioneller Hilfe führt zu kommerziellen Gatekeepern und verstärkt eine Semi-Ökonomisierung des Sozialen. Der Beitrag sucht im Anschluss an eine politische Ökonomie nach einer gemeinwohlorientierten Lösung, die als coopetitiver Daten-Common im Sinne der Open-Data-Bewegung skizziert wird.

Dem Qualitätsmanagement wird oft vorgeworfen, es fördere nur die Bürokratie; erzeuge also Aufwand, ohne entsprechenden Nutzen zu stiften. Und Qualitätsmanagement sei ein Instrument der Industrie und gewinnorientierter Dienstleistungsbranchen und könne den Kern dessen, was soziale personenbezogene Dienstleistungen ausmachten, nicht erfassen. Dr. Christian Geyer, Fachlicher Vorstand im diakonischen Sozialunternehmen Bathildisheim, untersucht anhand eines neuen Sammelbandes zum Qualitätsmanagement die Stichhaltigkeit dieser Vorwürfe.

Faulty ventral openings of the urethra constitute a broad spectrum of malformations that are subsumed under the term "hypospadia." The normal development of the urethra and the genitals critically depends on the following events: (a) formation of the external genitalia, (b) fate of the cloacal membrane, and (c) formation of the distal urethra. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate these events using microsurgical techniques and scanning electron microscopy in staged rat embryos.

Object Many ophthalmological abnormalities are described in conjunction with hydrocephalus. The results of visual field diagnosis remain a matter of further discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate visual field deficits in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus. Methods All children over 6 years of age treated for hydrocephalus at the authors' institute between December 2007 and December 2008 were included in the study. The children underwent an ophthalmological investigation for strabismus and binocular function, ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, and refraction. The special focus was the visual field diagnosis, which the authors established in all children with cognitive conditions. The investigation was made by using the Goldmann visual field examination (kinetic perimetry). Children with and without visual field defects were compared concerning age at the time of ophthalmological examination, genesis of hydrocephalus, and frontooccipital horn ratio measured on current CT or MR images. Results Complete investigations were undertaken in 56 children (24 girls and 32 boys, mean age 15.1 years). The following orthoptic pathological entities were diagnosed: 29 children have a strabismus in 29 cases, 17 of these have an exotropia, 12 an esotropia, 4 children a hypotropia, 2 a hypertropia and 3 children a heterophoria. A nystagmus was found in 10 children. The ocular fundus investigation showed 13 children with an optic nerve atrophy. A visual field diagnosis was possible in 44 of the 56 patients and was incomplete in 12 patients with cognitive deficits or inadequate compliance. In 24 of 42 children there was a concentric visual field constriction between 10° and 50° out of the center. Children with visual field deficits were older than those with a normal visual field (p = 0.051). Nine of 10 children with postmenigitic hydrocephalus had a visual field defect (p = 0.025). In children with visual field defects the frontooccipital horn ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.013). Conclusions The results suggest that children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus have a higher risk of having ophthalmological abnormalities. Visual field deficits are often a problem in these patients. A diagnostic visual field examination can complete the ophthalmological monitoring in patients with hydrocephalus, especially in patients with large ventricles. Children with postmeningitic hydrocephalus should be ophthalmologically monitored more frequently and intensively.

Methode und Ergebnisse Von 01/2001–06/2007 wurden 59 Kinder und Jugendliche mit der gesicherten Diagnose Kindesmisshandlung im Kinderzentrum der Universitat Leipzig stationar betreut (36-mal korperliche Misshandlung, 11 Vernachlassigungsfalle, 6-mal sexueller Missbrauch, 5 Kombinationsformen von Vernachlassigung und korperlicher Misshandlung, 1-mal Munchhausen-by-proxy-Syndrom). Deren Daten wurden retrospektiv mit einem Datenerfassungsbogen erhoben und mit Hilfe deskriptiver Statistik ausgewertet. Beide Geschlechter waren etwa gleich haufig betroffen, das Alter variierte stark. Bei 17% der misshandelten Kinder lag eine Entwicklungsstorung vor. In >91% (54 von 59) wurden keine regelmasigen Fruherkennungsuntersuchungen dokumentiert. Alkohol- oder andere Drogenprobleme bestatigten 17% der Elternteile. Alleinerziehend waren 53% der Mutter und 10% der Vater. Jeweils 7% der Vater und Mutter sowie 5% der Geschwister der misshandelten Kinder waren chronisch krank. Bei den 59 stationar behandelten Patienten wurden 108 konsiliarische Beurteilungen durchgefuhrt, nur in 20% wurde eine Fallkonferenz dokumentiert.

