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The introduction and enforcement of derivative actions are important aspects of the continuing debate surrounding corporate law and governance in many jurisdictions worldwide, including China. In order to ascertain the trends of law in practice, this article offers a comprehensive case study by looking through all 380 reported cases of derivative action in China from 2006 to 2019, and addresses the question of whether the mechanism has been consistently and authoritatively used by shareholders. The article tries to identify problems in the application of the mechanism in China by focusing on complications surrounding consistency and accuracy in terms of judgements of derivative actions in different courts, litigated by different kinds of shareholders in China.

China’s changing approach to zombie companies can tell us a lot about its process of transition to a market economy with socialist characteristics. Zombie companies are commonly regarded as those who have sufficient earnings to cover their interest payments but who lack resource to enable growth, but others reach zombie status through being subsidised and shielded from market forces. This category has been a blight on the Chinese economy and yet many of these zombie companies have also been social lynchpins, giving rise to a tension as to their treatment. While state-driven administrative approaches to handling zombie companies have tended to dominate, more recently there have been efforts to step up the elimination of these companies through more market-based approaches and there were ambitious state targets for these efforts to intensify in 2020. Of course these targets may have been difficult to achieve as the economy deals with the impacts of Covid-19 and the zombie companies so far dealt with appear to be dormant and assetless companies. This article discusses the conceptualisation of zombie companies, identifies the factors used in China to designate zombie companies, outlines the tensions in Chinese government policies towards zombie companies, evaluates the approaches taken towards their elimination and identifies how a market-based approach to exits may be achieved through the advancement of insolvency procedures.

Although Chinese banks are the major creditors for companies in China, their role in bankruptcy is often neglected. Even if this may be justified in the past, as banks did not assume an important role, it is not the case now as banks have become more proactive in the bankruptcy procedure and begin to conduct debt-for-equity swaps under the initiative of the government. This article considers the role of Chinese banks in bankruptcy both in and out of formal bankruptcy procedure. It argues that based on the reality of the country, especially its corporate governance structure, bank intervention is feasible for corporate rescues in China. The debt-for-equity swap scheme could be the start.

Although Chinese banks are the major creditors for companies in China, their role in bankruptcy is often neglected. Even if this may be justified in the past, as banks did not assume an important role, it is not the case now as banks have become more proactive in the bankruptcy procedure and begin to conduct debt-for-equity swaps under the initiative of the government. This article considers the role of Chinese banks in bankruptcy both in and out of formal bankruptcy procedure. It argues that based on the reality of the country, especially its corporate governance structure, bank intervention is feasible for corporate rescues in China. The debt-for-equity swap scheme could be the start.

The network-based CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) courseware system,Compared with the traditional one, has its advantages and disadvantages. After give an introduction to the ongoing development of distance learning and E-learning. This paper combined a hierarchical Level-Generate algorithm with the Data Mining theory, to provide the students with a personalized courseware system by building a CAI courseware tree. With courseware tree, the system can recommend useful materials to each student based on the performance of individual student. If the system computes the personality of each student, the complexity is higher and hard to implement. Thus, mining on students is necessary. Using Hamming distance theory, students were clustered into different groups based on the courseware they accessed. Computer Assisted Instruction, abbreviated as CAI, is now widely used in all kinds of educational applications, especially the distant learning and network-based tutor systems, while the network technology is prevailed all over the world. However, the distance learning and most applications of the courseware are restricted to traditional classroom and only used locally. The Internet profoundly changed the way people communicate and becomes available everywhere. The traditional teaching system is now challenged by the Internet and many researchers exert great effort on developing the network based learning systems to assistant the traditional classroom teaching. The network based CAI courseware, with its vivid appearance, interchangeable ability and the breakthrough of time and space, declares an evaluation to the traditional teaching model. During the past several years, researchers provide the educators with some tools that auxiliary the traditional teaching systems. In (1), C. Romero and S. Ventura survey the application of data mining to traditional educational systems, especially web-based well-known learning content management systems, and adaptive and intelligent web-based educational systems. The author firstly compared the difference between e-commerce and e-learning. The authors also distinguished between three different types of web-based education systems: particular web-based courses, well-known learning content management systems, and adaptive and intelligent web-based educational systems. Then, four kinds of data mining techniques were presented: statistics and visualization; clustering, classification and outlier detection; association rule mining and pattern mining; and text mining.

Chiefly aimed at the distributed resource search status in the present educational field, this paper brought the conception of individuation search based on the consumers' interest. The relevant models of individuation analysis and individuation resource searching were designed in this paper. At the same time, self-study arithmetic, the method of information searching and information filtering, was also presented. The shortcomings of traditional information distribution, including low distribution rate and lack of intelligence, were deliberately considered. Finally, the intellectual management of the distributing center of educational resource was implemented.

The ultimate aim of software development is to produce executable code, which is the most core of the model application at the same time. Currently various models which are built by kinds of modeling technologies can not be executed. And all of these attribute to non-execution of modeling language itself. This paper studies the function of MOF in the modeling language field and behavior abstract model of OCL, and on this foundation I design a sort of modeling language named XKL that described by text. The rationale of its design of structure metamodel comes from the basic structure of EMOF, at the same time the design of its behavior metamodel comes from the expression abstract syntax model of OCL. In this way, not only XKL conforms to the MOF standard in the modeling structure, but also embodies the ability of the OCL language in the aspect of describing model constraint. So the models which are built by the XKLbased modeling tool are executable.

Formal description of network behavior is the important part in network management. But some problems have not yet to be adequately addressed are the semantic and behavioral aspects of composition in this domain. Therefore a formal description method was presented to network behavior. The method includes a simple formal language, and its semantic was described by CSP. The formal language has graphical syntax with topology style. And it also has some characters that are suitable for the formal research and analysis about some problems in network management. Consequently, the method can be used to provide precise formal description and analysis about network behavior. And a reliable mathematical foundation is also provided for the correctness and validity of software system design.

This paper proposed an intrusion detection system framework adapt to load characteristic under IPv6/4 environment; it uses decision-tree-based classification method, under guidance of a certain flow, creates dynamically rule matching tree adapt to load characteristic, reduces greatly the rule set that per packet or event need to be detected, improves the detection efficiency, can be utilized to solve the high packet-loss problem; this paper proposed to make use of Petri net to built a mode to the complicated aggressive behavior, form the complicated aggressive rule library, improve the detection accuracy rate; in view of IPv6 security problem, make use of Snort rule description language, construct the detection rule under IPv6 environment; finally construct the platform in the local area network, carry on the simulation experiment. The experiment proved fully the feasibility and validity of intrusion detective method adapt to load characteristic under IPv6/4 environment.