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Backspatter is biological material that is ejected from the entry wound against the line of fire. This phenomenon was also observed in wound ballistic simulations using so called "reference cubes" (12 cm edge length, 10% gelatin, 4 °C, paint pad beneath the cover). High-speed video records from 102 experimental shots to these target models using full metal jacketed bullets in the calibers .32 auto, .38 special, 9 mm Luger and .357 Magnum were analyzed for chronology, morphological appearance and velocity of fluid ejection. Generally, a short tail splashing of surface material occurred when the bullet was penetrating the target. In 51 shots from distance (≥ 5 cm), regardless of caliber and shot range, a linear jet of fluid started in connection with the first collapse of the temporary cavity. The initial velocity of the jet was measured between 6 and 45 m/s. The jet was streaming on for about 60 to 100 ms with a stochastic deviation of ± 13° to the horizontal. Close range and contact shots showed earlier and faster (up to 330 m/s) backspatter depending on the cartridge and the gap between muzzle and target. Gaseous aerosol-like spray and cone-like spatter indicated an increasing influence of muzzle gases with decreasing shot range. Even under standardized experimental conditions, variations of backspatter were observed in near/contact shots. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12024-020-00326-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Shot range, the muzzle-target distance, is a crucial parameter for forensic reconstruction of deaths by firearms. In a large number of cases, especially suicides, the forensic pathologist is confronted with contact or near-contact shots, where muzzle gases play an additional role. This study was conducted to systematically investigate the influence of muzzle gases on the temporary cavity (TC). A total of 72 shots were fired using full metal-jacketed bullets in four forensically relevant calibres from 10-, 5-, 3-, 2- and 1-cm distance and in close contact. Target model was the so-called reference cube (10% gelatine at 4 °C) with 12-cm edge length. The TC was recorded using high-speed video (HSV). Cross-sectional analysis was performed by cutting the blocks to 1-cm slices, which were evaluated by applying the polygon method. The TC of shots from 10 and 5 cm distance had a tubular form. This aspect changed depending on the cartridge with decreasing distance (≤ 3 cm) into a pear-like form, which was typical for contact shots. The cumulated heights of the TC increased with decreasing distance below 3 cm. Contact shots approximately doubled the extension of the TC compared with exclusive energy transfer. Whereas HSV documented an increasingly asymmetric profile with ballooning at the entry side, cross-sectional analysis of cracks in gelatine resulted in convex graphs with only slight asymmetry for contact shots. Additional damage in gelatine was detected for 3-cm distance or less in calibre .357 Magnum and ≤ 2 cm for .32 auto, .38 special and 9mm Luger. The increasing influence of muzzle gas pressure is detectable with decreasing shot range below 3 cm.

Eine Frau gab gegenuber der Polizei an, sie sei von zwei Unbekannten an einen Holzstapel gefesselt und anschliesend mit ihrem eigenen Smartphone fotografiert worden. Anlasslich einer Tatrekonstruktion vor Ort fertigte die Polizei mittels eines Smartphones zwei Fotos aus der von der Frau angegebenen damaligen Aufnahmeposition an. Eine photogrammetrische Auswertung und Berechnung der Aufnahmepositionen der Tat- und Vergleichsfotos ergab, dass sich die ermittelte Aufnahmeposition des Tatfotos signifikant von denen der Vergleichsfotos unterscheidet. Die Aufnahmeposition des Tatfotos legt nahe, dass sich das Smartphone naher uber dem Waldboden befunden hat als von der Frau angegeben. Die hier beschrieben Methode zur photogrammetrischen Auswertung von Smartphone-Fotos ist einfach anzuwenden und vielseitig einsetzbar.

In the context of the discussion on an amendment of the Federal Hunting Act, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Germany has dealt with scientific principles that enable an assessment of the introduction of bullet fragments into game meat. Until now, neither standardized terms nor definitions nor standardized procedures for quantifying the effects of the introduction of corpuscular bullet fragments were available for a health assessment. With the participation of international experts, a concept was developed that could be used to test hunting rifle bullets regarding their effectiveness potential [The term effectiveness potential (in German: Wirkpotenzial) describes more than the term “effectiveness” (in German: Wirksamkeit)] and entry of bullet fragments into game or game meat. The term “killing effect” newly introduced into the discussion in the context of the efforts to amend the Federal Hunting Act was not supported by the experts, since “killing“ cannot be simulated and standardized. Other basic terms and definitions were formulated and/or interpreted. A distinction must be made between the effect of a bullet on biological tissue, the (optimal) effect of the bullet when shot in a manner appropriate for hunting, the impact on the hunted game when hit in a suitable location and the effect of the bullet, described as physical effectiveness potential. In principle, the following applies: The effectiveness potential of a bullet can be simulated and thus evaluated in test simulants/test media. Therefore, it is possible to describe hunting rifle bullets based on qualitative and quantitative parameters as well as concerning their physicochemical properties. Their effectiveness potential in game meat can thus be adequately assessed, both by the hunter and with a view to the scientific issues related to consumer health protection strategies for minimizing bullet fragments in game meat. Essential parameters required for a test procedure have been compiled in a product profile for hunting rifle bullets used to kill food-producing game species.

The velocity of a projectile is of crucial importance to calculate its kinetic energy. The study was performed to investigate if a measurement of the velocity profile of a bullet in gelatine was feasible using high-speed video. More than 50 records captured with a SA-X2 Photron camera at 40,000 fps (40k) and 10 μs exposure time were analysed frame by frame. A measurement accuracy of one pixel could be realised. Records of free flying bullets with known velocity served as a control. In further experimental shots from distance the "12 cm reference cube" was used as target model. 18 full metal jacketed bullets and 20 deforming bullets in forensically relevant calibres were fired. In addition 11 expanding bullets were studied with a close-up setting of the camera and 81,000 fps (81k) at 2.5 μs exposure time. A quasi-constant deceleration of the FMJ bullets in gelatine with a relative loss of velocity of 8.4% (.32 auto) and 13.2% (9 mm Luger) was observed. Expanding bullets showed a much higher deceleration and a relative loss of about 56% for the copper hollow point bullet and 73% for the .32 auto Gold Dot. The targeted analysis of the .32 auto Gold Dot based on 81k videos revealed an abrupt drop of the bullet velocity within the first 75 μs, the time needed for full expansion. The deformation of the Action-4 (9 mm Luger) was completely achieved within the first 2 cm of gelatine. After the deformation of the bullet the final deceleration was approximately constant. This could be demonstrated successfully by separating the deformation process experimentally from the final deceleration of the deformed bullet.