Object During recent years, several biomarkers have been introduced for use in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary objective of this investigation was to determine if S100B (or S100 calcium-binding protein B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum concentrations can effectively be used to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head trauma. Methods The authors conducted a prospective clinical study that involved patients age 6 months to 15 years who had sustained minor head trauma. Children with concomitant extracranial injuries were excluded. Blood samples were obtained within 6 hours of injury to measure S100B and NSE levels in serum. The authors defined 2 diagnostic groups: a mild TBI group (patients with Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores of 13–15) in whom there were clinical signs of concussion (short loss of consciousness, amnesia, nausea, vomiting, somnolence, headache, dizziness, or impaired vision) and a head contusion group (patients with a GCS score of 15) in whom symptoms were absent. Both S100B and NSE concentrations were compared between the 2 groups. Secondary end points were defined as follows: correlation of S100B/NSE and a) the presence of scalp lacerations, b) GCS score, c) age, and d) correlation between S100B and NSE. Results One hundred forty-eight patients were enrolled (53 in the contusion group, 95 in the mild TBI group). After adjusting for differences in age and time of injury to blood sample withdrawal, there was no significant difference in S100B or NSE between patients in the 2 groups. Scalp lacerations and GCS score had no affect on posttraumatic S100B or NSE concentrations. The correlation between S100B and NSE was significant. Both markers showed a significant negative correlation with age. Conclusions The authors demonstrated that S100B and NSE do not discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head injury. There seem to be limitations in marker sensitivity when investigating pediatric patients with mild TBI.

Wir berichten uber ein Neugeborenes mit schwerer Schadel-Hirn-Verletzung nach Verkehrsunfall und konsekutiver Hypophyseninsuffizienz. Es entwickelte sich 5 Tage nach dem Trauma ein Syndrom der inadaquaten Sekretion antidiuretischen Hormons (SIADH) mit einer erheblichen Hyponatriamie, gefolgt von mehreren polyurischen Phasen mit einer hypernatriamischen Dehydratation. Des Weiteren wurden eine sekundare Hypothyreose, ein Hypokortisolismus sowie eine Hyperprolaktinamie diagnostiziert. Wir behandelten mit Desmopressin, L-Thyroxin und Hydrokortison. Innerhalb von 10 Monaten wurde eine vollstandige Erholung der Hypophysenfunktion beobachtet.

ZusammenfassungKinderschutz ist ein gesellschaftlicher Auftrag und grundsätzliches Anliegen des Menschen. ÄrztInnen und viele psychosoziale Berufsgruppen, die Kinder und Jugendliche betreuen, sind Teil eines Systems, das für Früherkennung sowie für frühe Intervention und Hilfen ausgewiesen ist und heute innerhalb unserer Gesellschaft zur Verfügung steht. Prävention bedeutet im Kontext von Kinderschutz die Verhinderung von Kindesmisshandlung, Missbrauch und Vernachlässigung. In der Kinderheilkunde und in der Jugendmedizin spielt das Thema Prävention eine vorrangige Rolle. Die Bedeutung von Impfungen, Neugeborenenscreening-Untersuchungen (Stoffwechsel -screening und Hörscreening) zur Verhinderung bzw. frühzeitigen Erkennung und Behandlung von Krankheiten ist unbestritten. Psychosoziale Risikofaktoren, die eine positive Entwicklung behindern oder unmöglich machen, sind weitestgehend bekannt. Präventions-und Hilfsstrategien sind entwickelt worden und sollten überall in Deutschland zur Verfügung stehen. Einen wichtigen Stellenwert nehmen dabei die Neugeborenenscreening-und die Vorsorgeuntersuchungen U 1−J 1 ein. Die Teilnahme an diesen Untersuchungen muss verpflichtend sein. Die Umsetzung dieser Forderung kann durchaus unter den heutigen rechtlichen Bedingungen (Datenschutz, Schweigepflicht) erfolgen. Darüber hinaus sind die Verknüpfung von Melde-, Sozial- und Gesundheitsdaten sowie die daraus folgende Verpflichtung zur aufsuchenden Hilfe nachdrücklich weiter zu diskutieren.

