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The article shows from texts and sources of Vatican II that it is a major strategy of theological reform at the Council to understand the Church eschatologically. Leaving behind positions of traditional neo-scholastic ecclesiology, this strategy remodels the social, missionary, and ecumenical character of the Church. Moreover, it affects the understanding of time and eternity as well as the relationship between the Church in the political order.

The article analyzes the influence of German thought on Baron Friedrich von Hügel’s philosophy of religion. The activities of the British scholar in the networks of Catholic modernism are placed within the broader framework of the international discussion on religion around 1900. His religious universalism was shaped to a great extent by the encounter of German intellectuals from a liberal Protestant background, most notably by Rudolf Eucken, Ernst Troeltsch and Friedrich Naumann. This encounter, started during the 1890s, focussed on the concepts of historical individuality and historical development. It took a new direction with the public role adopted by German intellectuals in the propaganda of the World War. Von Hügel’s often ignored treatise The German Soul reacted to the fusion of liberal religious thought with German nationalism as observed in Troeltsch and Naumann. His criticism of a lack of „international morality“ of German thought and his approach to identify the reason for this deficit in the Lutheran and idealistic tradition shed light on the ongoing discussions of a „Sonderweg“ of German thought. Von Hügel’s late attempts to promote Christianity as an anti-nationalist force remind of other more theological rejections of nationalism after the war. However, these attempts are not based on a strict theological or confessional rationale (like in dialectical theology) but try to continue the interconfessional and interdisciplinary discussion of the beginning of the century. This is revealed best by von Hügel’s close but not uncritical relationship to Troeltsch in the early 1920s.

The digital currency Bitcoin is known for its energy hunger and associated carbon footprint. Investors, however, must not neglect further environmental, social, and governance issues related to digital currencies. Therefore, we urge the adoption of a more comprehensive view in assessing the externalities of investments in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

Alex de Vries is a researcher at the School of Business and Economics at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. In 2014 he founded digiconomist.net, which is best known for featuring the Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index since late 2016 and has played a major role in the global discussion regarding the sustainability of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology. Ulrich Gallersdörfer is a research associate in the Department of Informatics at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the intersection of blockchain technology and adjacent fields. He is a co-founder of CCRI, a company providing GHG emissions estimates for investments in cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and other technologies. Lena Klaaßen is a PhD student in the Climate Finance and Policy group at ETH Zurich. Her research focuses on energy finance for the low-carbon transition as well as the environmental impact of companies and technologies. She also co-founded CCRI, a company providing GHG emissions estimates for investments in cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and other technologies. Christian Stoll is a research affiliate at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the Center for Energy Markets of the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the implications of climate change from an economic point of view.

Pricing carbon to address climate change sparks divisions like few other policy options. From street riots to academic debate, it has stirred both passionate and principled disagreement, leaving scarce room for compromise between advocates and critics. Among scholars, what used to be nearly unanimous support for carbon pricing has ceded way to a more bifurcated landscape. We review the growing literature on carbon pricing shortfalls, and suggest a conceptual framework to differentiate three dimensions of failure, based on different manifestations of human behaviour: Homo Economicus, Homo Irrationalis, and Homo Politicus. We also apply this framework to identify and classify principles to overcome the three dimensions of failure. Our Perspective offers an agent-based view on the constraints that prevent deployment and efficient operation of carbon pricing in practice, and identifies pathways for improved policy design and implementation.

Summary Participation in the Bitcoin blockchain validation process requires specialized hardware and vast amounts of electricity, which translates into a significant carbon footprint. Here, we demonstrate a methodology for estimating the power consumption associated with Bitcoin's blockchain based on IPO filings of major hardware manufacturers, insights on mining facility operations, and mining pool compositions. We then translate our power consumption estimate into carbon emissions, using the localization of IP addresses. We determine the annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin, as of November 2018, to be 45.8 TWh and estimate that annual carbon emissions range from 22.0 to 22.9 MtCO2. This means that the emissions produced by Bitcoin sit between the levels produced by the nations of Jordan and Sri Lanka, which is comparable to the level of Kansas City. With this article, we aim to gauge the external costs of Bitcoin and inform the broader debate on the costs and benefits of cryptocurrencies.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered the largest drop in greenhouse gas emissions since World War II. Evolving mobility patterns, in particular, have shown the short-term mitigation potential of behavioral change. Sustaining such changes could abate 15% of all transportation emissions with limited net impacts on societal well-being., Graphical Abstract

Ulrich Gallersdörfer is a research associate in the Department of Informatics at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on identity management in blockchains. His interest extends to further aspects of the technology, ranging from environmental implications to data analytics applications. Lena Klaaßen is a graduate student at TUM School of Management at the Technical University of Munich. She is specialized in energy markets and accounting. Her research focuses on carbon accounting in the corporate and cryptocurrency space. She has previously analyzed blockchain-related firms for a venture capital fund. Christian Stoll conducts research at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the Center for Energy Markets of the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on the implications of climate change from an economic point of view., Bitcoin’s energy hunger has triggered a passionate debate about the energy consumption of cryptocurrencies. Most studies have been focusing exclusively on Bitcoin and ignored the more than 500 further mineable coins and tokens. Here we analyze 20 cryptocurrencies, which account for more than 98% of the total market capitalization of cryptocurrencies. We conclude that Bitcoin accounts for 2/3 of the total energy consumption of cryptocurrencies and understudied cryptocurrencies represent the remaining 1/3.

