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2. Climate assessment for 2001

Author

Waple, A.M., Lawrimore, J.H., Halpert, M.S., Bell, G.D., Higgins, W., Lyon, B., Menne, M.J., Gleason, K.L., Schnell, R.C., Christy, J.R., Thiaw, W., Wright, W.J., Salinger, M.J., Alexander, L., Stone, R.S., and Camargo, S.J.

Subjects
Climatology -- Research, Climatic changes -- Analysis, Business, Earth sciences
Abstract

Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51[degrees]C (0.92[degrees]F) above the long-term (1880-2000) average, which places 2001 as the second warmest year in the 122-year instrumental record. Land temperatures were 0.75[degrees]C (1.35[degrees]F) above average and ocean temperatures were 0.40[degrees]C (0.72[degrees]F) above the 1880-2000 mean. This ranks them as the second and third warmest on record, respectively. The Northern Hemisphere temperature continued to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60[degrees]C (1.08[degrees]F) above the long-term average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with a positive anomaly of 0.43[degrees]C (0.77[degrees]F). Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0[degrees]C (1.8[degrees]F) were widespread across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East, while significantly cooler than average conditions were confined to western Australia, the northeast and northwest Pacific Ocean, and the far southeastern region of the Pacific, near coastal Chile. Although no hurricanes made landfall in the United States for the second consecutive year, it was nonetheless an extremely active Atlantic hurricane season, the fourth most active on record. Tropical Storm Allison became the costliest tropical storm on record when it caused approximately $5 billion worth of damage in the southern and southeastern United States. The season was slow to start but quickly escalated in the last three months of the season and it was the first time in recorded history that three hurricanes formed in the Atlantic in the month of November. The long-running La Nina episode finally came to an end in 2001. The La Nina, which began in mid-1998 persisted through the first half of the year but gave way to neutral ENSO conditions for the latter half. Other notable events in 2001 include extreme cold and snow in Siberia during the 2000-01 boreal winter, ongoing drought in the Middle East and central Asia, drought in Central America and Brazil, near-record flooding in central/eastern Europe, an extremely wet austral spring in northeastern Argentina, severe moisture deficits in some regions of the United States, and the driest year on record in parts of western Australia.

Published
2002

3. State of the climate in 2018

Author

Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Veasey, S.W., Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Veasey, S.W.

Published
2019

4. State of Climate in 2012

Author

Blunden, J., Arndt, D.S., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S.A., Albanil, A., Alexander, P., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Ambenje, P., Andrianjafinirina, S., Antonov, J., Aravequia, J.A., Arendt, A., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Altheru, Z., Banzon, V., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Barriopedro, D.E., Beard, G., Becker, G., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bhatt, U., Bidegain, M., Bindoff, N., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Booneeady, R., Bosilovich, M., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Brown, L., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J., Cao, Y., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D.P., Chang'a, L., Chappell, P., Chehade, W., Cheliah, M., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Ciais, P., Coelho, C.A.S., Cogley, J.G., Colwell, S., Cross, J.N., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S.A., Dacic, M., de Jeu, R.A.M., Dekaa, F.S., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dolman, A.J., Spatial analysis & Decision Support, Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Abstract

For the first time in several years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Niña dissipated to ENSO-neutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific uncharacteristically returned to neutral conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Niña-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in global sea level in the first half of 2011 that were linked to the effects of La Niña, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in the Western North Pacific basin. Of these, Super Typhoon Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7°N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global financial crisis, global CO

Published
2014
Full Text
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5. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, and Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Mineralogy, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, F331 Atmospheric Physics, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

SxviAUGUST 2016|ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDTIn 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system.Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term up-ward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second con-secutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceed-ing the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high.Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual tem-peratures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the high-est annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satel-lite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean dur-ing August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area.Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012.Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the sec-ond lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consis-tent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s.Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level.Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant car-bonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average.

Published
2016
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6. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Young, T.

Published
2016

7. Uncertainty in Signals of Large-Scale Climate Variations in Radiosonde and Satellite Upper-Air Temperature Datasets

Author

Seidel, D.J., Angell, J.K., Christy, J.R., Free, M., Klein, S.A., Lanzante, J.R., Mears, C., Parker, D.E., Schabel, M., Spencer, R., Thorne, Peter, and Wentz, F.J.