Normanbya normanbyi (W. Hill) L. H. Bailey (Arecaceae) is a monoecious, arborescent palm with a very small distribution area within the Daintree rainforest in north-eastern Australia. Our 2-year study was focused on the reproductive phenology at the individual and population level. At the population level flowering peaked in the dry season, whereas fruiting was confined to the wet season. Each palm can bear up to three inflorescences/infructescences at the same time. Flowering of each inflorescence is separated from each other by a couple of weeks. A single inflorescence consists of about 1900 staminate and 800 pistillate flowers. The flowering of N. normanbyi is protandrous with a staminate phase lasting 40 days and a pistillate phase of approximately 2 weeks. Between both phases is a non-flowering phase of about 9 days. Fruit ripening takes 21 weeks, with an average of about 280 ripe fruit per tree. Comparison of three study plots revealed a moderate synchrony of flowering and fruiting initiation in this species of palm. The male phase of flowering shows a higher degree of synchrony than the female phase at the population level. Seasonal regularity of flowering and fruiting peaks appears to be predictable. The general flowering and fruiting phenology of N. normanbyi follows a subannual pattern with a strong tendency towards a continual pattern.

ZusammenfassungDie laparoskopische (minimal-invasive) Chirurgie hat sich bei vielen ablativen und rekonstruktiven Eingriffen in der Kinderchirurgie etabliert. Minimal-invasive Techniken sind im Vergleich zu offenen Operationen gleichermaßen effektiv und weisen eine geringere Morbidität und bessere Kosmetik auf. Nun breitet die minimal-invasive Chirurgie ihren Einfluss zunehmend auch in der Kinderurologie aus: Laparoskopische Operationen des Hodenhochstandes und Nephrektomien (laparoskopisch oder retroperitoneoskopisch) sind nicht nur akzeptierte Alternativen zu den konventionellen Operationsverfahren, sondern haben sich zum „Goldstandard“ entwickelt. Technisch aufwändigere bzw. rekonstruktive Verfahren wie die Pyeloplastik, Heminephrektomie und Adrenalektomie werden in zunehmend großen Serien publiziert und zeigen bei kürzerem Krankenhausaufenthalt vergleichbare Operationszeiten und Raten an Komplikationen. Initiale Erfahrungen mit der laparoskopischen Ureterneuimplantation und der rekonstruktiven Blasenchirurgie sind vielversprechend. Es bedarf allerdings weiterer kontrollierter, randomisierter Studien, um die tatsächliche Überlegenheit laparoskopischer Verfahren zu beweisen.

A new species of gall midge, Normanbyomyia fructivora gen. & sp. n., was found infesting flowers and fruit of the black palm, Normanbya normanbyi (Arecaceae), in the tropical forest of north-eastern Australia. Larvae of the gall midge live between the perianth and the young fruit causing abnormal fruit growth. Infested fruit are substantially smaller than healthy ones, fall off prematurely and decay on the ground without producing seedlings. Normanbyomyia, a new genus erected for the new species is placed within the supertribe Lasiopteridi and is characterised by a conspicuous female abdominal segment 8 that is inflated and strongly sclerotised, and wide male parameres that loosely sheath the aedeagus and bear no papillae. A key to Australian Lasiopteridi is provided. The new species becomes the first described gall midge that feeds on a plant from the palm family, Arecaceae.