Contact shots to the head often provoke a transfer of biological traces into firearm barrels, which are not visible at endoscopic inspection. STR-PCR can amplify these latent traces and assign them to the victim. Via RNA-DNA-co-extraction also miRNA can be detected, which allow a conclusion to be drawn about the body fluid or tissue. Molecular genetic analysis of experimental stains in firearm barrels requires the guarantee that the barrel is initially free of any nucleic acid. Twelve shots were fired to so-called "reference cubes" (10 % gelatine, 12 cm edge length, embedded paint-blood-pad) using three current handguns: from 20 and 30 cm distance, four at close range (1-2.5 cm) and six contact shots. After endoscopic examination and swabbing of the barrels, a previously described mechanical and chemical cleaning using DNAExitusPlus™ was performed. The inner surface of the barrel was thoroughly wiped off using moistened forensic swabs, which were submitted to RNA-DNA-co-extraction. The combined thorough mechanical cleaning with Ballistol® and the application of DNAExitusPlus™ eliminated any profilable DNA in all samples. However, in 10 of 12 samples RNA concentrations between 0.11 - 0.79 ng/μl were measured. Furthermore, in 9 of 12 samples blood-specific miRNA (miR-451a) was detected. Summarizing, none of the experimentally contaminated barrels was RNA-free despite the performed cleaning procedure. Further investigation showed, that even "professional" cleaning by a gunsmith did not remove RNA.

Objectif Discussion des differences de concentration en xenobiotiques dans plusieurs echantillons de sang post-mortem. Methode Madame E (60 ans), souffrant d’un cancer du canal anal avec metastases, est hospitalisee le 15.10.2018 en soins palliatifs a l’hopital de Fribourg (Suisse). Pendant son hospitalisation, Madame E a recu en autres de la morphine (MST Continus® 80 mg/j jusqu’au 18.10.2018 puis 60 mg/j et Morphine HCL® 60 mg/j jusqu’au 24.10.2018 puis 90 mg/j et un bolus de 6 mg le 25.10.2018), de la pregabaline (600 mg/j), du midazolam (Dormicum® 7.5 mg/j) et de la methadone (5 mg/j). Son etat general se degrade rapidement et Madame E decede le 25.10.2018. Le medecin traitant de Mme E. accusant l’hopital d’avoir donne trop d’opiaces, le procureur a ordonne une autopsie ainsi que des analyses toxicologiques. A l’autopsie, environ 5 mL de sang peripherique et 50 mL de sang cardiaque ont ete preleves. Un screening sanguin a ete effectue dans le sang cardiaque par GC-MS. Les substances d’interets ont ete quantifiees dans le sang peripherique par GC-MS (morphine et methadone) ou par LC-MS/MS (pregabaline, midazolam). Douze autres echantillons de sang ont egalement ete preleves au moment de l’autopsie (par ex. veine cave inferieure, veine porte, veine sous-claviere, oreillette du cœur, veine femorale, veine du bas de la jambe) et conserves a −20 °C. La morphine, la methadone et la pregabaline ont ete quantifiees dans ces echantillons 4 mois plus tard (et 2e analyse de confirmation encore 3 mois plus tard). Resultats Le screening sanguin a permis de detecter de la morphine, du midazolam, de la methadone, du metamizole, du metoclopramide et de la pregabaline. Les analyses quantitatives dans le sang peripherique ont revele les concentrations suivantes (interpretations faites selon Baselt R.C. Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA/USA, 11e Edition, 2017) : morphine 143 μg/L (au-dessus du domaine therapeutique), methadone 36 μg/L (sous le domaine therapeutique), midazolam 46 μg/L (concentration therapeutique) et pregabaline 113 mg/L (concentration toxique voire letale). L’expertise de la medecin-legiste indique que Madame E souffrait d’une hypertension, d’une sous-nutrition et d’une bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive ainsi que d’une infection dans la region du bassin et la region anale avec formation de thromboses et perturbation du flux sanguin accentuee dans la jambe droite. L’autopsie a revele que le cœur, les poumons et les reins avaient souffert anterieurement de maladies chroniques. L’insuffisance renale pourrait expliquer la concentration tres elevee de pregabaline mesuree dans le sang post-mortem. D’un point de vue medico-legal, il ne peut pas etre determine si un arret de la medication de pregabaline aurait permis de retarder la mort de Madame E. Selon la medecin-legiste, la mort serait naturelle : deces par arret cardiaque en raison de maladies chroniques du cœur et des poumons. Dans les 12 echantillons de sang differents, la pregabaline a ete mesuree de 27,9 a 38,1 mg/L, la methadone de 12,4 a 106 μg/L et la morphine de 74,5 a 6745 μg/L. Conclusion La morphine et la methadone peuvent presenter une redistribution post-mortem (Baselt R.C.), nous n’avons pas d’indication concernant la redistribution post-mortem de la pregabaline. Cependant, la redistribution post-mortem ne peut pas a elle seule expliquer la difference de concentration entre echantillons pouvant etre jusqu’a 90 fois plus elevee d’un echantillon sanguin a l’autre. Une explication possible serait la facon dont le prelevement est effectue. Deux echantillons de veine cave inferieure ont ete preleves : un par ponction (morphine 1945 μg/L) et un par “puisage” (morphine 806 μg/L). D’autres etudes et prelevements doivent encore etre realises pour etayer cette theorie.

