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Within Chloridoideae, subtribe Eleusininae comprises 237 species with little morphological diversity in its inflorescence structure. This diversity may be explained by an evolution from complex (pyramidal shaped and highly branched) to simpler (digitated and barely branched) morphologies. However, only mature specimens have been studied; the developmental analyses of the inflorescences are rare. We analyzed the inflorescence, spikelet, and flower development of 17 species belonging to subtribe Eleusininae using scanning electron microscopy. In the early stages of the transition to flowering of the studied species, the inflorescence meristem elongates initiating primary branches acropetally. The differentiation of these branches along the main axis is either basipetal or amphipetal. Though the initiation of secondary branches along primary branches may be acropetal or amphipetal, their differentiation follows an amphipetal direction. The florets within spikelets are initiated acropetally. We found abnormal orientation of stamens and gynoecium within florets of Leptochloa chloridiformis. The analysis of the ontogeny enriched the current knowledge of inflorescences of the subtribe. In addition, the developmental patterns revealed the existence of more than one developmental pattern that leads to similar mature inflorescence forms. The results serve for future efforts on postulating trends of developmental patterns along Poaceae. Fil: Muchut, Sebastián Elías. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Pilatti, Vanesa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Reutemann Arnolfo, Andrea Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Vegetti, Abelardo Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Reinheimer, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

Capsicum carassense Barboza & Bianchetti sp. nov., a species from mid-elevation of the Atlantic Forest (Minas Gerais, Brazil) is described and illustrated. This endemic new species is distinguished from the most similar C. mirabile Mart. by its moderate to dense general pubescence, narrowly elliptic leaves andlarger calyx appendages and corollas. A key for the native Brazilian species of Capsicum growing in the state of Minas Gerais is also provided. Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: de Bem Bianchetti, Luciano. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos E Bi; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, João Renato. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil

Physalis is an economically important and morphologically diverse genus of plants with solitary flowers and fruits that are enveloped by an inflated fruiting calyx. Although work to resolve phylogenetic relationships in this clade is ongoing, Physalis remains a taxonomically complex genus with multiple nomenclatural problems. Here, we review 28 species from the United States and their synonyms as well as clarification on the status of their types. We propose 53 typifications. We select a lectotype for 49 names and a neotype for three names (P. ixocarpa, P. linkiana, P. ramosissima). We additionally designate an epitype for P. longifolia. Fil: Pretz, Chelsea. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos Fil: Deanna, Rocío. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos

Cinco lectotipos y dos neotipos son aquí designados para siete especies de Nototriche, como parte del estudio del género para la flora de Sudamérica: N. holosericea, N. megalorrhiza, N. meyeni, N. pseudoglabra, N. sajamensis, N. saltensis y N. transandina. Se brindan, además, notas sobre las tipificaciones. Five lectotypes and two neotypes are here designated for seven species in Nototriche, as part of the ongoing study of the genus for the South American flora: N. holosericea, N. megalorrhiza, N. meyeni, N. pseudoglabra, N. sajamensis, N. saltensis, and N. transandina. Notes about these typifications are also provided. Fil: Cialdella, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: O'Leary, Nataly Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

The small Neotropical tribe Liabeae (Compositae) is currently classified into four subtribes: Liabinae, Munnoziinae, Paranepheliinae, and Sinclairiinae. As currently accepted, Paranepheliinae includes seven genera, Chionoppapus, Erato, Microliabum, Paranephelius, Philoglossa, Pseudonoseris, and Stephanbeckia, distributed especially throughout the Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to Argentina. Our research focuses in the genus Microliabum, which inhabits extra‐Andean enviroments from Bolivia to central Argentina. The broad concept of Microliabum and its phylogenetic position within Paranepheliinae are controversial. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses of ribosomal nuclear ITS and plastid trnL‐F suggest that both subgenera described within Microliabum are monophyletic. However, Microliabum, without the subgenus Austroliabum, is close to Stephanbeckia. A statistical analysis (PCoA) supports the separation of the subgenera, and morphology mainly based on traits of the involucre and florets permits to establish new taxonomical circumscriptions. Thus, the reinstatement of Austroliabum, the more southern Liabean genus, is here proposed. The genus includes three endemic species from Sub‐Andean and Pampean Hills in central and northwestern Argentina. Austroliabum is characterized by white‐tomentose or woolly pubescence on stems and abaxial leaf surfaces, acrodromous leaf venation, campanulate involucres, coriaceous and adpressed phyllaries in usually five series, outer phyllaries shorter than the inner ones, style branches of disc florets shorter than the pubescent part on the shaft below the bifurcation point, style pubescence on the shaft below the bifurcation point of disc florets at least three times longer than the branches of the style, persistent 2‐seriate pappus with outer series of scales and inner series of barbellate bristles, and achenes pubescent on the ribs. In addition, a revision of Microliabum s.str., with three species, is carried out., This work was supported by the Myndel Botanical Foundation (grants 2005 and 2006), the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica [PICT 2006 # 35064 and 2012 # 01683]), Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET (PIP 2013/2015 # 0446, 2017/2019 # 11220170100421CO;P-UE 2017/2021 # 22920160100098CO) and Universidad Nacional de La Plata (I + D N/687 and N/814), Argentina to DGG and MAG, and the Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina) and the Fundación Carolina (Spain) to DGG (grant for a short research stay at the Botanical Institut of Barcelona, 2007).

Paspalum procurrens Quarin and P. volcanense Zuloaga, Morrone & Denham are two rare species of South Americangrasses inhabiting geographically restricted areas which are exposed to ecological degradation due to landscapetransformation and biodiversity losses. We present new records for these species, from the provinces of Jujuy, Salta,Tucumán and Catamarca (Argentina) and departments of Tarija, Chuquisaca, and Santa Cruz (Bolivia). New geographicdistribution maps and the biological relevance of these findings are discussed pinpointing the need for imperativeand assiduous botanical explorations in biodiversity hotspots sensible to the impact of human activities. Ploidylevels in these two species are studied. Fil: Glücksberg, Adriana. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Martínez, Eric Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Honfi, Ana Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentina Fil: Maldonado, Carla Carolina. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia Fil: Hojsgaard, Diego Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Universität Göttingen; Alemania