Abstract

There is no single reference dataset of long-term global upper-air temperature observations, although several groups have developed datasets from radiosonde and satellite observations for climate-monitoring purposes. The existence of multiple data products allows for exploration of the uncertainty in signals of climate variations and change. This paper examines eight upper-air temperature datasets and quantifies the magnitude and uncertainty of various climate signals, including stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and tropospheric ENSO signals, stratospheric warming following three major volcanic eruptions, the abrupt tropospheric warming of 1976–77, and multidecadal temperature trends. Uncertainty estimates are based both on the spread of signal estimates from the different observational datasets and on the inherent statistical uncertainties of the signal in any individual dataset. The large spread among trend estimates suggests that using multiple datasets to characterize large-scale upperair temperature trends gives a more complete characterization of their uncertainty than reliance on a single dataset. For other climate signals, there is value in using more than one dataset, because signal strengths vary. However, the purely statistical uncertainty of the signal in individual datasets is large enough to effectively encompass the spread among datasets. This result supports the notion of an 11th climate-monitoring principle, augmenting the 10 principles that have now been generally accepted (although not generally implemented) by the climate community. This 11th principle calls for monitoring key climate variables with multiple, independent observing systems for measuring the variable, and multiple, independent groups analyzing the data.

Published
2004

8. The international surface temperature initiative global land surface databank: monthly temperature data release description and methods

Author

Rennie, J.J., Lawrimore, Jay, Gleason, B.E., Thorne, Peter, Morice, C.P., Menne, M.J., Williams Jr., C.N., Gambi de Almeida, W., Christy, J.R., Flannery, M., Ishihara, M., Kamiguchi, K., Klein-Tank, A.M.G., Mhanda, A., Lister, D.H., Razuvaev, V., Renom, M., Rusticucc, M., Tandy, J., Worley, S.J., Venema, V.K.C., Angel, W., Brunet, M., Dattore, B., Diamond, H., Lazzara, M.A., Le Blancq, F., Luterbacher, J., Mächel, H., Revadekar, J., Vose, R.S., Yin, X., Rennie, J.J., Lawrimore, Jay, Gleason, B.E., Thorne, Peter, Morice, C.P., Menne, M.J., Williams Jr., C.N., Gambi de Almeida, W., Christy, J.R., Flannery, M., Ishihara, M., Kamiguchi, K., Klein-Tank, A.M.G., Mhanda, A., Lister, D.H., Razuvaev, V., Renom, M., Rusticucc, M., Tandy, J., Worley, S.J., Venema, V.K.C., Angel, W., Brunet, M., Dattore, B., Diamond, H., Lazzara, M.A., Le Blancq, F., Luterbacher, J., Mächel, H., Revadekar, J., Vose, R.S., and Yin, X.

Abstract

Described herein is the first version release of monthly temperature holdings of a new Global Land Surface Meteorological Databank. Organized under the auspices of the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI), an international group of scientists have spent three years collating and merging data from numerous sources to create a merged holding. This release in its recommended form consists of over 30 000 individual station records, some of which extend over the past 300 years. This article describes the sources, the chosen merge methodology, and the resulting databank characteristics. Several variants of the databank have also been released that reflect the structural uncertainty in merging datasets. Variants differ in, for example, the order in which sources are considered and the degree of congruence required in station geolocation for consideration as a merged or unique record. Also described is a version control protocol that will be applied in the event of updates. Future updates are envisaged with the addition of new data sources, and with changes in processing, where public feedback is always welcomed. Major updates, when necessary, will always be accompanied by a new journal paper. This databank release forms the foundation for the construction of new global land surface air temperature analyses by the global research community and their assessment by the ISTI's benchmarking and assessment working group.

Published
2014

9. The international surface temperature initiative global land surface databank: monthly temperature data release description and methods

Author

Rennie, J. J., primary, Lawrimore, J. H., additional, Gleason, B. E., additional, Thorne, P. W., additional, Morice, C. P., additional, Menne, M. J., additional, Williams, C. N., additional, Almeida, W. Gambi, additional, Christy, J.R., additional, Flannery, M., additional, Ishihara, M., additional, Kamiguchi, K., additional, Klein‐Tank, A. M. G., additional, Mhanda, A., additional, Lister, D. H., additional, Razuvaev, V., additional, Renom, M., additional, Rusticucci, M., additional, Tandy, J., additional, Worley, S. J., additional, Venema, V., additional, Angel, W., additional, Brunet, M., additional, Dattore, B., additional, Diamond, H., additional, Lazzara, M. A., additional, Le Blancq, F., additional, Luterbacher, J., additional, Mächel, H., additional, Revadekar, J., additional, Vose, R. S., additional, and Yin, X., additional

Published
2014
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10. Guiding the Creation of A Comprehensive Surface Temperature Resource for Twenty-First-Century Climate Science

