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To observe the effect of intradermal needling combined with heat-sensitive moxibustion for moderate to severe cancer pain.A total of 60 patients with moderate to severe cancer pain were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group，30 cases in each one. In the control group，opioids were taken to relief pain according to the three-step analgesic method of World Health Organization. On the base of the treatment as the control group, intradermal needling combined with heat-sensitive moxibustion were applied at Neiguan (PC 6), Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Taichong (LR 3), etc. in the observation group, 14 days of treatment were required. The equivalent morphine consumption at the first day and whole course, the scores of cancer quality of life questionnaire-C30 (QLQ-C30) and Hamilton anxiety scale before and after treatment, and the adverse reaction rate were compared in the two groups. The total analgesic effective rate was evaluated.The total analgesic effective rate was 93.3% (28/30) in the observation group, higher than 73.3% (22/30) in the control group (Intradermal needling combined with heat-sensitive moxibustion can reduce the dose of opioids, improve the quality of life, relief the anxiety in patients with moderate to severe cancer pain, and reduce the incidence of common adverse reaction of opioids.

Surface wear is the main reason for the breaking failure of the wire rope in service, particularly in the multi-layer winding hoist system of a coal mine. Understanding the effect of wear scars on the failure and mechanical properties of the rope is the effective way to ensure the safety of multi-layer winding hoist. In this paper, the breaking failure characteristics of hoist ropes with different wear scars were investigated by the breaking tensile test. The temperature rise in the wear scar regions was obtained and analyzed. Additionally, the finite element method was used to simulate the mechanical properties of the wear-out strands subjected to tensile load. Results show that the severe plastic deformation and obvious temperature rise occur in the wear scar region. The temperature rise curves during the breaking tensile test can reflect the number and the order of the fractured strands. The wear-out outer wires fracture earlier than the internal wires, and the wires with irregular wear scar always fracture along the sliding wear direction at the location with the maximum wear depth. Additionally, the wear scar caused by left cross contact will cause stress concentration and uneven distribution, and the wear depth makes it more obvious.

Fretting wear among steel wires is one of the important factors for the wire rope fracture. The influence of the wire diameter and crossing angle on the fretting fatigue behaviors of steel wires under tensile-torsional coupling force was explored in the present study. The test principles and analysis methods were introduced. Result shows that the variation laws of the coefficient of friction (CoF) between steel wires with increasing crossing angle under different wire diameter contacts are the same. For the same crossing angle, the CoF under different test conditions increases in the following sequence: both with the diameter of 0.8 mm

Wear is one of the primary factors for the degradation of the wire rope used for multi-layer winding hoist. It decreases the carrying capacity and service life of the hoisting rope, which will affect the mine safety directly. In this paper, the effects of the wear scars caused by sliding friction under different crossing angles and cross directions on the mechanical response of the wire rope were investigated through the breaking tensile test. Additionally, the fracture failure mechanism of the rope samples was discussed. Results show that the surface wear decreases the breaking force of the wire rope. The distribution of wear region and the maximum wear depth of the wear scar are the major influence factors on the mechanical properties of the rope. The variation range of the breaking force is larger for the rope with the wear scar under the sliding condition of right cross contact and the damage is more serious for that in the condition of left cross contact. There is obvious plastic deformation and temperature rise near the wear scar before the rope breaks. The fracture failure mechanism is ductile fracture with necking and dimples on the surface.

The mineral particles in the mine air aggravate the wear of wire rope, which seriously threatens the lifespan of wire rope. Therefore, the wear test of steel wires with helical structure was performed by a homemade tester. Results show that the coefficient of friction (CoF) curve under the original grease condition presents a slight increasing trend, while the CoF decreases with increasing the cycles after adding ore particles. For the grease mixed with ore particles, as the loading force increases, the wear volume of steel wire increases, while the wear coefficient shows a decreasing trend. The wear mechanism of steel wire under the original grease condition shows obvious abrasive wear and fatigue wear, while the wear mechanism under the mixed grease condition includes abrasive wear, adhesive wear and fatigue wear. Additionally, the wear characteristics of the peak friction pair are more obvious and severe than that of the valley friction pair under the mixed grease condition.