The New World genus Heterosperma Cav. is circumscribed to include 11 species: H. achaetum S. F. Blake, H. diversifolium Kunth, H. ferreyrii H. Rob., H. mexicanum (A. Gray ex S. Watson) Lizarazu & S. E. Freire, H. nanum (Nutt.) Sherff, H. ovale S. F. Blake, H. ovatifolium Cav., H. pinnatum Cav., H. spathulatum S. F. Blake, H. tenuisectum (Griseb.) Cabrera, and H. trilobum S. F. Blake. Heterosperma is described as having a usually herbaceous habit, pinnatisect or entire leaves, radiate capitula, and heteromorphic cypselae. The following taxa are newly synonymized: Coreopsis L. sect. Anathysana S. F. Blake with Heterosperma; H. maritimum Kunth var. hirsuta Hieron. with H. ovatifolium; and H. maritimum var. latifolia Hieron. with H. spathulatum. Lectotypes are here designated for H. maritimum var. hirsuta, H. pinnatum var. typicum Kuntze, H. tagetinum A. Gray, H. spathulatum, and H. maritimum var. latifolia. A key to the species of the genus is provided, as well as morphological descriptions, illustrations, and distribution maps. A detailed morphological study of trichomes and pappus is also presented. Fil: Freire, Susana Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Lizarazu, Mabel Angela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Significance Houseplant enthusiasts know the power of plant regeneration—small cuttings can regrow into whole plants. Yet normally, plant tissues and cells maintain distinct and stable identities. A biochemical modification to histones (H3K27me3) is thought to lock in cell identity by preventing access to specific regions of DNA. Here, we investigated how H3K27me3 was used to maintain the identity of stomatal guard cells. We identified changes in H3K27me3 distribution and gene expression in normal guard cells and after we induced “reprogramming” into alternative cell identities. This linked the loss of H3K27me3 at stomatal precursor genes to a return to an earlier fate, but increased H3K27me3 at a wound-induced reprogramming gene indicated how plant cells may sense and resist inappropriate loss of identity., Plant cells maintain remarkable developmental plasticity, allowing them to clonally reproduce and to repair tissues following wounding; yet plant cells normally stably maintain consistent identities. Although this capacity was recognized long ago, our mechanistic understanding of the establishment, maintenance, and erasure of cellular identities in plants remains limited. Here, we develop a cell-type–specific reprogramming system that can be probed at the genome-wide scale for alterations in gene expression and histone modifications. We show that relationships among H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and gene expression in single cell types mirror trends from complex tissue, and that H3K27me3 dynamics regulate guard cell identity. Further, upon initiation of reprogramming, guard cells induce H3K27me3-mediated repression of a regulator of wound-induced callus formation, suggesting that cells in intact tissues may have mechanisms to sense and resist inappropriate dedifferentiation. The matched ChIP-sequencing (seq) and RNA-seq datasets created for this analysis also serve as a resource enabling inquiries into the dynamic and global-scale distribution of histone modifications in single cell types in plants.

Background and aims: A list of mosses recorded in Punta Lara Natural Reserve (Buenos Aires, Argentina) is presented, increasing the knowledge of the diversity and distribution of mosses in the country. M&M: The specimens were collected and identified according to conventional taxonomic criteria and deposited in the Herbarium of the Spegazzini Institute (LPS). Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) records were consulted as a source of information about the species distribution. Results: Fifteen species of mosses distributed in 11 families were identified in Punta Lara Natural Reserve. The genus Thamnomalia Olsson, Enroth & Quandt, represented by Thamnomalia glabella (Hedw.) Olsson, Enroth & Quandt and the species Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) E. Britton are recorded for the first time for Argentina. Discussion and Conclusions: Two species are new records for Argentina and 11 species are recorded for the first time for Buenos Aires province. Several species are tropical, extending their distribution towards temperate regions., Introducción y objetivos: Se presenta una lista de musgos registrados en la Reserva Natural Punta Lara (Buenos Aires, Argentina) con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento sobre la distribución de las especies presentes en el país. M&M: Los especímenes fueron recolectados e identificados de acuerdo a los criterios taxonómicos convencionales y depositados en el Herbario del Instituto Spegazzini (LPS). Registros del Servicio de Información sobre la Diversidad Biológica Mundial (GBIF) fueron consultados como fuente de información sobre la distribución de las especies. Resultados: Como resultado de este estudio se identificaron 15 especies de musgos pertenecientes a 11 familias en la Reserva Natural Punta Lara. Se cita por primera vez para Argentina la especie Sematophyllum adnatum (Michx.) E. Britton y el género Thamnomalia Olsson, Enroth & Quandt, representado por Thamnomalia glabella (Hedw.) Olsson, Enroth & Quandt. Discusión y Conclusiones: En este trabajo se registran dos nuevas citas para la Argentina y 11 nuevas menciones para la provincia de Buenos Aires. Varias de las especies recolectadas son tropicales, ampliando su distribución hacia regiones templadas., Instituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini"

Introducción y objetivos: Ligaria cuneifolia (Loranthaceae) posee una amplia distribución desde Perú al centro de Argentina y Uruguay. Esta especie habita en tres regiones geográficas en forma disyunta a lo largo de cordillera de los Andes, las Sierras Centrales de Argentina y en el este de Sudamérica, en Uruguay y sur de Brasil. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el rango de hospedadores de Ligaria cuneifolia en toda su distribución geográfica y analizar el uso de hospedadores en cada una de las regiones geográficas (Andes, Centro y Este). M&M: Se registró el uso de hospedadores de Ligaria cuneifolia y distribución geográfica en base a ejemplares depositados en herbarios. Resultados: En total se registraron 35 especies de hospedadores nativos, comprendidas en 22 géneros y 12 familias. Además se registaron 11 especies no nativas en todas las areas. Los géneros de hospedadores con mayor número de registros fueron Schinus, Prosopis, Geoffroea, Larrea y Vachellia. Conclusiones: El uso de hospedadores no estuvo directamente asociado a las áreas geográficas. La región Andes fue la que presentó una mayor diversidad de especies, géneros y familias de hospedadores. Background and aims: Ligaria cuneifolia (Loranthaceae) has a wide geographic distribution from Peru to the center of Argentina and Uruguay. It inhabits three disjunct regions, one along the Andes, Sierras Centrales of Argentina and towards the East in Uruguay and south of Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the host range of Ligaria cuneifolia in all the distribution range; and to analyze host use in each of the geographic regions (Andes, Center and East). M&M: hosts use and geographical distribution of Ligaria cuneifolia was recorded on the basis of specimens deposited in herbaria. Results: A total of 35 native host species were recorded as hosts. In addition, 11 non-native host species were recorded in all area. The genera with higher number of records were Schinus, Prosopis, Geoffroea, Larrea y Vachellia. Conclusions: Host use was not directly related to geographic area. The Andes region was the one that had the most host diversity at the species, genera and family level. Fil: Amico, Guillermo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Vidal Russell, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

