Search

C15H12N2O4, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.4588(5) Å, b = 29.629(3) Å, c = 8.1217(8) Å, β = 93.157(1)°, V = 1311.6(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt (F) = 0.0346, wR ref (F 2) = 0.0925, T = 296(2) K.

[C16H12O4], monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.760(5) Å, b = 4.9003(18) Å, c = 19.125(7) Å, β = 101.331(5)°, V = 1264.5(8) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0383, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1072, T = 296(2) K.

Colloids and organics in shale gas fracturing flowback water (SGFFW) during shale gas extraction are of primary concerns. Coagulation combined with oxidation might be a promising process for SGFFW treatment. In this study, a novel electrocoagulation-peroxone (ECP) process was developed for SGFFW treatment by simultaneous coagulation and oxidation process with a Al plate as the anode and a carbon-PTFE gas diffusion electrode as the cathode, realizing the simultaneous processes of coagulation, H2O2 generation and activation by O3 at the cathode. Compared with electrocoagulation (EC) and peroxi-electrocoagulation (PEC), COD removal efficiency mainly followed the declining order of ECP, PEC and EC under the optimal current density of 50 mA cm−2. The appearance of medium MW fraction (1919 Da) during ozonation and PEC but disappearance in ECP indicated that these intermediate products couldn't be degraded by ozonation and PEC but could be further oxidized and mineralized by the hydroxyl radical produced by the cathode in ECP, demonstrating the hydroxyl radical might be responsible for the significant enhancement of COD removal. The pseudo-first order kinetic model can well fit ozonation and EC process but not the PEC and ECP process due to the synthetic effect of coagulation and oxidation. However, the proposed mechanism based model can generally fit ECP satisfactorily. The average current efficiency for PEC was 35.4% and 12% higher than that of ozonation and EC, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a high efficiency and space-saving electrochemical system with integrated anodic coagulation and cathodic electro-peroxone for SGFFW treatment.

Shale gas fracturing flowback water (SGFFW) contains a high concentration of colloids and organics which can cause severe water flux decline for membrane distillation (MD). It is desirable to identify the key foulants for MD fouling/wetting for real SGFFW treatment. In this study, coagulation and membrane filtrations with different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) were applied to try to separate the different fractions of pollutants and evaluate their contributions to MD flux decline. The organics with a molecular weight of 20 kDa, which also belonged to humic acid-like components, protein-like components and fulvic acid-like components removed by coagulation could effectively mitigate MD fouling. However, the rest of the fractions of high molecular weight components of 20 kDa and low molecular weight components (i.e., 200 Da) removed by the UF membrane, had a less significant effect on the water flux of MD. Despite the further removal of small molecular weight compounds and Ca2+/Mg2+ by NF, negligible change for the water flux could be observed, indicating that the rest of the aromatic protein (21.2%) could still cause severe wetting for the MD membrane. In addition, SEM-EDS demonstrated that the combination of organic fouling and crystallization of Ca and Ba contributed to the fouling of the MD membrane. These studies demonstrated that the removal of high molecular weight organics by coagulation and removal of aromatic protein with the molecular weight of 200 Da might be vital for the alleviation of MD fouling or wetting.

BACKGROUND Purpura nephritis, also called Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, is a systemic disease with small dead vasculitis as the main pathological change. AIM To observe the influence of transitional nursing activities on the compliance behaviors and disease knowledge of children with purpura nephritis. METHODS A total of 82 children with purpura nephritis were included and divided into a general nursing group (41 children) and transitional nursing group (41 children) using the envelope method. The general nursing group received routine nursing care, while the transitional nursing group received transitional nursing care. The behaviors, knowledge of the disease, and self-management ability of the two groups were evaluated after nursing care was provided. RESULTS The scores of four items (self-care ability, self-responsibility, health knowledge level, and self-concept) in the transitional nursing group were significantly higher than those in the general nursing group. CONCLUSION Transitional nursing can directly improve the disease knowledge level and self-management ability of children with purpura nephritis and effectively reduce complications.