The suspended mineral particles in the mine aggravate the wear of hoisting wire rope and seriously threaten the mine safety. In order to explore the effect of different mineral particles on the fretting behavior between steel wires, the wear test of steel wires under different contact forms was performed by a homemade tester. Results show that the coefficient of friction between steel wires decreases with increasing the concentrations of mineral particles (coal particles and ore particles). The wear coefficient of steel wire decreases with the increase of the coal particle concentration, while for the grease mixed with ore particles, the wear coefficient presents the opposite change rule. Compared with the original grease and the grease mixed with coal particles, the wear scars of steel wire under the grease mixed with ore particles condition show more serious furrows, micro cracks and pits. The wear mechanisms of steel wire lubricated by the grease mixed with different mineral particles are abrasive wear, adhesive wear and fatigue wear.

Friction and wear behavior exists between hoisting ropes that are wound around the drums of a multi-layer winding hoist. It decreases the service life of ropes and threatens mine safety. In this research, a series of experiments were conducted using a self-made test rig to study the effects of the strand lay direction and crossing angle on the winding rope's tribological behavior. Results show that the friction coefficient in the steady-state period shows a decreasing tendency with an increase of the crossing angle in both cross directions, but the variation range is different under different cross directions. Using thermal imaging, the high temperature regions always distribute along the strand lay direction in the gap between adjacent strands, as the cross direction is the same with the strand lay direction (right cross contact). Additionally, the temperature rise in the steady-state increases with the increase of the crossing angle in both cross directions. The differences of the wear scar morphology are obvious under different cross directions, especially for the large crossing angle tests. In the case of right cross, the variation range of wear mass loss is larger than that in left cross. The damage that forms on the wear surface is mainly ploughing, pits, plastic deformation, and fatigue fracture. The major wear mechanisms are adhesive wear, and abrasive and fatigue wear.

Petroleum is an ultra-complex hydrocarbon system. Characterization of petroleum has been challenging for the analytical chemistry community. The recent development of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) enables the characterization of petroleum molecular composition. This new technique provides new insights on petroleum chemistry which can result in technological breakthroughs in petroleum and petrochemical industries. In this paper, the mass resolving power and ionization techniques required in mass spectrometry for petroleum analysis are summarized, the advances in FT-ICR MS for petroleum analysis are discussed, and the technique challenges and the further research issues are discussed. Whats more, the prospective of using FT-ICR MS technique for petroleum characterization and its application to petroleum research are also included.

In this paper, given a binary relation, we represented the relationship between a fuzzy graph and a fuzzy concept lattice. We introduced one of the most useful notions in Graph Theory--minimal separator. In order to make decision-making much easier, the number of concepts can be reduced by selecting a sublattice via saturating the minimal separator of a given concept, a method also proposed when converting L-context to classical context. In the end, we discussed a few open issues.

Rail end quenching temperature field calculation is quenched in the process of simulation of organization transformation and distribution of the foundation, the calculation for quality directly affects the organization field. As much as possible in order to make the temperature field of simulation accord with the facts, this chapter will give full consideration to the influence of the phase change latent heat on temperature field of heavy rail, under different heating time by comparing the different heavy rail track the hardening layer depth, it is concluded that heavy rail of the induction heating 40 s conform to the requirements of the project, made a theoretical support to practical production.

Calculating the stress field distribution of the different working conditions which are the heating, heat preservation, forced cooling and so on, analyzing the impact of the quenching time on stress field, the result of calculation is more close to 3 d work piece quenching process. The result of the experiment and calculation results are analyzed and compared. Simulation results are in good agreement with the test result, spray quenching wind produces the smaller residual thermal stress and avoid the deformation and cracking of heavy rail. Provide the basis for setting reasonable heavy rail quenching process for the actual production.