Bitcoin's increasing energy consumption has triggered a passionate debate about the sustainability of the digital currency. And yet, most studies have thus far ignored that Bitcoin miners cycle through a growing amount of short-lived hardware that could exacerbate the growth in global electronic waste. E-waste represents a growing threat to our environment, from toxic chemicals and heavy metals leaching into soils, to air and water pollutions caused by improper recycling. Here we present a methodology to estimate Bitcoin's e-waste and find that it adds up to 30.7 metric kilotons annually, per May 2021. This number is comparable to the amount of small IT and telecommunication equipment waste produced by a country like the Netherlands. At peak Bitcoin price levels seen early in 2021, the annual amount of e-waste may grow beyond 64.4 metric kilotons in the midterm, which highlights the dynamic trend if the Bitcoin price rises further. Moreover, the demand for mining hardware already today disrupts the global semiconductor supply chain. The strategies we present may help to mitigate Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem.

MESA is a two pass energy recovery linac (ERL) currently under construction at the Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. MESA uses four 1.3 GHz TESLA type cavities with 12.5 MVm-1 of accelerating gradient in two modified ELBE type cryomodule with improved thermal connection of the HOM antennas and cw operation. In the first stage of MESA operation 1mA of beam current is foreseen, which will later be upgraded to 10 mA. One potential limit to maximum beam current in ERLs is the transverse beam breakup (BBU) instability induced by dipole Higher Order Modes (HOMs). These modes can be excited by bunches passing through the cavities off axis. Following bunches are then deflected by the HOMs, which results in even larger offsets for recirculated bunches. This feedback can even lead to beam loss. Simulation results for HOM spectra of a single TESLA cavity are available for example in [1]. It was possible to measure the HOM spectra in the cold, not tuned cavities at DESY and in the cold string tuned to the 1.3 GHz fundamental mode at Mainz. Results for the maximum beam current for MESA, limited by BBU, for the various HOM spectra are presented.

On the one hand, Rule 263 serves procedural economy by allowing each party at any stage of the proceedings to change its claim or to amend its case. On the other hand, the provision protects the other party against new claims and challenges raised later which may cause procedural disadvantages for him, for example a short time for preparation and/or a delay of the proceedings. Therefore, the parties are required to make any changes to claims or any other amendments as soon as possible.

The Court shall allow the Application unless legitimate reasons given by the party concerned for the confidentiality of the information clearly outweigh the interest of the applicant to access such information.

Rules 273 ff are applicable if service has to be performed outside the territory of the CMSs, because no electronic address for the service of a Statement of claim has been provided and no other service method pursuant to Rule 271.3 is available which would enable service within the territory of the CMSs.

The parties may, at any time in the course of proceedings, conclude their case by way of settlement, which shall be confirmed by a decision of the Court. A patent may not be revoked or limited by way of settlement.

Rules 270 ff govern service of documents. Service is effected within the territory of the UPC system ex officio by the Registry. Service means the formal delivery of legal acts within the territory of the UPC to parties and third parties. The delivery of an official document will provide the addressee with notice of the content of the document and will put him in a position to properly prepare his action or defence. Therefore, service ensures observance of the right to be heard and the right to a fair trial (Art 47 CFR). Furthermore, service has the effect of commencement of the proceedings (→ Rule 224.1(a) UPCARoP).

The CMSs have not provided any rules in the Rules of Procedure for service outside the territory of the CMSs. The reason is that the CMSs are not competent to regulate service outside their territory. For extraterritorial service, general international service law (including Union law for states which are not CMSs) is applicable. Rule 274 refers to these provisions.

Where the Registry notes that two or more actions concerning the same patent or patents are initiated before several divisions (whether or not between the same parties), it shall as soon as practicable inform the divisions concerned.

Without prejudice to this Agreement and the Statute, enforcement procedures shall be governed by the law of the Contracting Member State where the enforcement takes place. Any decision of the Court shall be enforced under the same conditions as a decision given in the Contracting Member State where the enforcement takes place.

The Court shall decide in accordance with the requests submitted by the parties and shall not award more than is requested.

The Court may order, at the request of the applicant and at the expense of the infringer, appropriate measures for the dissemination of information concerning the Court’s decision, including displaying the decision and publishing it in full or in part in public media.

Rule 275 permits, on an application by the claimant, the authorization of alternative service methods of the Statement of claims in the sense of Rule 270.3. Rule 275 also applies via Rule 278.2(c) to the service of other pleadings. The provisions of the service methods in Rules 272 and 274 are therefore not exclusive. Rule 275 guarantees in a special way the flexible handling of the procedure pursuant to Art 52(1) cl 2 UPCA.