Shale gas fracturing flowback water (SGFFW) generated during shale gas extraction is of great concern due to its high salinity and complicated components. In this study, the feasibility of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for SGFFW desalination in assisting SGFFW reuse and discharge were systematically evaluated after the pretreatment of coagulation-ultrafiltration (UF) process. Under the same initial water flux of 1.27 × 10 −6 m/s, the water flux decreased tremendously within 800–1000 min for both NF(NF90) and low pressure RO(ESPA1) membranes. The stable water flux was only 38.2% and 15.8% of the initial water flux for NF90 and ESPA1 membrane, respectively. The removal efficiency of the Na + was 81.2% for NF90 membrane and 88.1% for ESPA1 membrane, while the rejection ratios of Cl − were 83.3% and 87.3% for NF90 and ESPA1 membrane, respectively. The rejection ratios for multivalent ions (i.e., Fe 3+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ ) were typically very high (>90%). According to fluorescence regional integration (FRI) under the Excitation—Emission—Matrix Spectra (EEM) within each region volume, the dissolved organics removed by NF in different region decreased in the order of VI (86.0%), I (47.2%), III (31.8%), II (20.8%), V (6.2%), IV(0.2%), while the overall rejection ratio of RO decreased in the order of VI (100.0%), I (88.3%), II (70.7%), III (66.8%), V (58.9%), IV(0.3%). The difference in molecular weight(MW) distribution between the feed and permeate of NF/RO samples showed that the organics with MW of 20 kDa were greatly removed, indicating the NF/RO mainly intercepted this portion of organics such as guar gum, polyacrylamide and various surfactants. However, the effluent of the NF/RO still contained a large portion of biopolymers, which was plausible that small portion of polyacrylamide passed through the membrane. The elemental analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM)-energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) demonstrated the fouling layer was mainly composed of organics (i.e., polyacrylamide and aromatic protein). It seemed that developing new-type anti-fouling membrane was a feasible approach to decelerate the membrane fouling.

Polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) with graphene oxide (GO)/aminated GO (NGO)-incorporated substrate and then compared for petrochemical wastewater and shale gas produced water desalination. Crosslinking degree of PA layer with GO-incorporated substrate and NGO-incorporated substrate was higher than pristine membrane. Water flux of TFCGO-0.05 (with GO addition mass of 0.05 wt%) and TFCNGO-0.075 (with NGO addition mass of 0.075 wt%) membrane substantially increased by 15.6% and 26.9% with the highest flux of 44.93 and 49.30 L m-2 h-1, respectively, while slight difference was observed for Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl rejection. The better performance of TFCNGO than TFCGO was attributed to much thinner PA layer due to relatively larger pore size, higher hydrophilicity, and possible reaction of amino group of NGOs with TMC, which resulted in lower PA layer thickness of TFCNGO membranes. Substantial enhancement of water flux (higher than 24.8%) and similar divalent ion rejections can be observed for petrochemical wastewater, as consistent with the single salt test. However, better performance in permeability and divalent ion rejections (approximately 6% higher than pristine membrane) was observed for shale gas produced water. These results also demonstrated that it is feasible to incorporate NGO into substrate for NF fabrication to improve performance for industrial water desalination.

Interactions of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) with polymeric nanofiltration (NF) membrane can affect their rejection. It is desirable to investigate whether solubility which depends on the free energy of interaction between these solutes and water correlates with rejection/adsorption and the potential to be incorporated in the partitioning terms of current NF model. A total of ten neutral disinfection by-products (DBPs) were selected as the model compounds for TOrCs to comprehensively investigate the role of solubility on rejection and adsorption. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the correlation between MW and rejection ratio was highly significant (r = 0.778, p = 0.008) and that between solubility and rejection ratio was moderately significant (r = -0.636, p = 0.48) in a cross-flow system. By fitting Freundlich equation from adsorption isotherm experiment, the adsorption affinity (K f) of DBPs was roughly correlated with their solubility with regard to the comparison of n value with 1. α was then introduced as a parameter of solute-membrane interaction from the perspective of partitioning term in the hydrodynamic model. Exponential relationship can be observed between the solubility and α, demonstrating the possibility of incorporating solubility into the partitioning terms in NF model to accurately predict the rejection of DBPs.

Polysulfone ultrafiltration (UF) and polypiperazine-amide nanofiltration (NF) membranes were first fabricated by phase inversion and interfacial polymerization, and then modified by the commonly used TiO

Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes were fabricated by first immobilizing GO nanosheet using polydopamine (PDA) on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate and then tuning the interlaminar spacing and properties by the different crosslinkers (i.e., ethylenediamine (EDA) or β-cyclodextrin functionalized EDA (β-CD-EDA)) to investigate rejection performance and mechanism of three pharmaceuticals. The d-spacings of EDA crosslinked membrane (PDA-GO/EDA) and β-CD-EDA crosslinked membrane (PDA-GO/β-CD-EDA) were determined to be 1.13 and 0.97 nm, respectively, which were much higher than that of PDA coated GO membrane (PDA-GO) of 0.78 nm. The moderate and even relatively low rejection ratio of the pharmaceuticals demonstrated that molecular sieving didn't contribute significantly to the pharmaceutical rejection as expected. In addition to molecular sieving, the electrostatic and chemical interactions from the active sites GO might play the significant and noticeable role on pharmaceutical rejection. When adsorption was not much higher in some scenarios (i.e., carbamazepine at all pH, sulfadiazine @ pH = 11 and propranolol @ pH = 3), it was plausible that conformation of GO nanosheets dramatically changed, which resulted in decrease of d-spacing and thus much higher rejection ratio. In contrast, when adsorption was much higher in some scenarios (sulfadiazine @ pH = 3, 7 and propranolol @ pH = 7, 11), the solubility in the membrane matrix increased and therefore the rejection ratio decreased. The disagreement demonstrated that more attention should be paid on the interactions between pharmaceutical and GO membranes, although the stability of the membrane was enhanced by crosslinking.

Polysulfone ultrafiltration (UF) and polypiperazine-amide nanofiltration (NF) membranes were first fabricated by phase inversion and interfacial polymerization, and then modified by the commonly used TiO2 on the membrane surface, respectively. Compared with the pristine UF and NF membranes, pure water flux decreased by 40.66% for modified UF membrane and 12.92% for modified NF membrane, while the contact angle of the modified membranes decreased from 66.5° to 35.3° for UF membrane and from 48.2° to37.7° for NF membrane. However, the membrane modified by TiO2 nanoparticles for both UF and NF membranes exhibited much better anti-fouling and separation performance for two types of oil-in-water emulsions with different droplet size (i.e., prepared oil-in-water emulsion with low salinity and oil produced water in Shengli oilfield, China). It was obvious that water flux of modified UF only slightly decreased and the stable water flux was 2.2 times and 15.6% higher than that of pristine membranes for the prepared oil-in-water emulsion and produced water, respectively. According to the five fouling models for UF, the TiO2 modified UF membrane could alleviate the fouling on membrane surface and greatly increase water flux by reducing the adsorption, deposition, blockage of membrane pores and formation of cake layer for two types of oil-in-water emulsion. For NF, water flux of the modified membrane increased by 66.1% and 22.8% for prepared oil-in-water emulsion and produced water, respectively. TiO2 coating effectively alleviated the oil adhesion and cake layer formation on the membrane surface.

Rubber oil and thermoplastic elastomer styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) were selected for this work to study the distribution of rubber oil in SBS. Glass transition temperature ( Tg) of different components in rubber oil and rigid or soft phase in oil-extended thermoplastic elastomer SBS were measured by means of rheometer and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results calculated by Fox equation and verification tests proved that rubber oil is not only distributed in soft phase but also in rigid phase of SBS. Saturated hydrocarbon components of rubber oil tend to dissolve in soft phase, while aromatic components tend to dissolve in rigid phase.

This paper makes an introduction of the working principle and the technical and economic benefits of the combined ground-source heat pump and water energy storage system. And then according to the characteristic of this system itself and its mode of operation, we can point out that the energy storage rate, the local policy of electricity price and the strategy of operation are the main factors which influent the economic characteristics of the system. Using the initial investment and the operation cost of the system as the economy evaluation index, we respectively analyze the influence of the above factors on the index. And wish the results of the analysis can provide reference on the design of this new type air-conditioning system.

The wind environment of a district is calculated and analyzed with numerical simulation by CFD software Fluent. It analyzed concretely the air flow pattern around buildings and velocity profile, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of buildings wind power.

Applying TRNSYS, this paper introduced a numerical simulation of annual dynamic air conditioning load for the standard floor, the refuge floor and the top floor of a high-rise building in Tianjin. Results suggest that even though the refuge floor and the top floor share similar load characteristics of heating & cooling air-conditioning, they have different load sizes, and the load characteristic of the standard floor is different from them.

