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Type 1 diabetes is a self-managed condition. Regular monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels has been the cornerstone of diabetes management. Finger prick BG testing traditionally has been the standard method employed. More recently, rapid advancements in the development of continuous glucose monitoring devices have led to increased use of technology to help children and young people with diabetes manage their condition. These devices have the potential to improve diabetes control and reduce hypoglycaemia especially if used in conjunction with a pump to automate insulin delivery. This paper aims to provide an update on main CGM devices available and practical considerations for doctors if they come across a child with diabetes who is using one of these devices.

OBJECTIVE Monogenic diabetes is rare but is an important diagnosis in pediatric diabetes clinics. These patients are often not identified as this relies on the recognition of key clinical features by an alert clinician. Biomarkers (islet autoantibodies and C-peptide) can assist in the exclusion of patients with type 1 diabetes and allow systematic testing that does not rely on clinical recognition. Our study aimed to establish the prevalence of monogenic diabetes in U.K. pediatric clinics using a systematic approach of biomarker screening and targeted genetic testing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 808 patients (79.5% of the eligible population) RESULTS A total of 2.5% of patients (20 of 808 patients) (95% CI 1.6–3.9%) had monogenic diabetes (8 GCK, 5 HNF1A, 4 HNF4A, 1 HNF1B, 1 ABCC8, 1 INSR). The majority (17 of 20 patients) were managed without insulin treatment. A similar proportion of the population had type 2 diabetes (3.3%, 27 of 808 patients). CONCLUSIONS This large systematic study confirms a prevalence of 2.5% of patients with monogenic diabetes who were

We write to report on the Association of Children’s Diabetes Clinicians’ (ACDC) national survey on access to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and Freestyle Libre Flash Glucose Sensors (FGS) for children and young people (CYP) with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in England and Wales. CGM and FGS allow continuous blood glucose monitoring for patients with T1DM, therefore reducing the need for finger-prick blood testing. CGM provides a continuous interstitial glucose reading, whereas FGS requires 8 hourly scans to provide data with no alarms. Funding pathways for such devices are complex. While there is clear guidance from The National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) with regards to whom CGM should be prescribed,1 access is determined locally by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs). Some CCGs require individual funding applications (IFAs), whereas others have local policies on who should access devices. The recently published National Health Service (NHS) Long-Term Plan, advises that all individuals meeting published clinical criteria should be able to access FGS devices from April …

Aim Adequate sick-day management at home can reduce the risk of progression to diabetic ketoacidosis and admission to hospital. The aim of this project was to review the management of diabetes during illness. Method The Association of Children's Diabetes Clinicians (ACDC) carried out a questionnaire survey of all paediatric diabetes units. In addition, parents of children with type 1 diabetes completed an online questionnaire. Results The survey of 127 units had a 73% response rate. Sick-day management guidelines were in place in 93%. All guidelines advised giving extra insulin during illness. In 67%, the extra dose was based on a fraction of total daily dose. 22% used units per kg body weight (U/kg). 21% used locally derived formulae to calculate extra dose of insulin. 3% of units advised only blood ketone monitoring. Although all units had an out-of-hours access policy for the families, 45% received advice from the general paediatric registrar. Only in 15%, the advice was directly from a member of the paediatric diabetes team. 680 parents completed the questionnaire. 86% reported receiving training on managing sick days. The majority (52.2%) receiving an informal session at diagnosis. 40% did not know what to do in the presence of raised blood glucose and high blood ketones. Conclusions There was a wide variation in the practice of monitoring and advice given during illness. Both surveys highlight need for national guidance as well and to improve quality of sick-day rule education programmes for parents of children with type 1 diabetes.

Current physical activity guidelines for youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are poorly supported by empirical evidence and the optimal dose of physical activity to improve glycemic control is unknown. This case report documents the effect of acute high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate‐intensity exercise (MIE) on 24‐h glycemic control in three adolescents with T1D using continuous glucose monitoring. Results highlight varied individual response to exercise across the participants. In two participants both MIE and HIIE resulted in a drop in blood glucose during exercise (−38 to −42% for MIE and −21–46% in HIIE) and in one participant both MIE and HIIE resulted in increased blood glucose (+19% and + 36%, respectively). Over the 24‐h period average blood glucose was lower for all participants in the HIIE condition, and for two for the MIE condition, compared to no exercise. All three participants reported HIIE to be more enjoyable than MIE. These data show both HIIE and MIE have the potential to improve short‐term glycemic control in youth with T1D but HIIE was more enjoyable. Future work with a larger sample size is required to explore the potential for HIIE to improve health markers in youth with T1D.

Aims Adequate sick day management at home may reduce the risk of progression to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and admission to hospital. The UK does not have a consensus guideline for sick day management advice to children and young people with Type 1 Diabetes. Children’s diabetes services vary in their practice of education and advice in the use of urine or blood ketone monitoring during illness. The aim of this project was to look at the variation of management of diabetes during illness. Methods A survey was conducted by the Association of Children’s Diabetes Clinicians (ACDC) who sent out questionnaires to all units managing children and young people with Type 1 Diabetes including: local sick day management rules, out of hours diabetes support for families and information about the local diabetes service. Results Table 1 90/127 (71%) of the units responded to the survey. There were 13 tertiary centres. Median number of children per service was 165 (range 73–450). The majority of units (96%) have a sick day management guideline in place. Conclusion There was a wide variation in the practice of monitoring and advice given during illness. All guidelines advised increased doses of insulin during sick days but there was no consensus on how to calculate increased doses. There were also variations in the use of ketone testing and frequency on blood glucose monitoring. Some units still use urine ketone testing routinely. There is a need for evidence based National guidance to be in place.