In wound ballistic research, gelatine blocks of various dimensions are used depending on the simulated anatomical region. When relatively small blocks are used as substitute for a head, problems with regard to the expansion of the gelatine block could arise. The study was conducted to analyse the influence of the material the gelatine block is placed upon. Thirty-six shots were performed on 12 cm gelatine cubes doped with thin foil bags containing acrylic paint. Eighteen blocks each were placed on a rigid table or on a synthetic sponge of 5 cm height. Deforming bullets with different kinetic energies were fired from distance and recorded by a high-speed video camera. Subsequently, the gelatine cubes were cut into 1 cm thick slices which were scanned using a flatbed scanner. Cracks in the gelatine were analysed by measuring the longest crack, Fackler's wound profile and the polygon (perimeter and area) outlining the ends of the cracks. The energy dissipated ranged from 153 to 707 J. For moderate energy transfer, no significant influence of the sustaining material was discerned. With increasing dissipated energy, the sponge was compressed correspondingly, and the cracks were longer than in gelatine blocks which had been placed on a table. High-speed video revealed a loss of symmetry and a flattened inferior margin of the temporary cavity with energies superior to approx. Two hundred Joules when the blocks were placed on a rigid platform. However, 12 cm gelatine cubes showed material limits by a non-linear response when more than 400 J were dissipated for both rigid and elastic sustainment. In conclusion, the smaller the gelatine blocks and the greater the energy transfers, the more important it is to take into account the counterfort of the sustaining material.

After contact shots to the head biological traces can be found inside firearm barrels. So far silicone coated, gelatin filled box models were used to generate such staining according to the triple contrast method (mixture of acrylic paint, barium sulfate and blood sealed in a thin foil bag). This study was conducted to develop a transparent ballistic model allowing contact shots. Gelatin filled polyethylene bottles with and without a silicone coat were tested in comparison to non-covered gelatin blocks. Finally, thin foil bags of 5 cm × 5 cm dimension were glued on a synthetic absorbent kitchen wipe on top of which 1 L 10% gelatin solution was molded to create blocks of 8.5 cm length. A kitchen wipe with a paint pad on its inside formed the front of the cube. Three contact shots each with a 9 mm Luger pistol and a .38 special revolver were performed on all model variations. The staining was documented by endoscopy and swabs gathered from both ends of the barrel were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Reliable staining was achieved using the front covered gelatin block with comparable results to the silicone coated box model used before. For further research using ballistic models to simulate a human head a symmetric form of the gelatin block such as a cube is recommended.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a considerable percentage of cardiovascular deaths worldwide. The most frequent pathological substrate of SCD is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). The other, less common, pathologies which can cause SCD include cardiomyopathies, congenital diseases (including abnormal anatomy), and arrhythmias such as channelopathies, many of which are genetically determined. Autopsies of SCD victims are generally performed by forensic pathologists. In some cases, a third person responsibility could be invoked. While CAD diagnosis at post-mortem examination is not a major challenge for the forensic pathologist, the other rarer diseases may be. In such instances, referral of the hearts to specialized centers with recognized expertise is recommended, and this is particularly important in cases of SCDs of young people. Moreover, in order to avoid the frequent overdiagnosis of a pathological heart, an expert opinion should be sought for even in the presence of a morphologically normal heart. In cases where retention of the heart is not feasible, it is essential to provide an extensive photographic documentation, with the indication of the sampling sites for histological examination. However, some practical aspects, as the criteria for case selection in routine forensic practice are missing. In this paper, we present the recommendations for heart retention for a second expert opinion and the alternative of documentation and sampling for cases where retention is not possible.

Since decades, 10% gelatine is used to visualize and estimate the energy transfer of projectiles. The study performed investigates the correlation of the temporary cavity (TC) recorded by high-speed video (HSV) and the cracks in gelatine slices. A total of 36 shots were performed from distance using form-stable bullets (FMJ), 12 using deforming bullets (HP) in the calibres .32 auto, .38 special and 9 mm Luger. The target models were prepared according to Fackler’s standard as 10% gelatine cubes with 12 cm edge length doped with a paint pad beneath the front cover (“reference cube”). Scaled images of the TC were recorded with 40.000 fps. The cubes were cut into 1-cm-thick gelatine cross sections, which were scanned. The evaluation of the destruction (cracks) was performed by the mean of image analysis measuring the longest crack, the wound profile according to Fackler and applying the polygon method. The height of the TC was measured each cm along the bullet path. The energy deposited ranged between 54 and 269 J. FMJ caused tubular, HP provoked pear-like TC. The tubular aspect was consistent with the quasi-constant deceleration of FMJ; however, the pear-like TC did not metrically represent the deceleration of HP. The profiles of destruction parameters were convex for both projectile types and did not match the profile of bullet deceleration. The maximum of TC stretching observed in HSV did not coincide with maximum gelatine destruction (crack lengths). The total energy transfer correlated with all considered destruction parameters in their sum; however, the cross-sectional parameters did not reflect the energy transfer per centimetre bullet path. The sum of the TC’s heights correlated with the energy deposited, but differently for FMJ and HP. Obviously, the 12-cm reference cube reflects the energy transfer by a bullet as a whole.

INTRODUCTION Putrefaction of the brain is a challenge to a forensic pathologist because it may lead to considerable organ alterations and restrict documenting reliable autopsy findings. OBJECTIVES This study aims to present a new and systematic evaluation of possible benefits of post-mortem MR Neuroimaging (1.5 Tesla, sequences: T1w, T2w) in putrefied corpses in comparison to PMCT and autopsy. METHODS A post-mortem MRI brain examination was conducted on 35 adult, putrefied corpses after performing a whole body CT scan prior to a forensic autopsy. Imaging data and autopsy findings were compared with regard to brain symmetry, gray and white matter junction, ventricular system, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, and possible pathological findings. RESULTS At autopsy, a reliable assessment of the anatomical brain structures was often restricted. MR imaging offered an assessment of the anatomical brain structures, even at advanced stages of putrefaction. In two cases, MR imaging revealed pathological findings that were detectable neither by CT scans nor at autopsy. CONCLUSIONS Post-mortem MR imaging of putrefied brains offers the possibility to assess brain morphology, even if the brain is liquefied. Post-mortem MR imaging of the brain should be considered if the assessment of a putrefied brain is crucial to the evaluation of a forensic autopsy case.