A group of seven endemic Polystichum species inhabit Patagonia, the southern region of South America. To date, evolutionary relationships of these Austral South American Polystichum remain unknown. The biota of the Southern Andes appears to be more closely related to the temperate Australasian species than to northern South American ones. Differences in morphological characters suggested that Austral South American Polystichum follows that biogeographical pattern, not being closely related to their congeners in the Northern and Central Andes. We sought to reveal the evolutionary relationships, estimate the divergence times and reconstruct both ancestral areas and ancestral ploidy levels of Austral South America Polystichum. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The seven Austral South American species plus 31 Polystichum species spanning all other major biogeographic regions were sampled for three DNA markers. Divergence times were estimated in BEAST and Bayesian binary Markov chain Monte Carlo reconstruction was applied in order to infer ancestral areas. The evolution of ploidy was reconstructed on the maximum clade credibility tree, using stochastic character mapping. Austral South American Polystichum was recovered as monophyletic. The earliest divergence reconstructed within the Austral South American Clade was that of Polystichum andinum; subsequently two other lineages diverged comprising the remaining Austral South American species. The Austral South American lineage is not closely allied to North and Central Andes congeners. Long-distance dispersal of an ancestral tetraploid from Australasia during the late Miocene is the most likely explanation for the origin of Patagonian Polystichum. Then, Pliocene and Pleistocene orogenic and climatic changes may have shaped its diversification in Patagonia. Fil: Morero, Rita Ema. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Deanna, Rocío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Barrington, David S.. University of Vermont; Estados Unidos

Fil: Rojas, José Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico (Nordeste). Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Rojas, José Luis. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Héctor Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico (Nordeste). Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Héctor Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. El género Styrax incluye cerca de 130 especies leñosas. Para la Argentina han sido registradas dos especies. En la presente contribución una tercera especie, Styrax acuminatus, es citada por primera vez para la provincia de Misiones. Se provee una descripción de la especie, fotografías de campo, observaciones ecológicas, un mapa de distribución y una clave para distinguir a las especies de Styrax presentes en la Argentina. Styrax is a genus of woody plants with about 130 species. In Argentina two species has been recorded. In the present contribution, a third species, Styrax acuminatus, is reported for the first time for the province of Misiones. A description of the species, field pictures, ecological observations, a distribution map, and a key to the species of Styrax in Argentina are provided.

The high environmental heterogeneity of large fluvial systems is reflected by the co-existence of contrasting plant communities and landforms. The main objective of this study was to assess the forest diversity changes in islands of the Middle Paraná River (Argentina) in order to discuss an integrative question: how synchronized are the major changes in the features of islands and forests? Persistence age, elevation and flood regime of 11 main channel islands were determined. Variables related to the vascular plant community and the tree stand structure of forests were also measured in 400 m2 plots. Islands were classified as young or old (YIs or OIs), according to their persistence age, which ranged from two to 108 years. Both island classes differed in their elevation but not in the proportion of low water phase. Only three out of nine tree species were dominant: Tessaria integrifolia and Croton urucurana (restricted to YIs and OIs, respectively), and Salix humboldtiana (distributed in both island classes). Alpha diversity was positively correlated with the age of the YIs and reach the highest value in the oldest island forest. Beta diversity was mainly due to processes of species replacement which differentiate floodplain forests. Gamma diversity reached 101 species, being the perennial herbs aclear majority. The stand structure and the complete floristic composition were significantly different between YIs and OIs, with three and seven indicator species of each island class, respectively. Considering integrative models ofsuccession, our findings suggest that the biogeomorphic phase, recognised by the fluvial biogeomorphic model, prevailed in the whole range of island persistence ages. Therefore, it seems that the increase in forest diversity in a large river is restricted to spatial refugia defined by major hydrogeomorphic shifts. Fil: Brumnich, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Marchetti, Zuleica Yael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Pereira, María Soledad. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Anther and gynoecium structure and embryological information in Koelreuteria and Sapindaceae as a whole remain understudied, as well as the evolution of imperfect flowers in the latter. The aims of this study were to analys in K. elegans subsp. formosana the anther and gynoecium structure and the development of male and female gametophytes in the two floral morphs of putatively imperfect flowers. Standard techniques were applied for LM and SEM. Compared to the normal anther development in staminate flowers, a delayed programmed cell death of tapetum, septum and middle layers on the onset of microspore stage result in indehiscent anthers in the functionally pistillate flowers. Orbicules are reported for the first time in Sapindaceae. Gynoecium development in functionally pistillate flowers is normal, whereas in functionally staminate ones a pistillode with degenerated ovules at the tetrad stage is formed. The pollen tube transmitting tract consists of one layer of epithelial cells with a small lumen in the style and ovary. The anatomy of the latter revealed an axile placentation and complete septum. Reproductive characters of Koelreuteria shared with other Sapindaceae taxa are a secretory binucleate tapetum, simultaneous cytokinesis, unicellular stigmatic papillae, Polygonum type megagametophyte with ephemeral antipodals, and ovules campylotropous, with funicular obturator and amphistomic micropyle. Imperfect flowers in the family are triggered by defective sporophytic tissues impacting on the normal development of microspores and megaspores, disrupting embryological events in staminate and pistillate organs at different developmental stages. Reconstructing ancestral character state under parsimony revealed that two ovules per locule, absence of obturator, presence of hypostase, and binucleate tapetum may be regarded as plesiomorphic for Sapindaceae. These analyses have provided information on the evolution of embryological characters in the family and its phylogenetic significance. Fil: Avalos, Adan Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Zini, Lucia Melisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ferrucci, María Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Lattar, Elsa Clorinda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

Cephalanthus belongs to Rubiaceae tribe Naucleeae, and is characterized as shrubs to a small trees, mainly from the lowlands, with verticillate leaves. We hypothesized that the foliar morphoanatomy of Cephalanthus species provides characters informative to our taxonomic study, and that their leaves present adaptations to waterlogged habitats. To test these hypotheses our aims were to describe the macro- and micromorphology and anatomy of leaves in all Cephalanthus species. We describe and characterize leaf disposition, shape, size of blade and petiole, characteristics of the epidermis and indumenta, including the micromorphology of the cuticle and stomata, and the types of leaf domatia, if present. The anatomy of the petiole and leaf blade was also analyzed, including the mesophyll, vascular systems, ontogeny of the stomata, presence and typification of oxalate of calcium crystals, and their distribution in the foliar tissues. Uniformity in the morphoanatomical characters allows us to define the genus Cephalanthus, but inside this uniformity we can also differentiate between the species by means of a dichotomous key. The presence of domatia in pockets in C. occidentalis, in contrast to the tuft of hairs in C. salicifolius and C. tetrandrus, shed light on the taxonomic delimitation of the former because historically they were considered a single species. Cephalanthus species show variability in micromorphological characters, but have a strong uniformity in anatomical organization. The leaves of Cephalanthus show adaptations to seasonal environments; some are typical hydromorphic traits while other reflect adaptations to their heliophilic habitat and tolerance to dry periods. Fil: Romero, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Salas, Roberto Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: González, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