The reactions of the nickel(0) complex [Ni(bipy)(COD)] (COD = cyclooctadiene, bipy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) with isoprene (ip) in the absence and presence of carbon dioxide were investigated. A detailed kinetic analysis revealed that [Ni(bipy)(COD)] reacts reversible with ip and activation parameters for the forward and back reactions were calculated from a temperature dependence study to be the following: ΔH⧧ = 35 ± 5 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = −79 ± 16 J/(mol K) forward reaction (ip dependence); ΔH⧧ = 58 ± 2 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = 58 ± 10 J/(mol K) back-reaction (COD dependence at low temperatures). It could be shown that CO2 did not react with [Ni(bipy)(COD)] directly but with the nickel ip complex to form the product complex ((3−5-η3)-3-methyl-3-pentenylato)nickel bipyridine. The reaction proceeded in an associative way, during which CO2 was inserted into a Ni−C bond in an oxidative coupling step. The activation parameters were calculated to be ΔH⧧ = 25 ± 7 kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = − 184 ± 24 J/(mol K).

The reactions of the nickel(0) complex [Ni(bipy)(COD)] (COD = cyclooctadiene, bipy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) with benzaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and carbon dioxide/propionaldehyde were investigated. A detailed kinetic analysis revealed that [Ni(bipy)(COD)] reacts reversible with aldehydes and activation parameters for the forward and back reactions were calculated from a temperature dependence study: forward reaction (benzaldehyde) ΔH⧧ = 47.8 ± 0.4 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = −47 ± 1 J/(mol K); back reaction (COD) ΔH⧧ = 45 ± 6 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = −61 ± 19 J/(mol K) and forward reaction (propionaldehyde) ΔH⧧ = 55 ± 3 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = −58 ± 9.0 J/(mol K); back reaction (COD) ΔH⧧ = 39 ± 0.5 kJ/mol, ΔS⧧ = −58 ± 2 J/(mol K). It could be shown that carbon dioxide did not react with [Ni(bipy)(COD)] directly but with the nickel propionaldehyde complex to form a five-membered cyclic nickel complex. The reaction proceeded according to an associative mechanism, during which the carbon dioxide was inserted into a Ni−O bond by an oxidative coupli...

We report a 1-year-old child with the prenatal (week 29 + 5) diagnosis of a brain tumor. The parents were informed about all aspects of prognosis and options concerning termination of pregnancy. The parents opted for an aggressive therapeutic approach after extensive and informative case conferences and counseling. The histopathological diagnosis after partial tumor resection was choroid plexus carcinoma, two weeks thereafter tumor size was progressive. The parents opted for palliative treatment at this stage. The patient died at the age of one year. Ethical aspects have to be actively considered and addressed when caring for children with choroid plexus carcinoma.

The benefit of single-incision multiport laparoscopy (SIMPL) remains a matter of vivid discussion. For good reason it has been speculated that SIMPL causes more postoperative pain, because a minilaparotomy is required to place the multiport system. We prospectively evaluated postoperative pain scores and requirement of analgesic medication following conventional laparoscopic (CL) versus SIMPL appendectomy in children.The access for laparoscopic appendectomy was decided upon the surgeon's preference. Between April and October 2010, individual abdominal pain scores at 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively as well as the incidence of umbilical or shoulder pain and the total amount of peri- and postoperative analgesics, operative time, length of hospital stay, and demographics were assessed. Analgesics (paracetamol and/or metamizole, 15 mg/kg body weight) were administered regularly or on inquiry of the patient. Data are presented as means±standard deviation tested at a significance level of P.05.All operations were laparoscopically completed without conversion or addition of extra ports. Thirty-nine patients (8 SIMPL appendectomy) at a mean age of 12.3±2.4 years and a mean body mass index of 19.16±3.2 kg/m(2) were included. Equal operation times were observed (SIMPL: 68.5±19.9 minutes versus CL: 66.2±19.5 minutes). There were no significant differences for the individual pain scores or the incidence of umbilical and shoulder pain between study groups. The total amount of required analgesic medication was significantly lower after SIMPL appendectomy (SIMPL: 65.73±43.8 mg/kg versus CL: 106.39±46.4 mg/kg, P=.04).In summary, the present study substantiates the evidence that SIMPL appendectomy in children and adolescents is not only feasible but also beneficial for the patient without translation into increased postoperative pain. Presently, we are conducting a randomized, blinded study to validate these findings.