In this study, in order to extend the application of the HPAs in fuel cells, we modify HPW on the Pt nanospheres catalyst and obtain the HPW-Pt/PAMAM composite catalyst. The catalysts are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The hydrogen underpotential (Hupd )f ormation/stripping is used to estimate the electrochemically active surface areas, and the oxidation current density during the anodic scan in the CV curves is taken to evaluate the catalytic activity. Experimental Chemicals and instruments.— Chloroplatinic acid hydrate (H2PtCl6 ·6H2O purity >98.5%), Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4 purity about 95.5%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl purity about 36.5%) are analytical reagents. Ultrapure water (18.2 M� ) is used both for dilution of the precursor solution and washing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV are obtained on PHILIP XL-30 ESEM. 2D GIXD and tapping mode AFM (TM-AFM) were employed to observe the morphology and the roughness of the catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements are conducted with

C12H14N4O11, orthorhombic, C2221 (no. 20), a = 4.7425(3) Å, b = 12.5852(9) Å, c = 26.5080(18) Å, V = 1582.14(19) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0377, wR ref(F 2) = 0.1064, T = 296(2) K.

This paper proposed an approach for a control, which fuzzy logic method was designed and used in the refrigeration system based on the summary of the common control methods on electronic expansion valve (EEV) and variable speed compressor(VSC). The experiment had been carried out, that showed the fuzzy logic controller achieve more stable superheat and water temperature values against to a disturbance and had good energy saving potential.

Controlling the concentration of contaminants in wards to prevent airborne infection is an important issue in hospital. The effect of supply airflow of down-feed air curtain, which locates between patients and doctors/nurses, is to separate wards into two spaces, one for patients and the other for doctors/nurses. The controlling effects of air curtain on contaminants emitted by patients are numerically simulated under different air arrangements. In a laboratory model, the smoke of burning Zang incense serves as the source of contaminants. Particles’ concentration of contaminants was tested with a laser particle counter at different sites whether the air curtain was running or not. Draughty feel on patients caused by supply airflow of air curtain was researched in this study. Results of the present study revealed that air curtain could control contaminants effectively, and the supply airflow did not make patients discomfort basically. Finally, the appropriate air outlet location and distance between air curtain and patients were suggested.

Hybrid biofilm reactor has become a technically as well as economically feasible option for treatment of industrial wastewater. This article presents a critical review of some basic mathematical biofilm models. Mainly focus on the development and the solution of these models. The aim is to find a reasonable and simple model of hybrid biofilm reactor under aerobic and anoxic conditions and to simulate the decontamination of petrochemical wastewater.

Cognitive impairments have been proposed as a core feature of schizophrenia. Studies have shown that chronic or subchronic treatment with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists could induce cognitive deficits that resemble the symptoms of schizophrenia, yet few studies have investigated the effects of repeated NMDA blockade during adolescence on cognition. In the current study, adolescent, male rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of MK-801 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2mg/kg) once daily for 14days. They were then tested 24h and 14days after drug cessation, respectively, in a series of behavioural tasks, including the object recognition task, the object-in-context recognition task and the working memory task of the Morris water maze (MWM). Results showed that object-in-context recognition and spatial working memory in the MWM were significantly impaired by repeated MK-801 treatment when animals were tested 24h after drug cessation, but object recognition was left intact. In particular, such deficits were observed 14days after drug cessation in the 0.2mg/kg group. The cognition-impairing effect of MK-801 could not be attributed to malnutrition or alterations in motor functions. Taken together, this study may provide support for establishing an animal model of cognitive deficits of schizophrenia based on low-dose, repeated treatment of MK-801 during adolescence.

Objective Paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone. This single-center, double-blind, randomized, single-dose study characterized the pharmacokinetics of 3 mg and 9 mg of paliperidone ER OROS® in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods 24 subjects (13 male, 11 female), aged 19–35 years, with a BMI of 19.0–24.6 kg/m2 participated. Blood samples were collected immediately before and over 96 h following single oral doses of 3 mg and 9 mg paliperidone. Plasma paliperidone concentrations were determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed. Results Paliperidone's disposition after oral administration was characterized by a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Paliperidone was well absorbed (median tmax: 24 h after a 3-mg dose, and 26 h after a 9-mg dose). Apparent clearance and apparent volume of distribution were not significantly different between the two doses. Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were dose-dependent. Pharmacokinetics was linear with respect to time; Geometric mean t1/2 was 22.8 h and 21.4 h in 3-mg and 9-mg groups, respectively. No clinically significant safety issues were identified. Conclusions The pharmacokinetic results obtained in Chinese subjects were similar to those obtained in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A simplified reflection-mode optical resonator for high-sensitivity biodetection is presented. Sensing is based on interaction between the optical micro-resonator and a nano-particle taggant attached to the analyte molecule, which causes scattering between resonator modes and a resultant change in broadband output power. The design of the resonator eliminates the need for evanescent coupling between the resonator cavity and bus waveguides, relying instead on direct core coupling, thus simplifying the device fabrication process and facilitating low-cost manufacture. Performance of the resonator sensor has been simulated via Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) calculations. Prototype resonator devices have been fabricated and characterized using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probe to simulate a nano-particle; these experiments demonstrate the feasibility of detection using a low-cost broadband optical source and detector. Sensor subsystems incorporating the resonator chip, aminosilane surface functionalization, and microfluidic flow channels have been used to detect gold nano-particles suspended in a buffer solution; these experiments demonstrate the potential of detecting the occurrence of fewer than three particles attached to the active region of the micro-resonator.