The Morelloid Clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus Solanum L. The clade is most species rich in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group are herbaceous or short-lived perennials, with small white or purplish white flowers, and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid Clade has lagged behind that of other major groups in Solanum. Here we provide the second in a three-part series of revisions of the morelloid solanums treating the species occurring in North and Central America and the Caribbean (for the Old World see "PhytoKeys 106", the third part will treat species of South America). Synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution maps, and common names and uses are provided for all 18 species occurring in this region. We treat 10 of these species as native, and eight as putatively naturalised, introduced and/or invasive in the region. We provide complete descriptions with nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications, for all species. Keys to all species occurring in the whole region and for each area within it (i.e., North America, Central America and Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean), illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps are provided. Preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species. Details of all specimens examined are provided in three Supplementary materials sections. Fil: Knapp, Sandra. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Bohs, Lynn. University of Utah; Estados Unidos Fil: Sarkinen, Tina. University of Edinburgh; Reino Unido

Petroravenia was until recently considered as a genus of three species (P. eseptata, P. friesii, and P. werdermannii) distributed along the Central Andes of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. This genus was included in the tribe Thelypodieae and was morphologically characterized by being tiny rhizomatous perennial herbs with rosulate leaves, dendritic trichomes, capsular silicles, and incumbent cotyledons. However, the phylogeny of Petroravenia, and its tribal placement, was never analyzed using molecular data. The lack of such studies, as well as the paucity of herbarium collections, suggesting that Petroravenia species are vulnerable and/or endangered, prompted us to address the molecular phylogeny of this genus. For this purpose, we generated comprehensive molecular phylogenies using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL‐F and trnH‐psbA) data, and conducted morphological comparisons between these species and their closest related taxa. Results from the phylogenetic analyses showed that Petroravenia represents a polyphyletic group, with P. eseptata included in tribe Halimolobeae, and P. friesii and P. werdermannii placed within tribe Eudemeae and related to the genus Alshehbazia. Based on the results obtained from morphological and molecular data, we decided herein to retain the original circumscription of Petroravenia as monospecific within the tribe Halimolobeae and to transfer P. friesii and P. werdermannii to the genus Alshehbazia within the tribe Eudemeae. Systematic implications of these results are also discussed. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is one of the most important crops inthe world and a major source of sugar for human consumption. Despite this immense value, the circumscription of the genus Saccharum is complex, contentious, and largely unresolved. Saccharum is accepted in a broad sense by some authors or split into various genera such as Erianthus and Tripidium. A plastome phylogenomic analysis of sugarcane and relatives was performed in order to investigate generic delimitation, with emphasis on Tripidium (= Erianthus sect. Ripidium). Our plastome phylogenomics clearly demonstrates that Saccharum s.l. is polyphyletic and Tripidium (distributed in Old World) belongs to a distinct lineage from Saccharum s.s. (Old World) and Erianthus s.s. (= Erianthus sect. Erianthus, New World). Therefore, the present analysis confirms the recognition of Tripidium as a distinct genus from Saccharum and Erianthus, which is also supported by morphology and nuclear markers. The circumscription of Erianthus s.s. remains unclear since our plastome phylogenomics is consistent with either considering it as a distinct genus or including it in Saccharum. Better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of sugarcane and relatives may be useful for the selection of potential taxa for interspecific and intergeneric crosses in the genetic improvement of sugarcane. A taxonomic treatment of the six species of Tripidium is also presented, including descriptions, illustrations, data on geographical distribution, and three new nomenclatural combinations. Fil: Welker, Cassiano A. D.. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Brasil Fil: McKain, Michael R.. University of Alabama at Birmingahm; Estados Unidos Fil: Vorontsova, Maria S.. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peichoto, Myriam Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Kellogg, Elizabeth Anne. Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; Estados Unidos

Otachyriinae Butzin, one of the three subtribes within the Paspaleae tribe of grasses, includes seven genera and approximately 35 species. Interestingly, this subtribe comprises species with C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis. The circumscription of Otachyriinae has changed through time, and still varies among treatments in current use. The monophyly of this subtribe has been recovered in previous studies based on plastid markers. A phylogenetic study taking into account polyploidy and a low-copy nuclear gene (LCNG) is still lacking in Paspaleae. A phylogeny including data from a LCNG is paramount to uncover reticulated evolution within the group. The purpose of the present study was to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Otachyriinae, based on both chloroplast and LCNG DNA with a focus on polyploidization. Several incongruences between gene trees allowed us to explore relationships between diploid and polyploid taxa. Our study identified several promising topics for future studies: genetic allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy was here documented using the characteristic pattern of double-labelled gene trees. The molecular evidence indicates that at least 40% of species of Otachyriinae show phylogenetic signature of polyploidy (16 taxa appear double-labelled in the nuclear gene trees); furthermore, the results support an allopolyploid origin of at least nine taxa in the subtribe: Rugoloa polygonata, a species with unknown photosynthetic pathway, the proto-kranz species Steinchisma laxum and Rugoloa hylaeica, and the C3 species Hymenachne felliana, H. grumosa, H. hemitomon, H. donacifolia, H. pernambucense, and P. grande. Also, our results confirm that the C4 genus Anthaenantia is unambiguously monophyletic and show that Anthaenantia lanata is an autopolyploid. We recognized six genera within subtribe Otachyriinae: Anthaenantia, Hymenachne, Otachyrium, Plagiantha, Rugoloa, and Steinchisma. Finally, Panicum species with historically ambiguous placements, i.e. P. condensatum, P. grande, P. harleyi, P. leptachne, P. longum, and P. stagnatile were transferred to the genus Hymenachne. Fil: Acosta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Reinheimer, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