In order to construct concept lattice without rebuilding the whole structure, we introduced some basic notions in FCA and Graph, such as concept, cover, maxmod and so on. In Section 2, we elaborated the procedures of a proposed algorithm for computing the covers by adding non-dominating maxmods to the intent of a given concept. After that we analyzed time complexity with comparison to other relevant researches and proved that our algorithm is superior to other algorithms. In the end, we discussed a few open issues.

A new class of Epoxy Emulsion modified Engineered Cementitious Composite (EM-ECC) has been developed for enhanced pipeline protection. The performance of typical ECC materials, such as flexural strength, anti-corrosion and early strength, has been improved by the addition of epoxy emulsion and rapid hardening cement. Our results indicated that the flexural strength of as-made EM-ECC increases with the increase of the EM/cement ratio after curing for 28 days. The retention rate of flexural strength of specimens remains analogical after immersed in water, 5 wt% Na2SO4and 5 wt% NaCl solutions, respectively. The flexural strength reached ca. 16 MPa at 60 wt% replacement rate of rapid hardening cement after curing for 3 days. This new class of EM-ECC will shed light to the design of new applications for the oil and gas industry.

The influence of two kinds of polymer emulsions on the flexure strength of armid fibers reinforced cementitious composites has been investigated. The morphology of fractural interface of modified composites is conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our experiment results indicated that the early flexural strengths of the epoxy emulsion and EVA emulsion modified aramid fiber reinforced cementitious composites have been improved significantly in comparison with that of unmodified composites, that is, an increase of 34.21%, 133% observed versus pristine samples curried for 28 d, respectively. The microscopic analysis on the interface between fibers, cement and aggregates revealed a novel rupturing and stripping mechanism. The efficacy of EVA emulsion modified samples is higher than that of epoxy modified ones.

An engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a micromechanically based designed high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite with high ductility and durability, represented by strain-hardening behavior in uniaxial tension. However, the setting time of ECC is retarded and early strength is decreased due to the presence of high volume of fly ash (HVFA). Therefore, shortening the setting time and increasing flexural strength of HVFA-ECC will be of obvious economic importance. The experimental study on setting time and flexural strength of HVFA-ECC proved that the setting time can be shortened by adding alkali accelerator and the optimum content is 4.0%, while the flexural strength of HVFA-ECC can be increased by applying fine particles fly ash, modified fly ash or adding exciting agent of fly ash.

This work reports a striking enhancement of catalytic performance of gold nanoparticles (NPs) with average diameter of 3.2 nm partially (ca. 32–40%) confined in the cavity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the gas-phase hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene (BD), as well as liquid-phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL). The reaction rates and turnover frequencies of the CNTs confining gold NPs exceed those with a similar size deposited on the outer surface of CNTs and activated carbon by more than one to two orders of magnitude in both two reactions. The selectivity to monobutenes and hydrocinnamaldehyde is up to 100% and 91% at 100% and 95% conversions of BD and CAL, respectively. Au/CNTs catalysts were characterized in depth to establish their structure–property relationship. The peculiar interaction of confined gold NPs with the surface of CNTs facilitates the dissociation/activation of H2, which is the rate-determining step for hydrogenation reactions demonstrated by kinetic studies.