In traffic accidents, the differentiation of run-over and other injuries is crucial because questions about the origin of fatal injuries often arise. It is sometimes difficult for forensic pathologists to answer them due to the superimposition of injuries or competing, potentially fatal findings. Therefore, using morphometric three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions offers new perspectives based on an interdisciplinary evaluation of all findings and traces. The morphometric 3D reconstruction includes the allocation of patterned injuries or transferred material, the determination of the origin of injuries as well as the reconstruction of the incident. The generated 3D models of persons, clothes, vehicles, incident sites and relevant objects resulting from forensic imaging, photogrammetry, 3D structured-light and laser scanning are included, as are all detected traces and damages. Three case studies are presented to illustrate the possibilities and results of morphometric 3D reconstruction. Run-over accidents have received less attention than the topic of pedestrian, bicycle and motorbike accident analysis for which there is a large body of literature. Our goal is to add to the understanding of run-over accidents using morphometric reconstruction in order to improve their analysis in the future. The possibilities of morphometric reconstructions by means of 3D techniques in run-over accidents are wide-ranging and can provide new, unexpected and significant insights.

Synthetic models, also called "surrogates", are commonly used in wound ballistics in order to simulate human tissues. Despite several surrogates are worldwide accepted and used; some of them have not been yet fully validated and their limits for forensic reconstructions have not been deeply investigated yet. In this work we present a homicide/suicide case involving three gunshots to the head with bullets retained in the skull or beneath the scalp. Reconstruction of these cases was performed preparing three individual synthetic head models based on post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) measurements. Ballistic soap, polyurethane plates and 10% ballistic gelatine at 4°C were used as simulants in individually adapted thickness. Ballistic tests were performed using the questioned firearm and ammunition type. The damages on the synthetic models have been compared to the findings in PMCT and autopsy of the victims. Although the results highlighted general similarities in terms of injury characteristics, some of the experimental shots overpenetrated. Furthermore, the bullets recovered in the synthetic models did not show the same quality of deformations as the questioned bullets. This lack of bullet deformation in the synthetic models might be mainly attributed to the physical difference between real bones and polyurethane surrogate.

After contact shots to the head, biological traces can be found inside the barrel of the firearm. Experimental protocols to generate this sort of staining, using 12 cm gelatin cubes containing thin foil bags filled with acrylic paint, human blood, and radiocontrast agent, have been developed. Previous research on shots fired at a distance has shown the underlay sustaining these gelatin cubes has an influence on experimental results. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the sustaining base of the gelatin blocks during contact shots, and its influence on the staining result inside firearm barrels. Eighteen contact shots were performed using 22 LR, 32 ACP (7.65 Browning) and 9 mm Luger semi-automatic pistols. With each pistol, shots were fired onto six gelatin cubes; three placed upon a rigid platform and three upon an elastic underlay. The shots were recorded by a high-speed video camera as they penetrated the gelatin cube. Any staining present inside the firearm barrels after the shots were fired was documented by endoscopy. Cross sections of the gelatin blocks were then compared to the high-speed video. It was found that the nature of the staining inside the barrel was not influenced by the underlay sustaining the target model. In the experiment using a 9 mm Luger, the rigid counterfort provoked a visible distortion of the temporary cavity, but, cross sectional analysis of the gelatin cubes did not reveal a relevant influence of the sustaining underlay on the crack length in the gelatin. This could be explained by a secondary expansion of the temporary cavity left by the projectile as a consequence of subsequent inflow of muzzle gases.

Three-dimensional (3D) measurement techniques are gaining importance in many areas. The latest developments brought more cost-effective, user-friendly, and faster technologies onto the market. Which 3D techniques are suitable in the field of forensic medicine and what are their advantages and disadvantages? This wide-ranging study evaluated and validated various 3D measurement techniques for the forensic requirements. High-tech methods as well as low-budget systems have been tested and compared in terms of accuracy, ease of use, expenditure of time, mobility, cost, necessary knowhow, and their limitations. Within this study, various commercial measuring systems of the different techniques were tested. Based on the first results, one measuring system was selected for each technique, which appeared to be the most suitable for the forensic application or is already established in forensic medicine. A body of a deceased, a face and an injury of a living person, and a shoe sole were recorded by 11 people with different professions and previous knowledge using the selected systems. The results were assessed and the personal experiences were evaluated using a questionnaire. In addition, precision investigations were carried out using test objects. The study shows that the hand-held scanner and photogrammetry are very suitable for the 3D documentation of forensic medical findings. Their moderate acquisition costs and easy operation could lead to more frequent application in forensic medicine in the future. For special applications, the stripe-light scanner still has its justification due to its high precision, the flexible application area, and the high reliability. The results show that, thanks to the technological advances, the 3D measurement technology will have more and more impact on the routine of the forensic medical examination.

To assess the species composition of necrophagous blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the area around the federal city of Switzerland, Bern, sampling with baited bottle traps was performed over the course of 34 weeks in 2014. Six locations ranging from urban to forest habitats were sampled weekly or rather biweekly in the winter period. 5580 individuals belonging to 16 species were identified with Lucilia sericata as the most dominant and frequent species, followed by Calliphora vicina. While most individuals were found in the urban habitats, species richness was highest in the forest. Species richness and Chao-Shen entropy estimator peaked in most locations in the summer. In winter only two species were documented (C. vicina, Calliphora vomitoria). The species Lucilia illustris was found to be an indicator species for summer and autumn, while C. vomitoria was found to be an indicator species for the forest location. Entomological cases of the same time period conducted in the Institute of Forensic Medicine Bern were included to compare the species composition. Six blow fly species were found on human bodies which are in line with the monitoring. Of these, L. sericata, C. vicina and Protophormia terraenovae were the most frequent.