The solvent-free synthesis of β-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]styrene from phenylacetylene and diethylamine in supercritical carbon dioxide is greatly accelerated for a series of ruthenium catalysts compared to the same reactions in toluene.

Many ophthalmological abnormalities are described in conjunction with hydrocephalus. The results of visual field diagnosis remain a matter of further discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate visual field deficits in children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus.All children over 6 years of age treated for hydrocephalus at the authors' institute between December 2007 and December 2008 were included in the study. The children underwent an ophthalmological investigation for strabismus and binocular function, ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, and refraction. The special focus was the visual field diagnosis, which the authors established in all children with cognitive conditions. The investigation was made by using the Goldmann visual field examination (kinetic perimetry). Children with and without visual field defects were compared concerning age at the time of ophthalmological examination, genesis of hydrocephalus, and fronto-occipital horn ratio measured on current CT or MR images.Complete investigations were undertaken in 56 children (24 girls and 32 boys, mean age 15.1 years). The following orthoptic pathological entities were diagnosed: 29 children have a strabismus in 29 cases, 17 of these have an exotropia, 12 an esotropia, 4 children a hypotropia, 2 a hypertropia and 3 children a heterophoria. A nystagmus was found in 10 children. The ocular fundus investigation showed 13 children with an optic nerve atrophy. A visual field diagnosis was possible in 44 of the 56 patients and was incomplete in 12 patients with cognitive deficits or inadequate compliance. In 24 of 42 children there was a concentric visual field constriction between 10° and 50° out of the center. Children with visual field deficits were older than those with a normal visual field (p = 0.051). Nine of 10 children with postmenigitic hydrocephalus had a visual field defect (p = 0.025). In children with visual field defects the fronto-occipital horn ratio was significantly higher (p = 0.013).The results suggest that children with shunt-treated hydrocephalus have a higher risk of having ophthalmological abnormalities. Visual field deficits are often a problem in these patients. A diagnostic visual field examination can complete the ophthalmological monitoring in patients with hydrocephalus, especially in patients with large ventricles. Children with postmeningitic hydrocephalus should be ophthalmologically monitored more frequently and intensively.

Numerous researchers studied the morphology of testicular descent including the possible function of gubernaculum. However, a clear illustration of this process is still missing. The aim of this study was to illustrate testicular descent using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a rat model. The abdomen of rat fetuses between gestational day (E) 15 and E 22 and newborns at postnatal day (D) 0 and D 1.5 was opened by microsurgery. Standard preparation for SEM was carried out. The position of the testis and gubernaculum testis was documented. The gubernaculum was obvious in male rat embryos at E 17.5. In a first phase (E 16–E 21) the testis moved from cranio-lateral and dorsal to caudo-medial and ventral, while clear signs of an active role of the gubernaculum were missing. In a second phase (E 22–D 1.5) the processus vaginalis peritonei (PVP) developed, while the conus of the gubernaculum disappeared, after which, the testis moved out of the abdominal cavity and entered the PVP. In our study, we could not specify the role of gubernaculum for testicular descent. However, our data showed that the testis lay intraperitoneal throughout the descensus testis.

Materials and methods From Dec. 2007 until Dec. 2008 all children over 6 years of age treated with hydrocephalus in our institute were included. The children received an ophthalmological investigation concerning strabismus and binocular function, ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity and refraction. The special focus was visual field diagnosis, which we made with all children having cognitive conditions. The investigation was made by using the 'Goldmann' perimeter (static perimetry). Children with and without visual field defects were compared concerning age at the time of ophthalmological examination, genesis of hydrocephalus and FOH of current CT or MRI scans.

Materials and methods A nine items questionnaire created by Kulkarni (2006) was used to analyse parents concerns specifically. The answers were graduated from "not at all true" to " very true " in a 5-point adjectival scale. Parents were asked to rate how concerned they were about each item. We collected also information about age, education, job and partnership and in addition about general health status, genesis of hydrocephalus, count of revisions, epilepsy and shunt infections. We analysed questionnaires completed by 37 mothers and 6 fathers of 43 children with shunted hydrocephalus (19 females, 24 males, mean age 10 y 2 mo).

