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Chronic dehydration mainly occurs due to insufficient fluid intake over a lengthy period of time, and nursing home residents are thought to be at high risk for chronic dehydration. However, few studies have investigated chronic dehydration, and new diagnostic methods are needed. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify risk factors for chronic dehydration by measuring serum osmolality in nursing home residents and also to evaluate whether examining the inferior vena cava (IVC) and determining the IVC collapsibility index (IVC-CI) by ultrasound can be helpful in the diagnosis of chronic dehydration. A total of 108 Japanese nursing home residents aged &ge, 65 years were recruited. IVC measurement was performed using a portable handheld ultrasound device. Fifteen residents (16.9%) were classified as having chronic dehydration (serum osmolality &ge, 295 mOsm/kg). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic dehydration was associated with dementia (odds ratio (OR), 6.290, 95% confidential interval (CI), 1.270&ndash, 31.154) and higher BMI (OR, 1.471, 95% CI, 1.105&ndash, 1.958) but not with IVC or IVC-CI. Cognitive function and body weight of residents should be considered when establishing a strategy for preventing chronic dehydration in nursing homes.

Обследование детей 3 и 6 лет Хабаровского края показало высокую распространённость кариеса зубов. Определена плотность обсеменения бактериями Streptococcus mutans зубного налёта с четырёх поверхностей зубов, слизистой спинки языка и слюны микробиологическим методом с применением Dentocult SM Strip Mutans. Выявлена высокая обсеменённость зубного налёта с язычной поверхности зуба и межзубного промежутка, наименьшая слюны. Микроскопическое исследование нативного соскоба с корня языка выявило признаки хронической обезвоженности СОПР и её прямую сильную корреляционную связь с показателем кпу. Также проведена оценка микрокристаллизации. Дополнительные инновационные микробиологические и микроскопические методы персонифицируют подход к диагностике, профилактике и лечению кариеса у детей раннего и дошкольного возраста, имеют прогностическое значение и позволяют учитывать региональные особенности., A survey of 3 and 6 years children of the Khabarovsk Territory revealed a high prevalence of dental caries. The density of Streptococcus mutans contamination of the dental plaque from the four surfaces of the teeth, the mucous membrane of the tongue and saliva by the microbiological method using Dentocult SM Strip Mutans was determined. There was revealed a high contamination of dental plaque from the lingual surface of the tooth and the interdental space, the smallest saliva. A microscopic examination of the native scraping from the root of the tongue revealed signs of chronic dehydration of the oral mucous membrane and its direct strong correlation with the CFR index. Microcrystallization was also evaluated. Additional innovative microbiological and microscopic methods personify the approach to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of caries in children of early and preschool age, have prognostic value and allow taking into account regional features., №1(65) (2019)

Shortage of water supply is the most stressful condition that can meet man and animals. Since the adrenal gland plays a pivotal role in the stress response, the objective of this work is to study, in the male Wistar rat, the repercussions of chronic dehydration on adrenal gland structure compared to that of a desert rodent: Gerbillus tarabuli. Adults and male Wistar rats and gerbils were divided into: i) control rats (n=8) given free access to tap water); ii) dehydrated rats (n=8) given 2% NaCl solution ad libitum for 7 days and (iii) G.tarabuli (n=6) given barely seeds ad libitum without access to water. Chronic dehydration caused strong adreno-chromaffin cells degranulation in rats. For the gerbils, adrenal zona fasciculate and medulla features suggest respectively an increased production and release of glucocorticoides but a basal stress hormones release. These results suppose that shortage of water in arid environment does not represent a stress factor for this species.Keywords: adrenal gland; chronic dehydration; plasmatic parameters; histology; Wistar rat; Gerbillus tarabuli

In addition to classical synaptic transmission, information is transmitted between cells via the activation of extrasynaptic receptors that generate persistent tonic current in the brain. While growing evidence supports the presence of tonic NMDA current (INMDA) generated by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs), the functional significance of tonic INMDA in various brain regions remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that activation of eNMDARs that generate INMDA facilitates the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated steady-state current in supraoptic nucleus (SON) magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs). In low-Mg(2+) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), glutamate induced an inward shift in Iho lding (IGLU) at a holding potential (Vholding) of -70 mV which was partly blocked by an AMPAR antagonist, NBQX. NBQX-sensitive IGLU was observed even in normal aCSF at Vholding of -40 mV or -20 mV. IGLU was completely abolished by pretreatment with an NMDAR blocker, AP5, under all tested conditions. AMPA induced a reproducible inward shift in Iholding (IAMPA) in SON MNCs. Pretreatment with AP5 attenuated IAMPA amplitudes to ~60% of the control levels in low-Mg(2+) aCSF, but not in normal aCSF at Vholding of -70 mV. IAMPA attenuation by AP5 was also prominent in normal aCSF at depolarized holding potentials. Memantine, an eNMDAR blocker, mimicked the AP5-induced IAMPA attenuation in SON MNCs. Finally, chronic dehydration did not affect IAMPA attenuation by AP5 in the neurons. These results suggest that tonic INMDA, mediated by eNMDAR, facilitates AMPAR function, changing the postsynaptic response to its agonists in normal and osmotically challenged SON MNCs.