In addition to the degree of geographical isolation (sympatry, parapatry, allopatry and peripatry), ecology can be an important factor promoting diversification of lineages, both by niche divergence as well as niche conservatism. Tetraglochin is a genus of shrubs with six species distributed along the Southern and Central Andes, from Peru to southern Argentina and central Chile. Although monophyly of the genus as the identity of its species are well established, spatiotemporal framework for its diversification and the potential role of the ecology and geography in the speciation process remain unknown. In the present study we analyzed diversification times and historical biogeography of the genus, and conducted different climatic niche and geographical range comparisons among its species to determine possible patterns associated with speciation. Results support the Pleistocene diversification, early along the Southern Andes and the Patagonian Steppe and subsequently in the Central Andes. Climatic niche divergence did not prove to be a major factor promoting speciation, but rather the phylogenetic niche conservatism. Our analyses also favored the sympatric model of speciation, although patterns from geographical range evolution are difficult to interpret due to the lability on the ancestral distributions, and therefore micro-allopatric or parapatric divergence associated with the glacial-interglacial cycles and climatic oscillations throughout the Quaternary should not be discarded. Other potential factors associated with diversification of Tetraglochin are also discussed. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Acosta, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Cialdella, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Macrofossil impressions of caytonialean leaves and micro- and megasporangiate organs from the Early Jurassic Taquetrén locality in Patagonia, Argentina, are described based on more than 300 hand specimens. Leaves of the organ-genus Sagenopteris are described using both discrete and continuous features allowing us to erect the species Sagenopteris trapialensis sp. nov. Associated microsporangiate organs of Caytonanthus type are the first recorded for South America and are characterized by a unique combination of architecture, size and type of dehiscence. Two specimens, one resembling an isolated Caytonia cupule, and the other a Caytonia axis, are also described. The availability of a collection with numerous specimens has proven to be an important tool in order to fully understand the intraspecific morphological plasticity of the studied species. The striking morphological resemblance of both vegetative and reproductive organ-genera with their Northern Hemisphere counterparts suggests that they were part of the same lineage, which was widely distributed during the Jurassic. Well-defined whole-plant concepts are still needed to advance the goal of deciphering the internal relationships of caytonialeans in particular, and their relationships with other groups of seed-plants in general, and thorough macro-morphological characterization of the organs that compose them, as we present here, may be of valuable use in achieving it. Fil: Elgorriaga, Andres. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Escapa, Ignacio Hernán. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Cúneo, Néstor Rubén. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Pepper (Capsicum L.) is a major vegetable and spice crop worldwide. Global production of both fresh and dried fruit continues to increase steadily in terms of area harvested and yield. Various topics are addressed in this review, including recent additions to and clarification of Capsicum taxonomy, genetic resources of Capsicum, cytogenetic studies, the current status of our understanding of the mechanisms affecting the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids, the use of gene mutations to elucidate carotenoid biosynthetic pathways and their regulation, and recent advances in whole-genome sequencing and assembly. Fil: Jarret, Robert L.. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Costa Batista, Fabiane Rabelo da. Instituto Nacional Do Semiarido; Brasil Fil: Berke, Terry. Seminis Vegetable Seed; Estados Unidos Fil: Chou, Yu-Yu. Genetic Resource And Seed Unit; China Fil: Hulse-Kemp, Amanda. United States Department of Agriculture; Estados Unidos Fil: Ochoa-Alejo, Neftali. Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados; México Fil: Pasquale, Tripode. Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis ; Italia Fil: Veres, Aniko. Szent Istva University; Hungría Fil: Carrizo Garcia, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Csillery, Gabor. Budakert Ltd; Hungría Fil: Huang, Yung-Kuang. The World Vegetable Center; China Fil: Kiss, Erzsebet. Szent Istvan University; Hungría Fil: Kovacs, Zsofia. Szent Istvan University; Hungría Fil: Kondrak, Mihaly. Szent Istvan University; Hungría Fil: Arce-Rodriguez, Magda Lisette. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; México Fil: Scaldaferro, Marisel Analía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Szoke, Antal. Szent Istvan University; Hungría

Blechnum malacothrix, hasta el momento conocida sólo de Perú y Bolivia, se registra por primera vez para el noroeste de Argentina. Con este hallazgo el número de especies de la familia Blechnaceae en este país asciende a 23, la mayoría de las cuales crece en el norte. Se presenta una descripción de Blechnum malacothrix, junto con ilustraciones, un mapa del nuevo sitio de colección y una clave para identificar las especies de Blechnum que crecen en el noroeste argentino. Blechnum malacothrix, until now known from Peru and Bolivia, is registered for the first time in northwestern Argentina. With this finding the number of species of the Blechnaceae in this country ascends to 23, most of them growing in the north. A description of Blechnum malacothrix, together with illustrations of the specie, a map with the new collection site, and a key to identify the species of Blechnum growing in northwestern Argentina are presented. Fil: Jarsún, Adrián Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Chambi, Cristina Janet. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Olga Gladys. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina

The essential oil composition of Bothriochloa velutina has been studied. The principal compounds of essential oils of three South American endemics, B. eurylemma, B. meridionalis and B. velutina were isolated. In laboratory bioassays, the principal compounds inhibited the seed germination and root and shoot growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wintergreen paspalum (Paspalum guenoarum Arechav.) and lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Schard.) Nees] test species. The aqueous extracts from different plant parts of three species of Bothriochloa inhibited the seed germination and root and shoot growth of test species. Aqueous extracts were more inhibitory to shoot and root elongation than to seed germination. Significant inhibition in shoot length at all concentrations indicated the phytotoxic activity of extracts. The toxicity enhanced with increasing aqueous extract concentrations. The compounds isolated can interfere with seed germination and seedling growth of plants. Consequently, the study of these chemical interactions might be useful to develop new classes of environmentally safe herbicides. Fil: Scrivanti, Lidia Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Anton, Ana Maria Ramona. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

El género Celtis L. (Celtidaceae) comprende unos 70 taxones de árboles o arbustos de regiones templadas y tropicales. En la Argentina habitan cuatro especies, todas pertenecientes al subgénero Mertensia Planch., cuya similitud y variabilidad inter e intraespecíicas han generado confusiones taxonómicas dentro del grupo. Un caso emblemático es el de C. pallida Torr. y C. tala Gillies ex Planch., considerados sinónimos de C. ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. Como estas entidades son claramente diferenciables a campo, se realizó la revisión taxonómica de dichos taxones. Tras un extenso muestreo, un estudio morfológico detallado y a través de un Análisis de Componentes Principales y de Conglomerados, se concluyó que lo considerado en Argentina como C. ehrenbergiana, abarca tres entidades: C. tala, C. pallida var. pallida y C. pallida var. discolor Hunz. & Dottori, y se propone la rehabilitación de dichos taxones. Asimismo, los resultados de los Análisis de la Varianza y de Similitud corroboran diferencias signiicativas (p-valor < 0.05) entre grupos. Se establecieron como caracteres de mayor importancia taxonómica: porte de los individuos, textura de corteza, pilosidad de láminas, nervaduras y pecíolos, espinas estipulares/ramas espinosas, abundancia y aspecto de domacios. Además, algunos especímenes de C. pallida son morfológicamente intermedios entre ambas variedades, por lo cual su identidad será esclarecida por medio del uso de herramientas moleculares. The genus Celtis (Celtidaceae) comprises around 70 temperate to tropical woody taxa . In Argentina there appear four species, all of them belonging in the subgenus Mertensia Planch., whose inter and intraspeciic morphological variability and similarity has generated widespread taxonomic confusions. One of the most emblematic cases is that of C. ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm., considered a very ample taxon encompassing both C. pallida Torr. and C. tala Gillies ex Planch. Given that both latter entities are clearly distinguishable in the ield, a morphological and taxonomic revision was performed. After extensive sampling, a detailed morphological study and through a Principal Components and Conglomerates Analysis, it was concluded that what is considered as C. ehrenbergiana in Argentina, actually involves three entities: C. tala, C. pallida var. pallida and C. pallida var. discolor Hunz. & Dottori, and the rehabilitation of those taxa is proposed. The Variance and Similarity Analysis results support signiicant differences (p-value < 0.05) between groups. The following relevant taxonomical characters were established: habit of the individual, bark pattern, pubescence of leaf blades, nerves and petioles, stipular spines/spiny branches, domacia aspect and abundance. Besides, some C. pallida specimens are morphologically intermediate between both varieties, and therefore their proper identity will be clariied through the use of molecular tools. Fil: Asmus, Jorgelina Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Chamorro, Débora Cintia. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Mogni, Virginia Yanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina Fil: Oakley, Luis Jorge. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina Fil: Prado, Darien Eros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biología. Cátedra de Botánica Morfológica y Sistemática Agronómica; Argentina