Testicular and even more paratesticular tumours in children are rare. The aim of the study is to characterise the spectrum of these lesions with focus on the feasibility and effectiveness of testis sparing surgery. Twenty-four boys treated between 1980 and 2004 at the University Leipzig Medical Centre were evaluated. At presentation patients were between 5 months and 18 years old (median 23 months). Generally a high rate of malignant or potentially malignant tumours was observed. The majority of these tumours occurred in the first three years of age. The spectrum of testicular tumours comprised 13 germ cell tumours (6 yolk sac tumours, 6 teratomas, 1 embryonal carcinoma) and 4 sex cord stromal tumours (2 Leydig's cell, Sertoli's cell, granulosa cell). Both Leydig's cell tumours were endocrine active. Further on, we observed 3 boys with paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and three with testicular and paratesticular metastases (Wilms' tumour, neuroblastoma, leukaemia). Serum alpha1-fetoprotein (AFP) was clearly elevated in 5 of 6 yolk sac tumours but remained within normal limits concerning the other entities. Human chorionic gonadotrophin was normal in all cases tested. During the observation period high inguinal orchidectomy was the surgical standard method. Dependent on tumour histology, stage and the recommended treatment schedule postoperative chemotherapy was added. Testis sparing surgery was performed in 3 boys with primary testicular tumours (2 Leydig's cell, mature cystic teratoma). Local relapses were not observed. Systemic relapses occurred in 3 cases (2 RMS, leukaemia). During a median follow up of 5 years all patients with primary testicular tumours survived event free. Meta-analysis of the recent literature revealed that testis sparing surgery is feasible and save in prepubertal boys after exclusion of a malignant tumour. If a testis sparing approach is planned, the following criteria are essential: 1. The presence of a well defined circumscribed nodule confirmed by imaging. 2. Normal levels of serum AFP and hCG. 3. The presence of sufficient healthy testicular parenchyma. However, the high rate of malignant or potentially malignant tumours suggests that high inguinal orchidectomy should remain the surgical standard of therapy.

Materials of identical or similiar chemical classes are used for contact optics as well as for implantable intraocular devices. All of them derive from the chemistry of industrial product developments.Materials used in and on the eye should behave indifferent. They should not provoke any reaction in the eye and not themselves be altered by the biological surroundings. For materials used in the eye an especially high purity of the polymers utilized as well as a long term light stability is to be demanded. Optical properties like transparency have to be stable over extended time periods under normal light influence. The long time stability of UV-absorbing additives in the materials used has to be verified.All materials used for IOL's - with the exception of the homopolymer of methylmethacrylate - consist of polymer mixtures forming socalled interpenetrating networks which appear as an uniform material. For the manufacturing of intraocular lense materials standardized or unanimous producer prescriptions are not existing. Based on the different polymer formulations different aging and fatigue properties are the outcome. In addition only inadequate knowledge about the long term light stability of the incorporated UV blockers is submitted.Polymeric materials used for IOL's should be subjected in addition to the test methods listed in EN-ISO 11 979/5 to chemical, polymeranalytic and mechanical substance examinations. As a standard in such examinations a polymethylmethacrylate, free of methylacrylate is proposed. Examinations of each lot should be compulsory. Identification of all ingredients of the intraocular materials should be prescribed and labeled in line with the revelations of common medical drugs prescriptions. The relevations commit the medical doctor to inform his patient about possible side effects of the intraocular implants.

This article describes the new paradigms that have emerged with respect to the infrastructure of capital markets, and explores why Deutsche Borse intends to capitalize on these new developments by establishing an exchange for energy derivatives: (1). Market liberalization makes it feasible to use existing financial instruments for new risk classes in electricity (2). Deutsche Borse intends to utilize its new understanding of its own role and its new capabilities to develop the energy market (3). Deutsche Borse intends to further expand into new markets (4). Deutsche Borse will no longer be an exchange in the traditional sense, but instead a developer and operator of trading platforms in a market economy that has undergone extensive deregulation.