In contrast to cumulative techniques (e.g., tape-lift) for qualitative gunshot residues (GSR) analysis, topographic methods are commonly applied to preserve the integrity of evidence from a shooter's or victim's hand in cases of gun-related crimes. Topographic sampling techniques employing adhesive foils, latex, or the polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) method enable unambiguous sampling of biological and non-biological trace material while preserving its spatial distribution and relation to each other. The PVAL method in particular allows for a topographically veridic and quantitative conservation of traces of GSR and biological stains that are embedded in the PVAL glove, because it completely removes these traces from the hand. The present study investigated the success rates of STR profiling and the detection of blood and brain-specific gene expression from minimal traces of blood splatter as well as parallel to the positive detection of gunshot residues embedded in 17 PVAL gloves taken from the hands of deceased persons in the context of homicide cases in the period between 1996 and 2003. The water-soluble PVAL matrix is shown to be fully compatible with successful STR profiling and the detection of blood- and brain-specific miRNA expression, even after up to 20 years of storage, demonstrating that this sampling technique offers advantages compared to other more simplistic sampling methods like taping.

BACKGROUND Piercings are placed at different body sites often invisible to medical staff. They may cause additional injuries in trauma and emergency surgery by electro-cautery. OBJECTIVE To clarify whether electro-coagulation will have a direct damaging effect to the skin around a pierced skin area. METHODS Metallic piercings were fixed at defined distances from the neutral and active electrode on abdominal pig skin. The distance of the active electrode was reduced by 5 mm increments to 0. The respective increases in temperature were determined with a thermal camera. A macroscopic and histological analysis of the area around the piercing to detect thermal damage was carried out. RESULTS Significant increases in temperature and visible changes in the tissue around the piercing only occurred when the active electrode was in direct contact with the piercing (increase of 47.3∘C). Electro-cautery in distance of 5 to 10 mm to the piercing showed only temperature increases of less than 5∘C. CONCLUSIONS If metallic piercings are not directly touched by the active electrode and the distance is more than 5-10 mm, no clinically relevant effect is created on the tissue in direct proximity to the piercings by electro-cautery. In an emergency surgery situation, a piercing not fixed in direct proximity to the surgical field may likely be ignored.

Ein persistierender Ductus arteriosus (Ductus Botalli) ist seit Jahren als Ursache eines plötzlichen und unerwarteten Neugeborenentods und pulmonaler Hämorrhagien identifiziert. Insbesondere Frühgeborene weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko zur Entwicklung eines hämodynamisch signifikanten persistierenden Ductus arteriosus auf. Vorgestellt wird der plötzliche und unerwartete Todesfall eines 4 Tage alt gewordenen Säuglings, der 2 Wochen vor dem errechneten Termin geboren worden war. Bei der Obduktion zeigte sich ein sehr muskelkräftiger arterieller Gefäßkurzschluss zwischen der A. pulmonalis und dem Aortenbogen mit einem Durchmesser knapp unter dem der A. pulmonalis. Als Folge der pulmonalen Hyperperfusion fanden sich eine massive akute Blutstauung und kongestives Herzversagen infolge des „shunting“ von der systemischen in die pulmonale Zirkulation., A persistent patent ductus arteriosus as a cause of sudden and unexpected death in neonates and of pulmonary hemorrhage has been known for many years. Especially preterm neonates have an increased risk of developing a patent ductus arteriosus. The case of a 4-day-old neonate is presented who was born 2 weeks preterm and died suddenly. At autopsy a very muscular arterial vascular bypass was visible between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch with a diameter nearly equal to the pulmonary artery. As a result of pulmonary hyperperfusion there was massive pulmonary congestion and congestive heart failure as a result of shunting from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation.

In practical forensic casework, backspatter recovered from shooters' hands can be an indicator of self-inflicted gunshot wounds to the head. In such cases, backspatter retrieved from inside the barrel indicates that the weapon found at the death scene was involved in causing the injury to the head. However, systematic research on the aspects conditioning presence, amount and specific patterns of backspatter is lacking so far. Herein, a new concept of backspatter investigation is presented, comprising staining technique, weapon and target medium: the 'triple contrast method' was developed, tested and is introduced for experimental backspatter analysis. First, mixtures of various proportions of acrylic paint for optical detection, barium sulphate for radiocontrast imaging in computed tomography and fresh human blood for PCR-based DNA profiling were generated (triple mixture) and tested for DNA quantification and short tandem repeat (STR) typing success. All tested mixtures yielded sufficient DNA that produced full STR profiles suitable for forensic identification. Then, for backspatter analysis, sealed foil bags containing the triple mixture were attached to plastic bottles filled with 10 % ballistic gelatine and covered by a 2-3-mm layer of silicone. To simulate backspatter, close contact shots were fired at these models. Endoscopy of the barrel inside revealed coloured backspatter containing typable DNA and radiographic imaging showed a contrasted bullet path in the gelatine. Cross sections of the gelatine core exhibited cracks and fissures stained by the acrylic paint facilitating wound ballistic analysis.

Through the widespread use of postmortem computed tomography, inner livores of the lungs have become a frequently observed phenomenon in the field of forensic medicine. Yet their time-dependent development, notably in comparison with the widely studied external livores, remains poorly understood. We present a unique homicide case where the victim was discovered in supine position with correspondent external livores fixed exclusively on the rear side. Yet upon postmortem computed tomography, the victim presented pronounced inner livores within the depending dorsal areas of both lungs but also vertical sedimentation levels solely within the right lung, suggesting an initial right-hand side position and a postmortem re-positioning of the body. Interestingly, this was consistent with tangible hints of postmortem manipulation on-site. It is likely that this repositioning occurred sometime during the early postmortem interval (

In cases of firearm related fatalities a systematic investigation at the scene of death is indispensable to differentiate between self-inflicted and homicidal gunshot injuries. A common method to preserve gunshot residues (GSR) is their collection using adhesive tapes. However, the biological material gathered at the same time by the tapes would be of special interest if backspatter, ejected from the entrance wound against the direction of fire, could be detected. In the present study we examined the success rate of co-analysis of RNA and DNA recovered from biological traces sampled with adhesive tapes. The material originated from eight cases of fatal gunshots, taken from the hands of suspects or victims, examined 5 to 19 years ago for GSR. For all types of adhesive tapes tested, quantity and quality of the co-extracted nucleic acids was insufficient for successful DNA profiling, but was sufficient for the detection of blood-specific micro RNA (miRNA). In summary, sampling trace evidence from the hands of persons involved in fatal gunshots with adhesive tapes has a long-term detrimental effect on biological traces.