：A field test was conducted on a photobioreactors for cultivaion of P. tricornutum for optimization cultivation conditions.Here,we use a flat-cuvette pohotobioreactor to control the irradiance, pH, gas composition combined with on-line monitoring by fluorometer and densitometer.By chosing the culture medium in containing glucose，sodium acetate and glycerol, to check for the biomass, cell concentration, biochemical substances and fatty acid content nearly three months . The results show that: Phaeodactylum tricornutum is not only photoautotroph but also mixotroph, which with selectivity for substance concentration and organic carbon sources, the optimum concentration of glucose is 20mmol/L, the optimal growth condition in 500mL flask contains that the temperature is 25±1°C, the light intensity is 50µmol/m2.s, the pH is 8.5. Whatever the carbon sources are able to promote the biomass accumulation. When the cell concentration achieve to 2.5×106 cells/mL in the end of the culture, analyzed total lipid content so as to determine the biomass accumulation and biomass variation in different growth conditions. By ultrasonic extracting and freeze drying, the total of lipid reaches 20%(dry weight); the main content of fatty acid is C16:0,C18:0,which is the better material for biodisel production.

Biological treatment of heavy crude oil production wastewater is well-established method for remediation of these wastes. We have developed effective biological treatments by (1) utilizing microbes with high oil-degrading abilities, (2) allowing greater organic loads while increasing both process stability and the resistance to shock loading, (3) minimizing the production of waste sludge byproducts, and (4) adopting anaerobic and aerobic biological processes to improve the biodegradation of the wastewater. Fixed-film bioreactors with 15h hydraulic retention times have decreased chemical oxygen demand by 74.8%, total suspended solids by 90.9%, oil by 80.6%, and phenols and sulfides by 100%. The results with an in situ pilot system show that the bioreactor's hydrolytic acidulation and contact oxidation tanks are suitable for treating oilfield wastewater, and that water quality after treatment fully meets national drainage standards.

Friction and wear seriously affect the safety use of winding hoist wire rope and the damage is a gradual process in practical application. In this paper, the tribological properties of a wire rope under different sliding distances were investigated. The evolutions of the coefficient of friction (COF), temperature rise, and wear characteristics under different contact loads and strokes were analyzed by a series of experiments. The results show that fluctuation of the friction is large in the early stages (before 10 min) and the major peaks depend on the stroke. When the contact load is 150 N, the COF increases most rapidly. It grows from approximately 0.48 to approximately 0.61 with the sliding distance. Additionally, the temperature rise in the wear region is higher under the large stroke (30 mm) and contact load (150 N). The maximum temperature rises are approximately 7.5 °C and 7.1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, it is approximately after 7200 mm that the temperature rise reaches a relatively stable stage. The wear scar region increases with the sliding distance and the maximum wear loss is approximately 65.5 mg at a load of 150 N. The major wear mechanisms of the wire rope are fatigue and adhesion wear.

Nickel-based self-fluxing alloys (SFA) have been widely used as coatings in the light of their high levels of wear and corrosion resistance. However, their resistance to wear can be substantially improved by reinforcement with tungsten carbide–cobalt hardmetals. In this work, a range of coatings based on a nickel-based self-fluxing alloy has been produced by laser cladding. The coatings have been reinforced with both conventional and nanostructured WC–Co at a single level of 30 wt.%. The effect of ceria as a grain refiner has also been examined. The sliding wear behaviour of the coatings was examined in a block on ring apparatus and the temperature of the samples measured during the wear tests. In all cases, the addition of WC–Co to the base alloy resulted in a significant increase in wear resistance, with wear rates of the reinforced deposits being less than 10% of that of the unreinforced deposit. The coating reinforced with a mixture of conventional and nanostructured WC–Co exhibited the lowest rates of wear. The addition of ceria was shown to significantly refine the microstructure of the deposit; however, little change was observed in the wear behaviour of the resulting material.

WC–Co coatings were deposited by HVOF spraying from two different feedstock powders, one with a conventionally sized WC grains and one with nanoscale WC grains. The powder feedstock with nanoscale WC grains was employed in the light of published research, which pointed to enhancements in wear resistance associated with nanoscale structures in WC–Co materials. The coatings were subsequently laser remelted in an attempt to realize the benefits observed by other workers, namely a decrease in porosity and an increase in hardness. It was found that under conditions of micro-scale abrasion, the fine WC grain size in the nanostructured material resulted in rapid pullout of the hard phase and thus to high wear rates. Moreover, laser remelting resulted in a decrease in hardness of the coatings and to a corresponding increase in abrasive wear rate.