Author

Thorne, Peter, Willett, K.M., Allan, Rob J., Bojinski, Stephan, Christy, J.R., Fox, Nigel, Gilbert, Simon, Jolliffe, Ian, Kennedy, John J., Kent, Elizabeth, Klein Tank, Albert, Lawrimore, Jay, Parker, D.E., Rayner, N.A., Simmons, Adrian, Song, Lianchun, Scott, P.A., Trewin, B., Thorne, Peter, Willett, K.M., Allan, Rob J., Bojinski, Stephan, Christy, J.R., Fox, Nigel, Gilbert, Simon, Jolliffe, Ian, Kennedy, John J., Kent, Elizabeth, Klein Tank, Albert, Lawrimore, Jay, Parker, D.E., Rayner, N.A., Simmons, Adrian, Song, Lianchun, Scott, P.A., and Trewin, B.

Abstract

No abstract available.

Published
2011

11. Global change detection

Author

Allen, M.R., Mutlow, C.T., Blumberg, G. M.C., Christy, J.R., McNider, R.T., and Liewellyn-Jones, D.T.

Subjects
Ocean temperature -- Measurement, Global temperature changes -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Global mean sea-surface temperatures (SST) are used to identify anthropogenic climate change signal in short satellite-derived datasets from microwave sounding units. The SSTs symbolize the interannual to interdecadal variability and increase detection period by 2 years. Linear trends with gradients are included in SSTs for future representation of the influence of greenhouse-gas-induced warming.

Published
1994

12. Observed Climate Variability and Change

Author

Nicholls, N., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J., Karl, T.R., Ogallo, L.A., Parker, D.E., Christy, J.R., Eischeid, J., Groisman, P.Ya., Hulme, M., Jones, P.D., Knight, R.W., Angelí, J.K., Anjian, S., Arkin, P.A., Balling, R.C., Bardin, M.Yu., Barry, R.G., BoMin, W., Bradley, R.S., Briffa, K.R., Carleton, A. M., Cayan, D.R., Chiew, F.H.S., Church, J.A., Cook, E.R., Crowley, T.J, Davis, R.E., Datsenko, N.M., Dey, B., Diaz, H.E, Ding, Y., Drosdowsky, W., Duarte, M.L., Duplessy, J.C., Easterling, D.R., Elliott, W.P., Findlay, B., Flohn, H., Folland, C.K., Franke, R., Erich, P., Gaffen, D.J., Georgievsky, V.Ya., Ginsburg, B.M., Golubev, YS., Gould, J., Graham, N.E., Gullet, D., Hastenrath, S., Henderson-Sellers, A., Hoelzle, M., Hogg, W.D., Holland, G.J., Hopkins, L.C., Ivachtchenko, N.N., Karoly, D., Katz, R.W., Kininmonth, W., Kononova, N.K., Korovkina, LV., Kukla, G., Landsea, C.W., Levitus, S., Lewis, T.J., Lins, H.E., Lough, J.M., McMahon, T.A., Malone, L., Marengo, J.A., Mekis, E., Meshcherskya, A., Michaels, P.J., Mosley-Thompson, E., Nicholson, S.E., Oerlemans, J., Ohring, G., Pant, G.B., Peterson, T.C., Plummer, N., Quinn, EH., Ran'kova, E.Ya., Razuvaev, V.N., Rocheva, E. V., Ropelewski, C.E, Kumar, K. Rupa, Salinger, M.J., Sauter, B., Schmidt, H., Semenyuk, E., Shiklomanov, LA., Shinoda, M., Soldatova, LI., Sonechkin, D.M., Spencer, R.W., Speranskaya, N., Sun, A., Tsay, C., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, К, Ward, M.N., Warren, S.G., Xu, Q., Yasunari, T., Aptel, Florence, Laboratoire de Modélisation du Climat et de l'Environnement (LMCE), Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract

International audience

Published
1996

13. Global change detection

Author

Alien, M.R., primary, Mutlow, C.T., additional, Blumberg, G.M.C., additional, Christy, J.R., additional, McNider, R.T., additional, and Llewellyn-Jones, D.T., additional

Published
1994
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14. Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites.

Author

Spencer, R.W. and Christy, J.R.

Subjects
*CLIMATE change research
Abstract

Analyzes the first ten years, from 1979 to 1988, of satellite measurements of lower atmospheric temperature changes, and reports large temperature variability from weeks to several years, but no obvious trend for the 10-year period. Methodology;Satellite intercomparison; United States and global thermometer comparison; Global temperature anomalies.

Published
1990
Full Text
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