Um die Geschossenergie zu errechnen, ist die Messung der Geschossgeschwindigkeit erforderlich. Untersucht wurde, ob eine Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera hierfür grundsätzlich geeignet ist. Mit einer SA-X2 (Photron) wurden Aufnahmen mit 50.000 Bildern/s und 0,29 µs Belichtungszeit vor bzw. an der Waffenmündung in einer Breite von ca. 15–23 cm gemacht. 209 Schüsse mit Munition in den Kalibern von .22 Long Rifle bis .45 Auto (228–388 m/s) wurden videografisch dokumentiert und die bildanalytischen Messwerte mit den Messergebnissen einer Lichtschranke BMC21 (Mehl) verglichen. Die Abweichungen betrugen maximal ± 2,5 %. Das Bestimmtheitsmaß R2 für die lineare Abhängigkeit betrug im Median 0,987. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der bildanalytischen Messwerte lag bei ±1 m/s. Als wichtigster Faktor für die Zuverlässigkeit der Messungen wurde die Fokussierung der Flugbahn des Geschosses identifiziert. Unter Voraussetzung einer scharfen Abbildung des Geschosses war die Länge der Messstrecke von untergeordneter Bedeutung für die Messgenauigkeit., (For calculating a projectile’s energy, measurement of its velocity is necessary. The study was performed to evaluate if the use of a high-speed camera is principally feasible for this purpose. Filming was done using a SA-X2 (Photron) positioned about 15 to 23 cm in front of or at the muzzle with 50,000 frames per second and a 0.29 µs exposure time. Video was used to document 209 shots using ammunition from 22 long rifle to 45 auto (228 to 388 m/s). The velocity calculated by image analysis was compared with the measurements obtained by a light barrier speed measurement device BMC21 (Mehl). The deviation was at most ± 2.5%. The coefficient of determination R2 for linear correlation was in the median 0.987. The reproducibility of the results obtained by image analysis was about ±1 m/s. Focusing the bullet’s trajectory could be identified as the most important factor for the reliability of measurements. When the bullet was sharply imaged, the length of the measured distance played a secondary role for measurement accuracy.)

Traces of backspatter recovered from the inside of the barrel of a gun that was used to deliver suicidal or homicidal contact shots may be a source of valuable forensic evidence and first systematic investigations of the persistence of victim DNA from inside firearms have been presented. The aim of the present study was to include victim RNA in such analyses to determine the origin of tissues in addition and parallel to standard DNA profiling for forensic identification purposes. In a first step, suitable mRNA (C1orf61) and micro-RNAs (miR-124a and miR-124*) that are primarily expressed in brain tissue were selected from potential candidates and confirmed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Secondly, a co-extraction procedure for RNA and DNA was established and brain differentiability of the selected RNAs was demonstrated via qPCR using samples from experimental shots at ballistic models. In a third step, this procedure was successfully applied to analyse samples from real casework comprising eight cases of suicidal contact shots. In this pilot study, we are first to report the possibility of co-extracting mRNA, miRNA and DNA from ballistic trace samples collected from the inside of firearms and we demonstrate that RNA and DNA based analyses can be performed in parallel to produce informative and highly complementary evidence.

Aneurysmen der thorakalen Aorta führen in der Regel über eine intraperikardiale (Herzbeuteltamponade) oder intrapleurale Ruptur (inneres Verbluten) zum Tod. Außerordentlich selten sind intrapulmonale Rupturen von thorakalen Aortenaneurysmen, die über eine Hämoptyse symptomatisch werden und über eine Blutaspiration letal verlaufen können. Berichtet wird über den Fall eines 40-jährigen Mannes, bei dem nach thorakalen Schmerzen an den Vortagen plötzlich eine Hämoptyse auftrat. Während der diagnostischen Abklärung der Blutungsquelle verstarb er unvorhergesehen. Todesursache war die primäre intrapulmonale, final intrapleurale Ruptur eines thorakalen Aortenaneurysmas an der Stelle einer operativ korrigierten Aortenisthmusstenose., Thoracic aortic aneurysms normally cause death due to either intrapericardial (cardiac tamponade) or intrapleural rupture (internal hemorrhage). There are only very few case reports on sudden unexpected death due to rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm into the left lung. Hemoptysis may be the first clinical symptom of a rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm into the lungs. In cases of rupture of a thoracic aneurysm into the lungs the cause of death is mostly fatal blood aspiration. This article reports the case of a 40-year-old man who after thoracic pain in the days before death presented in an ear nose and throat clinic (ENT) with suddenly occurring hemoptysis. The patient suddenly collapsed during the diagnostic examination and died despite emergency measures. Cause of death was a primary intrapulmonary and then intrapleural rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm at the site of surgical repair of aortic coarctation in childhood.

The powder pocket or soot cavity is a morphologic characteristic of a close contact shot. In a research project concerning staining inside the barrel, the influence of the powder pocket on these traces was investigated.According to the 'triple contrast method', thin pads containing a mixture of acrylic paint, radiocontrast agent and blood were glued on plastic boxes which were coated with a 3-4-mm-thick silicone layer. The containers filled with 10 % ballistic gelatine, were stored for at least 60 h at 4 °C. Thirty-three contact shots were realized using different pistols and 22 lr, .32 auto, .38 special and 9-mm Luger with different barrel length using subsonic, non-deforming ammunition.The documentation comprised endoscopy, high speed video and computer tomography (CT) of the target models. Using image analysis, the ballooning of the silicone coat was studied (lateral view projection).High-speed video confirmed the actual comprehension of the behaviour of muzzle gases in contact shots. The powder cavity rises in about 1.5 to 2 ms, preceding the maximum of the temporary cavity, and the powder pocket's collapse takes 2.5 to 3 ms.The size of the silicone dome increased with decreasing barrel length. Comparing semi-automatic pistols of 4 in. barrel length in the calibres, .32 auto and 9-mm Luger, there were no significant differences of the powder pocket size. Material transport was observed, against and perpendicularly to the shooting direction. CT showed undermining and gas inclusions inside the powder pocket. A correlation between amount and pattern of the staining inside the barrel and the volume of the powder pocket was not observed.