As for catalytic pyrolysis of Daqing atmospheric residue over catalysts LCM-5 and CEP-1, this paper investigated the effect of catalyst to oil weight ratio on gaseous product distribution in a confined fluidized bed reactor. Cracked gas was determined by gas chromatograph. The results show that the effect of catalyst to oil weight ratio on yields of gaseous products depends on the catalyst used. For LCM-5, at a reaction temperature of 973 K, steam to oil weight ratio 0.63 and residence time 1.8 s, the total yield of light olefins exceeds 50 wt.% and increases linearly with catalyst to oil weight ratio. For CEP-1, at a reaction temperature 923 K, steam to oil weight ratio of 0.75 and residence time 1.7 s, the total yield of light olefins pass through a maximum of 44 wt.% with the increase of catalyst to oil weight ratio. Experimental data are analyzed by least square method to produce experimental formulae for yields of ethylene, propylene, butylene and total olefins as a function of catalyst to oil weight ratio. Catalyst type is the key element in the pyrolysis reaction, affecting both the yields of products and the reaction mechanisms.

The reasonable design of the temporary support of the continuous girder bridge is a safe guarantee for the smooth closing. According to the characteristics of temporary support of the closed section, the corresponding calculation method is put forward, and then several kinds of temporary support locking devices colmmonly used in engineering practice are discussed. Based on the engineering example, the paper discusses the selection and design of the temporary support form of the construction of the continuous girder bridge. The results show that the transition of the structural system has great influence on the temporary supporting force, and it is feasible to use the external rigid support when the long - span continuous girder bridge decouples the temporary fixed bearing restraint.

Conditions were chosen for the batch processing of Athabasca bitumen such that approximately 8% of the feed was converted to solids under an atmosphere of nitrogen. When hydrogen or tetralin was used, the amount of solids formed was cut in half. The combination of hydrogen and tetralin decreased the amount of solids formed by one-half again. These conditions were used to study radical trapping reactions and hydrogen transfer under a variety of conditions using solids formation as a measure of reaction. None of the reagents used decreased solids formation significantly, and many increased the retrograde reaction. Correlations between solids formation (2–25% of feed) and yields and conversions showed that CCR conversion and sulfur conversion were not correlated with solids formation but nitrogen and vanadium conversions were. Most significant was the finding that losses (yields of gases) were constant for the 29 runs, at constant residuum conversion. Gases must be formed as a result of the initial thermally induced carbon-to-carbon bond breaking step in order for the yield to be independent of solids formation. Distillate yields decreased as solids formation increased. Dans des conditions preselectionees pour le traitement discontinu de bitumes d'Athabasca, environ 8% de l'alimentation ont ete convertis en solides dans une atmosphere d'azote. Avec de l'hydrogene ou de la tetraline, la quantite de solides formee est reduite de moitie. La combinaison de l'hydrogene et de la tetraline reduit de nouveau la quantite de solides de moitie. Ces conditions nous ont permis d'etudier les reactions de piegeage radicales et le transfert d'hydrogene dans diverses conditions, en utilisant la formation de solides comme mesure de la reaction. Aucun des reactifs utilises ne diminue significativement la formation de solides mais beaucoup augmentent la reaction retrograde. Les correlations entre la formation de solides (2–25% de l'alimentation) et les rendements et les conversions montrent que la conversion de CCR et la conversion du soufre ne sont pas correlees avec la formation de solides comme c'est le cas avec les conversions d'azote et de vanadium. Plus significative est la constatation que les pertes (rendements des gaz) sont constantes dans les 29 essais, a une conversion de residu constante. Les gaz doivent ětre formes a la suite de la rupture initiale de la liaison carbone-carbone induite thermiquement de facon que le rendement soit independant de la formation de solides. Les rendements des distillats diminuent alors que la formation de solides augmente.