During the preparation of the treatment of the genus Plantago L. for the Flora Argentina project, dozens of names were identified as needing typification to stabilize their nomenclature. As a result, lectotypes are designated for 40 names, second-step lectotypes for four names, and a neotype for P. grandiflora Meyen. Furthermore, erroneous applications in past literature of the term "holotype" are corrected to lectotypes for five names. Fil: Moroni, Pablo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Hassemer, Gustavo. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarca Fil: O'Leary, Nataly Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Paspalum is a noteworthy grass genus due to the forage quality of most species, the total number of approximately 330 species, and the high proportion of those that reproduce via apomixis. Harnessing apomictic reproduction and widening the knowledge about the cytogenetic relationships among species are elemental tools for plant breeding.We conducted cytogenetic analyses of inter‐ and intraspecific hybridizations involving a sexual, colchicine‐induced autotetraploid plant of P.plicatulum Michx. and five indigenous apomictic tetraploid (2n = 40) species: P. compressifolium Swallen, P. lenticulare Kunth, two accessions of P. nicorae Parodi, P. rojasii Hack., and two accessions of P. plicatulum. The fertility of the hybrids was investigated and their reproductive system was analyzed considering the relative embryo:endosperm DNA content by flow cytometry. Morphological, nomenclatural and taxonomic issues were also analyzed.Cytogenetic analysis suggested that all indigenous tetraploid accessions of five apomictic species are autotetraploid or segmental allotetraploid. If segmental allotetraploids, they probably originated by autoploidy followed by diploidization processes. Autosyndetic male‐chromosome pairing observed in all hybrid families supported this assertion. Allosyndetic chromosome associations were also observed in all hybrid families. In the hybrids, the proportion of male‐parent chromosomes involved in allosyndesis per pollen mother cell varied from 5.5 to 35% and the maximum ranged between 25‐60%. The apomictic condition of the indigenous male parents segregated in the hybrids.These results confirm a strong association between autoploidy and apomixis in Paspalum, and the existence of cytogenetic relationships between different species of the Plicatula group. Allosyndetic chromosome pairing and seed fertility of the hybrids suggest the feasibility of gene transfer among species. Fil: Novo, Patricia Elda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Galdeano, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Espinoza, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Quarin, Camilo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

Oxalis section Alpinae grows along the Andes, from Ecuador to the austral part of the South American continent. Across the section, leaves are always trifoliolate, but leaflets exhibit wide diversity in shape and size and have often been used as a diagnostic character. This study provides a comprehensive morphometric and phylogenetic framework of Oxalis sect. Alpinae. Thus, the shapes of 312 leaflets representing 14 species of O. sect. Alpinae are examined and elliptic Fourier analysis is used, which is a morphometric approach for the comparison of outlines in order to recognize patterns in shape evolution and to assess if the leaflets are an accurate diagnostic character at the species level. Moreover, a new molecular phylogenetic reconstruction is provided, and it is compared with the morphological space. The leaflet shape diversity cannot be fully explained by phylogenetic relations among species. However, different patterns of shape evolution can be distinguished, and there might be a spectrum from evolutionary lability to the conservatism of shape. Fil: Morello, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: López, Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina

Heavy metal (HM) pollution of soils is one of the most important and unsolved environmental problems affecting the world, with alternative solutions currently being investigated through different approaches. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil inhabitants that form symbiotic relationships with plants. This alleviates HM toxicity in the host plant, thereby enhancing tolerance. However, the few investigations that have addressed the presence of metals in the fungus structures were performed under experimental conditions, with there being no results reported for Pb. The current study represents a first approximation concerning the capability of spores to accumulate Pb in the AMF community present in a Pb polluted soil under field conditions. Micro X-ray fluorescence was utilized to obtain a direct observation of Pb in spores, and the innovation of total reflection X-ray fluorescence was applied to obtain Pb quantification in spores. The AMF community included species of Ambisporaceae, Archaeosporaceae, Gigasporacea, Glomeraceae and Paraglomeraceae, and was tolerant to high Pb concentrations in soil. Pb accumulation in AMF spores was demonstrated at the community level and corroborated by direct observation of the most abundant spores, which belonged to the Gigasporaceae group. Spore Pb accumulation is possibly dependent on the AMF and host plant species. Fil: Salazar, María Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Menoyo, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Faggioli, Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; Argentina Fil: Geml, József. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Biodiversity Dynamics Research Group; Países Bajos Fil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini; Argentina Fil: Rodriguez, Judith Hebelen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Marro, Nicolás Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pardo, Alejandro Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Argentina Fil: Pignata, Maria Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Becerra, Alejandra Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

A new podocarpaceous conifer is described from the early Danian Salamanca Formation (southern Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina) based on compressions of leafy branches with cuticular remains. Kirketapel salamanquensis gen. et sp. nov. has amphistomatic, scale-like leaves with marginal frills distinguishable at the apex; stomata oriented randomly in relation to the major axis of the leaf with four to five subsidiary cells and extremely reduced Florin rings; and irregularly shaped epidermal cells. We compare K. salamanquensis with extant and extinct members of the imbricate-leaved podocarps, among which it closely resembles Florin’s Dacrydium group C genera (i.e., Lagarostrobos, Manoao, Lepidothamnus and Halocarpus). Among these genera, only Lepidothamnus has a living representative in South America, the Chilean L. fonkii, whose leaf macro- and micromorphological characters are described in detail for comparison. Overall, the Patagonian fossil species is most similar to the extant and extinct members of Lagarostrobos in its cuticular micromorphology; however, macromorphological characters, such as the leaf size, apex curvature and mode of flattening, clearly differentiate it from all four genera of Dacrydium group C. We include Kirketapel salamanquensis in a combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analysis conducted under the maximum parsimony criterion. The new, early Paleocene fossil taxon is confidently recovered as part of the scale-leaved clade as defined herein, which also includes Halocarpus, Phyllocladus, Lepidothamnus, Parasitaxus, Lagarostrobos and Manoao, and it constitutes the oldest record known for the group by at least 17 million years as well as its first fossil occurrence outside Australasia, establishing a widespread Gondwanan history. Furthermore, based on its oldest locality of occurrence, K. salamanquensis shows that the divergence of the total group of the scale-leaved podocarps occurred by at least 65 million years ago, adding to the growing systematic knowledge of earliest Cenozoic macrofloras in the Southern Hemisphere. Fil: Andruchow Colombo, Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina Fil: Escapa, Ignacio Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina Fil: Carpenter, Raymond J.. University of Tasmania; Australia Fil: Hill, Robert S.. University of Adelaide; Australia Fil: Iglesias, Ari. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Abarzua, Ana M.. Universidad Austral de Chile; Chile Fil: Wilf, Peter. State University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos

The genus Machaerophorus includes three perennial species (M. arequipa, M. laticarpus, and M. matthioloides) inhabiting the southern Peruvian Andes. However, based on the morphological data, this genus has been reduced for more than one hundred years to synonymy of several genera of various tribes, and its phylogenetic placement using molecular data has never been studied. Therefore, in this study we explored the phylogenetic placement of Machaerophorus to test its generic status and tribal assignment, using for this purpose ribosomal nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL-F, trnH-psbA, rps16 intron) data together with a comprehensive sampling of taxa. Results obtained here demonstrated that Machaerophorus represents a well-differentiated lineage within the South American Cremolobeae–Eudemeae–Schizopetaleae clade, and hence, the genus is reinstated and excluded from the placements in Sibara and Mathewsia. Based on molecular data and morphological affinities, we included it within the tribe Schizopetaleae. A key to Machaerophorus and the genera of Schizopetaleae is also presented. Fil: Salariato, Diego Leonel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Cueva Manchego, Marco A.. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Perú Fil: Cano, Asunción. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; Perú Fil: Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan. Missouri Botanical Garden; Estados Unidos

After gene duplication, paralogous genes evolve independently, and consequently, the new proteins encoded by these duplicated genes are exposed to changes in their subcellular location. Although there are increasing evidence that phylogenetically related proteins play different functions in different subcellular compartments, the number of evolutionary steps required for the emergence of a novel protein with a novel subcellular localization remains unclear. Regarding this intriguing topic, here we examine in depth our previous reports describing both intracellular and extracellular polyhydroxybutyrate polymerases (PhaC) in the Pseudomonadales group. The recapitulation of the intracellular-to-extracellular localization switch of PhaC in these strains shows a gradual evolution from a simple cytosolic PhaC form to a complex extracellular PhaC form specifically secreted via the type 1 secretion system. This gradual evolution includes several adaptive and pre-adaptive changes at the genomic, genetic and enzymatic levels, which are intimately related to the lifestyle of organisms during the evolution of protein localization. We conclude that the protein localization switch can be an extremely complex process in nature. Fil: Stritzler, Margarita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Berini, Carolina Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: Jozefkowicz, Cintia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Soto, Gabriela Cynthia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Ayub, Nicolás Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Specific leaf area (SLA) is a key trait to screen plants for ecological performance and productivity; however, the relationship between SLA and photosynthesis is not always up-scalable to growth when comparing multiple species with different life cycles. We explored leaf anatomy in annual and perennial species of Physaria, and related it to photosynthesis and water loss. The annual Physaria gracilis had higher SLA, thinner leaves, and lower investment in protective tissues, than perennial P. mendocina. Physaria angustifolia (annual), and P. pinetorum (perennial) showed intermediate values. Both perennials had a thicker palisade and high photosynthesis, relative to annuals. The larger leaf veins of perennials should allow high water availability to the mesophyll. The thicker palisade should determine high resistance to water flow and help explain their high water-use efficiency. These leaf functions reflect the construction of long-lived leaves that efficiently use resources under environmental limitations of arid environments. Fil: González Paleo, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina Fil: Ravetta, Damián Andrés. Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Fine root growth in natural vegetation is difficult to predict due to its regulation by soil and plant factors. Field studies in arid ecosystems show a variety of root responses to soil resources and to plant aboveground phenology that sometimes differ from root responses predicted by controlled experiments. There is a pressing need to cover a greater diversity of plant species and ecological scenarios in field studies. In this paper, we have studied fine roots of Prosopis flexuosa trees living with or without access to phreatic water in an inter-dune valley and a dune flank, respectively, in the Central Monte Desert, Argentina. We have described fine root growth over time and at different depths by rhizotron observations and soil core auger samples in relation to soil water and nutrients, tree crown phenology, plant water and nutrient status. We have found that surface soil moisture from rainfall is the variable that best predicts seasonal topsoil fine root growth. Access to groundwater advanced leaf sprouting with respect to rainfall, but did not advance root growth that stayed linked to rainfall in valley and dune flank trees. Trees without access to phreatic water produced deeper and thicker or denser roots, which is consistent with the poor soil resource content of dunes. Variations in rainfall dynamics due to global climate change may have a particular impact on fine roots and ecosystem processes such as biogeochemistry and carbon budget in dune flank trees as well as in valley trees. Fil: Guevara, Aranzazú. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Pancotto, Veronica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Mastrantonio, Leandro Eloy. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Giordano, Carla Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina

Diploneis Ehrenberg ex Cleve is a diverse genus, with species predominantly from epipelic, marine habitats; there are a few freshwater representatives. In 1933 Frenguelli reported four taxa of this genus at the Esteros del Iberá, a vast subtropical wetland from Argentina. Two of the four taxa reported were new for science. One of the reported species was Diploneis elliptica (Kützing) Cleve (Basionym: Navicula elliptica Kützing) a species cited from very diverse environments of every continent. In this study the type material of Navicula elliptica Kützing, deposited at the Natural History Museum in London, was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and its valve fi ne structure described. Comparison of this type material with others studied under SEM from America, Europe, Africa and Asia indicate that D. elliptica has been widely misidentifi ed. The materials from Iberá, Argentina, deposited under this name in the Frenguelli´s Collection at the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, belong to a new species, described here as Diploneis sudamericana. These two taxa are very similar when analyzed with LM but clearly diff er in the striae and areolae structure. D. sudamericana has uniseriate striae at valve center and biseriate near the valve margin; the alveoli are externally occluded by a unique complex cribrate occlusion. This species also diff ers from others in the areolae of the longitudinal canals and the external proximal raphe ends. Fil: Sala, Silvia Estela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; Argentina Fil: Vouilloud, Amelia Alejandra Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Ficología; Argentina Fil: Heguilor, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Química Ambiental y Biogeoquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a migratory polyphagous pest that causes major damage to economically important cultivated grasses, such as corn. Native to the neotropics in America but recently reported as an invasive pest in Africa and Asia, FAW imposes a serious threat to food security and sustainable crop productivity due to lack of effective management. In this study, the introduction of entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes was explored as an alternative more sustainable management strategy against FAW in corn. The study determined (1) the effect of isolates and inoculation methods on the ability of entomopathogenic fungi to colonize corn plants, and (2) the effect of colonized plants on S. frugiperda survival, development, reproduction, and food preference. Although all tested isolates (twelve of Beauveria bassiana and one each of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium robertsii) colonized inoculated plants, there was a highly significant interaction between isolates and inoculation methods. Highest plant colonization was obtained by Beauveria bassiana isolate (LPSc 1098) using foliar spray. Endophytic B. bassiana caused significant reductions in larval and pupal survival, length of different developmental stages, total S. frugiperda lifespan, and leaf area consumed by third instar larvae. Plant colonization also significantly reduced female longevity, fecundity, and fertility. This is the first report for the negative effects of endophytic B. bassiana on S. frugiperda growth, reproduction, and food preference. Our results highlight the promising potential of incorporating entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes in integrated pest management practices to protect corn against FAW if their efficacy is also confirmed under field conditions.