Schusse mit aufgesetzter Waffenmundung, sog. absolute Nahschusse, wie sie v. a. bei Suizidfallen beobachtet werden, konnen an der Waffe und im Waffenlauf Blut- und Gewebespuren hinterlassen. Die Spuren im Waffenlauf lassen sich durch Endoskopie lokalisieren und darstellen sowie mit Foto oder Video dokumentieren. Die morphologische Charakterisierung dieser Spuren kann Hinweise auf deren Entstehung geben. Die molekulargenetische Untersuchung des aus dem Lauf asservierten Materials stellt schlieslich einen Zusammenhang zwischen Tatwaffe und Opfer her.

When a firearm projectile hits a biological target a spray of biological material (e.g. blood and tissue fragments) can be propelled from the entrance wound back towards the firearm. This phenomenon has become known as ‘‘backspatter’’ and if caused by contact shots or shots from short distances traces of backspatter may reach consolidate on and be recovered from the inside surfaces of the firearm. Thus a comprehensive investigation of firearm related crimes must not only comprise of wound ballistic assessment but also backspatter analysis and may even take into account potential correlations between these emergences. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and expand the applicability of the ‘‘triple contrast’’ method by probing its compatibility with forensic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and the simultaneous investigation of co extracted mRNA and miRNA from backspatter collected from internal components of different types of firearms after experimental shootings. We demonstrate that ‘‘triple contrast’’ stained biological samples collected from the inside surfaces of firearms are amenable to forensic co analysis of DNA and RNA and permit sequence analysis of the entire mtDNA displacement loop even for ‘‘low template’’ DNA amounts that preclude standard short tandem repeat DNA analysis. Our findings underscore the ‘‘triple contrast’’ method’s usefulness as a research tool in experimental forensic ballistics.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is by definition unexpected and cardiac in nature. The investigation is almost invariably performed by a forensic pathologist. Under these circumstances the role of the forensic pathologist is twofold: (1.) to determine rapidly and efficiently the cause and manner of death and (2.) to initiate a multidisciplinary process in order to prevent further deaths in existing family members. If the death is determined to be due to "natural" causes the district attorney in charge often refuses further examinations. However, additional examinations, i.e. extensive histopathological investigations and/or molecular genetic analyses, are necessary in many cases to clarify the cause of death. The Swiss Society of Legal Medicine created a multidisciplinary working group together with clinical and molecular geneticists and cardiologists in the hope of harmonising the approach to investigate SCD. The aim of this paper is to close the gap between the Swiss recommendations for routine forensic post-mortem cardiac examination and clinical recommendations for genetic testing of inherited cardiac diseases; this is in order to optimise the diagnostic procedures and preventive measures for living family members. The key points of the recommendations are (1.) the forensic autopsy procedure for all SCD victims under 40 years of age, (2.) the collection and storage of adequate samples for genetic testing, (3.) communication with the families, and (4.) a multidisciplinary approach including cardiogenetic counselling.

Postmortem computed tomography (pmCT) is increasingly applied in forensic medicine as a documentation and diagnostic tool. The present study investigated if pmCT data can be used to estimate the corpse weight. In 50 forensic cases, pmCT examinations were performed prior to autopsy and the pmCT data were used to determine the body volume using an automated segmentation tool. PmCT was performed within 48 h postmortem. The body weights assessed prior to autopsy and the body volumes assessed using the pmCT data were used to calculate individual multiplication factors. The mean postmortem multiplication factor for the study cases was 1.07 g/ml. Using this factor, the body weight may be estimated retrospectively when necessary. Severe artifact causing foreign bodies within the corpses limit the use of pmCT data for body weight estimations.

Hintergund Seit mehr als 10 Jahren wird der kathetergestützte Aortenklappenersatz (Transkatheter-Aortenklappenimplantation, „transcatheter aortic valve implantation“, TAVI) durchgeführt. Bereits in der Anfangsphase haben sich eingriffstypische Komplikationen nach transfemoralem Zugang herauskristallisiert. Ziel der Arbeit Beispielhaft wird anhand von 4 Sektionsfällen beschrieben, wie die Indikationsstellung zur TAVI und die Vermeidbarkeit der Komplikation zu prüfen ist. Material und Methoden Bei einer 86-jährigen Frau war es im Rahmen eines Repositionsversuchs des Implantats zu einem Abriss der rechten Beckengefäße gekommen. Bei einer 82-jährigen Frau war es während der Intervention zu einem Einriss des Aortenklappenrings mit Perikardtamponade gekommen. Eine 89-jährige Frau erlitt während der Intervention eine gedeckte Aortenverletzung und war während der anschließenden operativen Versorgung des Defekts verstorben. Im vierten Fall war bei einer 83 Jahre alt gewordenen Patientin im Rahmen des transfemoralen Klappenersatzes die Positionierung der Klappe misslungen, und ventrikelwärts entwickelte sich eine Embolisation der entfalteten Klappe. Es wurde eine zweite gleichartige Klappe positioniert, die in der Aorta hielt. Ergebnisse Die Indikationsstellung zur TAVI war in den 4 Fällen der multimorbiden Patientinnen gerechtfertigt. Die Komplikationen waren sehr unterschiedlich und die Gefäßverletzungen in 2 Fällen aufgrund der begonnenen Operationen nicht mehr zu prüfen. Schlussfolgerungen Die Versorgung einer Komplikation ist beim indikationsgerechten Patientenkollektiv aufgrund der Multimorbidität extrem schwierig und mit zahlreichen weiteren Komplikationen behaftet. Schlüsselwörter Herzklappenerkrankungen – Herzklappenprothese – Minimalinvasive Verfahren – Behandlungsfehler – Inoperabilität, Background Catheter-assisted aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been carried out for over 10 years. Even in the initial phases typical complications after a transfemoral approach became apparent. Aim This article describes how the indications for TAVI and the avoidance of complications must be checked as exemplified by four autopsy cases. Material and methods In the first case the iliac vessels in an 86-year-old female patient ruptured during an attempt to reposition the implanted valve. In the second case a laceration of the aorta occurred close to the original aortic valve and the 82-year-old female patient died due to pericardial tamponade. In the third case an 89-year-old woman suffered a covered laceration of the aorta and the patient died during an attempt to replace the vessel. In a further case of an 83-year-old woman during transfemoral valve replacement the positioning of the valve was unsuccessful and a second valve had to be implanted due to embolization of the unfolded valve. Results In all four cases the indications for TAVI in the multimorbid patients were justified. The complications were very different and in two cases assessment of the original vascular lacerations could no longer be carried out due the fact that surgery had already begun. Conclusion Most patients undergoing TAVI are multimorbid hence the treatment of complications becomes extremely difficult and bears a great risk of causing further complications.