This critical review provides a critical discussion of the current state of knowledge of the key factors influencing the solubility of gases in ionic liquids (ILs), including sample purity, experimental methodology, “molecular” characteristics of ILs, temperature and pressure. The review starts with a brief introduction to the current developments and the existing problems in the studies of the gas solubility in ILs. Then, the experimental, computational and theoretical developments in conformational equilibria of ions, in nanosegregated polar and nonpolar domains in ILs, and in the mechanisms for dissolution of gases in ILs are discussed and subsequently collaborated together with our freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopic and Raman measurements to propose the new microscopic mechanism for dissolving the gases in ILs. Next, a critical and quantitative analysis of the influences of the sample purity and the experimental methodology on the gas solubility is made so that the “real” relationships between structure and solubility property can be revealed. In addition, a systematic and deeper understanding of how the “molecular” features of the ILs, the temperature, and the pressure influence the gas solubility is provided at the molecular level. In the section of concluding remarks, the comments are made on the molecular criteria for the future design of the ILs to enhance the gas solubility by specifically optimizing the molecular characteristics of the ILs (265 references).

This critical review provides a critical discussion of the current state of knowledge of the key factors influencing the solubility of gases in ionic liquids (ILs), including sample purity, experimental methodology, “molecular” characteristics of ILs, temperature and pressure. The review starts with a brief introduction to the current developments and the existing problems in the studies of the gas solubility in ILs. Then, the experimental, computational and theoretical developments in conformational equilibria of ions, in nanosegregated polar and nonpolar domains in ILs, and in the mechanisms for dissolution of gases in ILs are discussed and subsequently collaborated together with our freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopic and Raman measurements to propose the new microscopic mechanism for dissolving the gases in ILs. Next, a critical and quantitative analysis of the influences of the sample purity and the experimental methodology on the gas solubility is made so that the “real” relationships between structure and solubility property can be revealed. In addition, a systematic and deeper understanding of how the “molecular” features of the ILs, the temperature, and the pressure influence the gas solubility is provided at the molecular level. In the section of concluding remarks, the comments are made on the molecular criteria for the future design of the ILs to enhance the gas solubility by specifically optimizing the molecular characteristics of the ILs (265 references).

To discuss the influence of chronic intermittent hypoxia and secundum oxidative stress on insulin resistance and the function of Pancreatic beta cells in OSAHS patients.15 patients with primary snoring, 31 patients with light to moderate OSAHS and 34 patients with severe OSAHS were investigated. General clinical data of every patient were collected, while nocturnal data were gained by using PSG with entire night monitor. 8-isoprostane and fasting insulin (FINS) were detected through ELISA; GSH-Px through Spectrophotometer. Insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring HOMA-IR and FINS, while the function of Pancreatic beta cells by HOMA-beta. The comparison among the three groups were used by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Nemenyi test was used for pairwise comparison. The relativity between the variables were assessed by Spearman correlation test, and multiple linear regression was used to remove interference between variables. The enumeration data were compared with chi2 test.1. Along with the aggravation of OSAHS, the three groups were statistically different from each other on 8-isoprostane, GSH-Px, fasting blood glucose (FBG), FINS, and HOMA-IR (P=0.0034, P0.0001), but not on HOMA-beta (P0.05). 2. ODI, CT90%, lowest SaO2 and mean SaO2 were correlated with FINS and HOMA-IR in the serum, while the coefficient of correlation r decreased from ODI to mean SaO2. After ruling out the influence of age, BMI by multiple linear regression, ODI, CT90% and lowest SaO2 still correlated with FINS and HOMA-IR, the standardized regression coefficient R diminished from ODI, CT90% to lowest SaO2. 3. 8-isoprostane and GSH-Px correlated with FINS and HOMA-IR in OSAHS patients (P0.05). After eliminated the influence of age, BMI by multiple linear regression, 8-isoprostane still correlated with FINS and HOMA-IR. 4. HOMA-beta has no correlation with AHI, BMI, ODI, CT90%, lowest SaO2, mean SaO2, 8-isoprostane and GSH-Px (P0.05).1. Chronic intermittent hypoxia of OSAHS was independently correlated with IR. Compared with the severity of hypoxia, the insulin resistance has a closer relation with oxygen desaturation index. 2. Secundum oxidative stress in OSAHS was independently correlated with IR. 3. We didn't find the function of Pancreatic beta cells correlating with chronic intermittent hypoxia and secundum oxidative stress.