Rule 277 governs the minimum requirements for service of the Statement of claim which must be fulfilled in order for the UPC to issue a decision by default. If the defendant fails to lodge a Statement of defence within three months of service of the Statement of claim pursuant to Rule 23 cl 1, a decision by default is issued pursuant to Rule 355. The substantial legal consequence means that the competent panel of the Court must be convinced of proper service prior to issuing a decision by default. Rule 277 contains two alternative requirements for proper service and ensures that service errors do not lead to a decision by default to the detriment of the addressee of the Statement of claim. The provision protects the defendant.

As electronic service represents the preferred method of service (Rule 271.1), it is important that a change of electronic address is notified in time. That notification is governed by Rule 279 which is practically identical to Rule 6.3 and has also been repeated in the present context. Rule 6.3 further prescribes that a change of postal address must be notified.

Where an action for damages has been brought against a Contracting Member State pursuant to Article 22 of the Agreement the President of the Court of Appeal shall as soon as practicable following a request from the competent authority in the Contracting Member State provide the competent authority with copies of all pleadings, evidence, decisions and orders available to the Court in its proceedings that are relevant to the action for damages. The President of the Court of Appeal shall have an opportunity to comment.

Decisions and orders of the Court shall be reasoned and shall be given in writing in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

Rule 265 regulates the withdrawal of a claim. The claimant basically has a right to withdraw his claim and to waive legal protection in the running procedure. The admissibility of the withdrawal is conditional on the other party having no legitimate interest in a decision on the merits (para 1 cl 3).

Decisions and orders of the Court shall be taken by a majority of the panel, in accordance with the Statute. In case of equal votes, the vote of the presiding judge shall prevail.

The Registry informs the claimant pursuant to para 1 about the date on which the Statement of claim is deemed to have been served under Rule 271.6. This information gives the claimant the possibility of assessing the time schedule of the further proceedings. For example, the Statement of defence must be lodged at least three months after service of the Statement of claim pursuant to Rule 23.

Where these rules provide that a party or parties shall or may be given an opportunity to be heard before the Court makes an order or takes some action the Court shall or may (as the case may be) request the parties to provide written submissions within a specified period and/or shall or may invite the parties to an oral hearing on a fixed date by the Court. The Court may also order that a hearing take place by telephone or video conference. Rules 105 and 106 shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Pleadings and other documents pursuant to para 1 cover all written declarations including documents of evidence which are not Statement of claims or other documents relevant in the proceedings which are to be served on another party. This includes: a Statement of defence pursuant to Rule 24.1 (including a possible Statement of counterclaim) and further admitted pleadings in the main proceedings; an application for the determination of damages pursuant to Rule 138; a protective letter (Rule 207.7), a Statement of appeal (Rule 225), as well as a Statement of response to the appeal (Rule 236). The service requirements are not applicable where ex parte proceedings have commenced (→ eg Rules 85 ff UPCARoP).

All pleadings and documents lodged with pleadings shall bear a time and a date which shall be the time and date of receipt of pleadings in electronic form in the Registry. The time shall be the local time of the Registry. The Registrar shall be responsible for time and date making.

With regard to the service of decisions and orders, para 1 refers to Rules 270–275 which apply to service on all parties on the opposite side of the service, including interveners (Rules 313–317). Refer to the respective parts of the commentary. The date of service of decisions is relevant for the beginning of the time periods for lodging an appeal and the grounds of appeal (Rule 224).

Rule 266 regulates the requirements for a question to be referred to the CJEU by the UPC (Art 267 TFEU, Art 21 UPCA). Referrals to the CJEU ensure uniform interpretation of Union law. Rule 266 specifies the meaning of Arts 20 and 21 UPCA. According to Art 21 UPCA, the UPC cooperates with the CJEU for ensuring uniform application of Union law. The UPC is a common court of the Member States and is part of the jurisdiction of the Member States and therefore functionally a court of a Member State within the meaning of Art 267 TFEU.

Der Beitrag stellt funf Ansatze vor, die mit unterschiedlichen Intentionen das mobile Lernen im Handwerk und fur das Handwerk fordern, nutzen und ihm einen konzeptionellen Rahmen geben. Einige dieser Ansatze befinden sich noch im Erprobungsstatus laufender Projekte, andere sind regional und/oder branchenspezifisch bereits etabliert und bereit zur Ubertragung auf andere Bereiche. Die beiden ersten vorgestellten Beispiele beziehen sich auf ein mobiles System zum Nachweis non-formal erworbener beruflicher Kompetenzen und auf ein virtuelles 3D-Digitalgebaude zum ganzheitlichen Lernen auf der Baustelle. Beide Vorhaben werden im Programm „Digitale Medien in der beruflichen Bildung“ gefordert durch das Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) und aus Mitteln des Europaischen Sozialfonds. Daran schliest sich eine Darstellung zur Erstellung von Erklarvideos in Hochschule und Berufsschule an, die auf Multiplikatoren fur das Handwerk als Zielgruppe ausgerichtet ist, und ein Konzept zum Einsatz von Virtual Reality in der Berufsausbildung wird vorgestellt. Abschliesend wird eine medientechnisch und mediendidaktisch besonders gelungene App zum mobilen Lernen im Baubereich prasentiert, die tutorielle Elemente und Hilfen zur Prufungsvorbereitung enthalt.