External post-mortem examination and first police assessments are often not consistent with subsequent autopsy results. This is all the more surprising the more serious the injuries found at autopsy are. Such discrepancies result especially from an absence of gross external injuries, as demonstrated by four examples. A 42-year-old, externally uninjured male was found at night time in a helpless condition in the street and died in spite of resuscitation. Autopsy showed severe polytrauma with traumatic brain injury and lesions of the thoracic and abdominal organs. A jump from the third floor was identified as the cause. At dawn, a twenty-year-old male was found dead on the grounds of the adjacent house. Because of the blood-covered head the police assumed a traumatic head injury by strike impact. The external examination revealed only abrasions on the forehead and to a minor extent on the back. At autopsy a midfacial fracture, a trauma of the thorax and abdomen and fractures of the spine and pelvis were detected. Afterwards investigations showed that the man, intoxicated by alcohol, had fallen from the flat roof of a multistoried house. A 77-year-old man was found unconscious on his terrace at day time; a cerebral seizure was assumed. He was transferred to emergency care where he died. The corpse was externally inconspicuous. Autopsy revealed serious traumatic injuries of the brain, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, which could be explained by a fall from the balcony. A 47-year-old homeless person without any external injuries was found dead in a barn. An alcohol intoxication was assumed. At autopsy severe injuries of the brain and cervical spine were found which were the result of a fall from a height of 5 m.On the basis of an external post-mortem examination alone gross blunt force trauma cannot be reliably excluded.

The second part of the paper on suicides by gunshots to the head in the presence of witnesses focuses on relevant morphological autopsy findings such as entrance site, signs of close range or contact shots, bullet path etc. and also discusses selected aspects of ascertaining gunshot residues. For the identification of the shooter an integral medicolegal assessment of all the facts including the investigation results and the autopsy findings is essential. However, the morphological findings alone do not allow safe diagnosis, as for example in a homicide the temporal region, which was affected in all our cases, may have been deliberately chosen by the perpetrator as a localization typical of suicide. Thus methods to ascertain gunshot residues on the firing hand (by means of adhesive films and the polyvinyl-alcohol collection method--PVAL) are of great practical importance. In seven cases adhesive films and/or the polyvinyl-alcohol collection method were used. In one case the gunshot residues (GSR) were analysed by means of tape lifts and subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that especially the combined application of topographical (adhesive tape/PVAL) and cumulative (SEM) methods allowed for the doubtless identification of the shooter, thus usually confirming the suicide. By the example of one case it is demonstrated that without the immediate collection of evidence at the scene objective reconstruction of the event becomes impossible. On the basis of the reported cases recommendations are finally given for a differentiated approach in the medicolegal evaluation of alleged witnessed suicide by gunshot (to the head).

In the USA the frequency of witnessed suicide, i.e. suicide committed in the presence of at least one further individual, is reported to range between 5 and 15%. As up to now no detailed analysis of this special issue has been given in the medicolegal literature, this article presents and discusses a number of cases including 8 males and 1 female (age 19-58 years, mean 41.2 years) who had all committed suicide by inflicting a gunshot to the head. In 3 cases post-mortem blood alcohol concentrations of 1.73, 1.88 and 2.23 g/kg respectively were observed. Toxicological tests produced negative results. 5 cases had a medical history of psychiatric disorder with endogenous depression in 3, chronic alcohol abuse and drug abuse with concomitant psychosis in one case each. As far as the motives were known, domestic arguments were of prevailing importance. With one exception the suicides were committed at home. In 6 cases one witness was present, in 2 cases 2 individuals and in one case 22 persons witnessed the suicide. The reported cases are discussed in comparison with the psychiatric-psychological classification according to McDowell et al. with the aim to provide a solid and comprehensive medicolegal method to distinguish between homicide and suicide. Furthermore aspects of psychiatric sequelae and psychological support of the witnesses, which are also of importance for the forensic pathologist called to the scene, are discussed.

Lorsqu’il y a usage d’armes a feu il importe de repondre aux cinq questions suivantes: 1. Qui a tire ? 2. Quelle arme a servi ? 3. Quelle munition a ete employee ? 4. Quelle etait la direction de tir ? 5. Quelle etait la distance de tir? Cette derniere est l’une des questions les plus importantes pour la reconstitution des faits.

The polyvinyl-alcohol collection method (PVAL) is used in forensic practice to gather topographical information about gunshot residues (GSR) from the hands to decide if the subject has made use of firearms. The results allow a distinction between suicide and homicide. The only inconvenience of PVAL was that the procedure took about 60 min because three layers of liquid PVAL had to be applied and dried. Therefore, the collection method was only applied to corpses. The improved and accelerated PVAL 2.0 uses a sandwich technique. Cotton gauze for stabilization is moistened with a 10% PVAL solution. A solid film of PVAL (Solublon) is spread on the cotton mesh. The gauze is then modeled to the hand and dried with a hair dryer. After removing the cotton gauze, the traces are embedded in the water-soluble PVAL. The procedure does not take more than 15 min. The results demonstrate the qualities and advantages of PVAL: topographical distribution of GSR, highest gain of GSR, sampling of all other traces like blood, backspatter etc., and humidity does not reduce the gain. In addition, with the new PVAL 2.0 dislocation of GSR or contamination are excluded. PVAL 2.0 can also be applied on live suspects.