Facial attribute-specific subspace-based PCA (FASS-based PCA) considers the information of class labels, and the discriminant power can be improved. However, it doesn't consider the outliers which are .common in realistic training sets. To address this problem, we propose robust facial attribute-specific subspace-based PCA (robust FASS-based PCA) algorithm in this paper, which gives a new weighted method for the evaluation of the total squared error of each class. The detailed algorithm for robust FASS-based PCA is also given. The results of experiments conducted on Yale databases show the effectiveness of the new feature extraction algorithm.

Clays such as kaolinite and montmorillonite, are commonly used as an additive to modify the thermal properties of polymer. In the present work, the morphology, composition, shape and structure of montmorillonite and kaolinite were characterized and compared by various advanced techniques. The TEM/EDX data showed that the kaolinite has a larger particle size and a lower Si/Al ratio than montmorillonite. These clays were stacked by platelets. The TGA results revealed that montmorillonite loses significant weight (around 7%) from 60 to 90 degrees C due to the dehydration of absorbed water, however, kaolinite almost doesn't lose weight in this temperature range. Kaolinites loses its weight because of the loss of its structural OH groups at a lower temperature (around 510 degrees C) than montmorillonite (670 degrees C). The PAS-FTIR spectra showed that montmorillnite has a strong absorbance of hydroxyl group in hydrogen bond region at room temperature, which presents a strong ability to adsorb water on its surface. The results of varied infrared temperature and TGA showed that their structural OH group is very stable from 100 to 500 degrees C, and it is possible to form thermosetting PU/PLS composite by reaction with the isocynate group of polyurethane prepolymer.

The samples of PUU polymers were characterized by In-situ FTIR in a temperature-controlled cell. The spectra of FTIR showed that the absorbance of ordered hydrogen-bonded urea carbonyl group (1643 cm(-1)) became stronger with increasing thermal process time (at 100 degrees C), then changed little after a certain time. The rate of change for absorbance of ordered hydrogen-bonded urea link, attributed to microphase separation kinetics, was enhanced with increasing thermal process temperature. In carbonyl region of FTIR spectra, absorbance for various carbonyls available in PUU polymers, associated with micro-hard domain, was observed before process. However, after the process, only the absorbance of free urethane, hydrogen-bonded urethane and ordered urea became obvious. At 100 degrees C, the longer the process time (beyond 8 h), the worse the mechanical properties obtained. The PUU polymers processed at 100 degrees C with the identical process time exhibited the best mechanical properties.

The development of morphology and mechanical properties of PUU in bulk prepolymer polymerization process was investigated by TEM and in situ FTIR. The data from the FTIR spectra showed that the absorbance of NH band was becoming sharp and its band sites shifted to lower wavenumbers with the increase of reaction time, the absorbance of free urethance carbonyl kept nearly constant at low conversion, and then became weaker, and finally became little because of strong hydrogen bond affect of more and more new wrealink group at high conversion. With increasing of the reaction time, the band sites of urea carbonyl also shifted to the lower wavenumbers and at the same time, the absorbance of ordered urea carbonyl became sharper and sharper. The carbonyl bands vibration models available during curing process were further assigned. The photos of TEM showed that the domains of hard segments became clearer with buildup of hydrogen bond between urealinks.