Little is known about the distribution of Rhodococcus equi in the soil environment of native horses in China. One hundred and eight soil samples were collected from native-horse farms in the Hulun Beier grasslands of eastern Mongolia, the Xilin Goler grasslands of southern Mongolia, and Tongliao City in Inner Mongolia, China. The isolation rates of R. equi from soil samples from the Hulun Beier and Xilin Goler grasslands ranged from 25.9% to 30.0%. In contrast, isolation rates from soil samples from Tongliao City were as high as 82.3% and the mean number of R. equi in soil samples from Tongliao City was 10 times more than those of samples from the grasslands. The 488 isolates were examined using PCR for the presence of genes that encode virulence-associated 15-17 kDa antigen protein (VapA) and the 20 kDa antigen protein (VapB). All isolates were negative for virulence-associated proteins. Plasmid profiles of these avirulent isolates showed that cryptic plasmids of various sizes were present with an incidence of 13.3% to 21.5%. The results of the present study contrast with those of our recent study (J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67:611-613, 2005), in which we reported that R. equi was absent from Mongolian horses in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It is suggested that the difference between the results of these two studies is due to the mobile pasturing system in Mongolia and nonmobile pasturing system in Inner Mongolia.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor plays a crucial role in developmental plasticity. Evidence shows that neonatal exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists impairs cognition in adult rats. This study investigated whether neonatal MK-801 treatment would produce long-term and age-specific effects on working memory and sensorimotor gating in adolescent and adult female rats. After treatment with MK-801 at postnatal days (PND) 5-14, female rats exhibited slightly impaired working memory during adolescence (PND: 35-42). In contrast, working memory was remarkably disrupted in adult (PND: 63-70) female rats. However, prepulse inhibition and startle amplitudes were not significantly affected at both ages. These findings indicate that neonatal MK-801 elicits working memory deficits, especially in the postpuberty female rats.

Neonatal blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors represents one of experimental animal models for schizophrenia. This study is to investigate the long-term brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression profiles in different regions and correlation with “schizophrenia-like” behaviors in the adolescence and adult of this rat model. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 was administered to female Sprague-Dawley rats on postnatal days (PND) 5 through 14. Open-field test was performed on PND 42, and PND 77 to examine the validity of the current model. BDNF protein levels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were analyzed on PND 15, PND 42, and PND 77. Results showed that neonatal challenge with MK-801 persistently elevated locomotor activity as well as BDNF expression; the alterations in BDNF expression varied at different developing stages and among brain regions. However, these findings provide neurochemical evidence that the blockade of NMDA receptors during brain development results in long-lasting alterations in BDNF expression and might contribute to neurobehavioral pathology of the present animal model for schizophrenia. Further study in the mechanisms and roles of the BDNF may lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, like phencyclidine (PCP), elicit schizophrenia-like symptoms in humans and behavioral abnormalities in animals, such as hyperactivity. We investigated the effect of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone on hyperlocomotion produced in mice by 5R,10S-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801), an NMDA receptor antagonist. MK-801 (0.125, 0.25, 0.50 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased the total distance traveled in an open field during a 90 min period in mice. The increase in MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg)-induced total distance traveled was attenuated by pretreatment with risperidone at doses that alone had no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, (+/-)-1-(2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI), a serotonin 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonist, at the doses that failed to change spontaneous locomotor activity or hyperlocomotion induced by MK-801, reversed the attenuation by risperidone. The serotonin 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist, ritanserin, enhanced the inhibitory effect of risperidone. These findings indicate that risperidone attenuates MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in mice by blocking serotonin 5-HT(2A/2C) receptors.

This paper is concerned with an operator equation on ordered Banach spaces. The existence and uniqueness of its’ positive solutions is obtained by using the properties of cones and monotone iterative technique. As applications, we utilize the results obtained in this paper to study the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for two classes of integral equations.