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Objectives:-The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of sonography in newborn and neonate brain through anterior fontanelle to identify brain pathology noninvasively and rapidly at bed side level. Materials and methods: -Neonatal cranial ultrasonography (US) has traditionally relied on the anterior fontanelle as the primary acoustic window. We generally use phased-array, multiple-foci 5.0- or 7.0-MHz sector transducers (Esaote My Lab 40, My lab 60, Samsung AVXGE30). The proximity to the brainstem and posterior fossa afforded by the alternate windows (ie, the posterior and mastoid fontanelles) allows the use of higher-frequency probes in these areas, thereby increasing resolution. The anterior fontanelle, located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, is the largest fontanelle. Although anterior fontanelle imaging can be performed with the neonate in any position, imaging through the posterior and mastoid fontanelles is facilitated by placing the infant in the lateral decubitus position. Results:-B-mode sonography had sensitivity of 82.5%, specificity of 63.6%, though MRI and CT imaging remains the investigation of choice but for early bedside evaluation for brain imaging in neonates, trans fontanelle ultrasonography is the choice to investigate. Conclusions: -Neonatal intracranial sonography performed through the anterior fontanelle and with use of the posterior fontanelle and through the mastoid fontanelle—can significantly augment the diagnostic power of neurologic sonography in detecting brain abnormality findings like small intraventricular haemorrhages, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and hydrocephalus, choroidal cyst and in depicting structural abnormalities of the brainstem and cerebellum.

Objectives: -The objective of this study was to evaluate the causes of chronic shoulder pain using Magnetic resonance imaging with in depth evaluation of rotator cuff pathologies and to assess the usefulness and accuracy of MR imaging in rotator cuff pathologies, their characteristics and also evaluation of associated bony injuries or bony pathologies of shoulder joint, gleno-humeral joint instability and its correlation with surrounding rotator cuff pathology. Materials and methods: -150 patients presenting with chronic shoulder pain and other complaints like restriction of movement or recurrent dislocation of shoulder joint were assessed with 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging system using Axial T1WI, T2WI, PD fat sat; Coronal PD fat sat and STIR; Sagittal PD fat sat; Axial, coronal and sagittal-Contrast T1 Fat sat sequences. Results: -The age distribution in our study was in range of 15 years to 70 years with maximum population within 45-54 year range. The majority of cases of chronic shoulder pain included rotator cuff injuries followed by biceps pathologies, acromio-clavicular arthritis, gleno-humeral instability, gleno-humeral arthritis and lastly miscellaneous conditions like tumors or cysts. The rotator cuff tears were more common in non-traumatic causes and supraspinatus was the most commonly involved tendon followed by subscapularis, infraspinatus and Teres minor in decreasing order of frequency. Type I and type II acromion morphology was most commonly observed. Anterior instability was most common type of gleno-humeral instability. Anterior instability was strongly associated with Hill-Sach’s and Bankart’s lesion. Conclusions: -MRI is highly accurate and non-invasive modality for evaluating rotator cuff disorders like rotator cuff tendinopathy, partial tears, and complete tears because of multi-planar imaging and comprehensive display of soft tissue anatomy, unlike CT which has a limited role in the setting of soft tissue pathologies.

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: Following objectives are considered in relation to this article: To identify cerebral hemi-atrophy and evaluation of associated factors with a systematic approach. To emphasize the role of neuro-imaging findings associated with cerebral hemi-atrophy...