Five Exodeconus species were phytochemically analyzed. From the aerial parts of E. pusillus, the 7α,27-dihydroxy-1-oxo-22R-witha-2,5,24-trienolide and three other previously unreported normal-type withanolides were isolated. All the studied species had normal type and/or ring-D aromatic withanolides, and some had already been isolated from other Solanaceae genera, and therefore, these compounds are not chemotaxonomic markers at the generic level. The chemical composition of an undescribed Exodeconus species analyzed here supports the designation of this taxon as a new entity. The integral chemical profile of Exodeconus can be evaluated for its taxonomic implication when a more robust phylogeny of Solanaceae is available that allows the phylogenetic relationships with its closest genera to be clarified. Fil: Gutiérrez Nicolás, Fátima. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Casero, Carina Noelia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pacciaroni, Adriana del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Leiva González, Segundo. Universidad Privada Atenor Orrego; Perú Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Nicotra, Viviana Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los Hongos Micorrícicos Arbusculares (HMA) se encuentran asociados, en la naturaleza, con varias especies de antocerotes (Anthocerotophyta). El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer y caracterizar por primera vez la colonización de HMA en Nothoceros fuegiensis (Dendrocerotaceae). Métodos: El material examinado proviene de recolectas realizadas en bosques templados fríos dominados por Nothofagus spp. Las plantas fueron acondicionadas, teñidas y analizadas de acuerdo con técnicas específicas para briofitas. Resultados clave: Se describe por primera vez la asociación micorrícica en N. fuegiensis. Se presenta una descripción breve e ilustración de la planta y de las estructuras características del hongo micorrícico. El porcentaje de colonización es de 9-40%, ocasionalmente ausente, y su tipo morfológico es Paris. Conclusiones: Al describir la asociación entre HMA y un antocerote, N. fuegiensis, se aporta nueva información sobre los registros de asociaciones presentes en diferentes briofitas en ambientes poco conocidos o inexplorados. Background and Aims: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are associated, in nature, with several species of hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). The aim of this study is to describe and characterize for the first time AMF colonization in Nothoceros fuegiensis (Dendrocerotaceae). Methods: The material examined was collected in cold temperate forest dominated by Nothofagus spp. The plants were conditioned, stained and analyzed according to specific techniques for bryophytes. Key results: The mycorrhizal association in N. fuegiensis is described for the first time. A brief description and illustration of the plant and the characteristic structures of the mycorrhizal fungus are presented. The percentage of colonization ranges from 9-40%, occasionally absent and its morphological type is Paris. Conclusions: The association between AMF and a hornwort, N. fuegiensis, is described, thus providing new information on the records of this type of association present in different bryophyte taxa in little-known or unexplored environments. Fil: Cottet, Agustina Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Messuti, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Estrategias de asociaciones entre plantas con hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) podrían ser utilizadas para garantizar una eficiente nutrición de fósforo (P). Sin embargo, se desconoce si prácticas usuales de largo plazo destinadas a la producción de soja en nuestro país, han deprimido el potencial de colonización y de promoción de crecimiento vegetal por las comunidades de HMA nativos. Nuestro objetivo fue cuantificar el aporte en crecimiento, absorción de P y partición de fotoasimilados en soja aportados por HMA nativos de monocultivo de soja de larga duración ante oferta diferencial de P. Se instaló un ensayo en invernáculo durante 60 días con 4 tratamientos (con “+“ y sin “-“ HMA nativos de un monocultivo de soja de larga duración instalado en Córdoba; con “+“ y sin “–“ fertilización con P por aplicación semanal de 15,5 mgP maceta-1). Los HMA nativos colonizaron las raíces de soja y favorecieron su crecimiento aun cuando la oferta de P no fue limitante. La colonización micorrícica intra y extra-radical, así como la oferta de P, favorecieron el crecimiento, la acumulación de P y el contenido y la partición de azúcares en las plantas de soja. Las plantas crecidas en presencia de micorrizas (+HMA) sin oferta de P (-P) mostraron mayor acumulación de materia seca y P. Aunque no se evidenció incremento significativo en la absorción de P por las micorrizas, las plantas en la condición +HMA y +P mostraron respuesta positiva a la micorrización en el crecimiento aéreo. Las plantas que crecieron ante +P y -HMA no fueron las de mayor crecimiento. Esto resalta la importancia de favorecer prácticas de manejo que, combinadas con la fertilización moderada destinada a la reposición de nutrientes, favorezca el mantenimiento de poblaciones de HMA nativas que pueden contribuir a un uso más eficiente de la fertilidad del suelo y favorecer el crecimiento del cultivo de soja., Association strategies between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be used to ensure an efficient phosphorus (P) nutrition. However, it is unknown if current long-term practices of soybean crop production depressed potential for indigenous AMF colonization and growth promotion. Our objective was to assess the contribution on growth, P uptake and photo-assimilate partitioning in soybean. A greenhouse trial (60 days) was installed with 4 treatments (with “+“ and without “-“ AMF indigenous from a long-term soybean crop from Cordoba; with “+“ and without “-“ P fertilization by weekly application of 15.5 mg P pot-1). Indigenous AMF colonized soybean roots and favored plants growth even when the P supply was not limiting. The intra and extra-radical presence of AMF as well as the supply of P, favored the growth, the accumulation of P and the content and the partition of sugars in the soybean plants. Plants that grew in the presence of mycorrhizae (+AMF) without P supply (-P) showed increases in dry matter and accumulated P. Although there was no significant increase in the P uptake by mycorrhizae, plants in the +AMF and +P condition showed a positive response to mycorrhizal colonization in their aerial growth. Plants that grew in the -AMF and +P condition did not show higher growth., Instituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini"

Introduction: The Indeterminate Domain (IDD) proteins are a plant specific subclass of C2H2 Zinc Finger transcription factors. Some of these transcription factors play roles in diverse aspects of plant metabolism and development, however the function of most of IDD genes is unknown and the molecular evolution of the subfamily has not been explored in detail. Methods: In this study, we mined available genome sequences of green plants (Viridiplantae) to reconstruct the phylogeny and then described the motifs/expression patterns of IDD genes. Key results: We identified the complete set of IDD genes of 16 Streptophyta genomes. We found that IDD and its sister clade STOP arose by a duplication at the base of Streptophyta. Once on land, the IDD genes duplicated extensively, giving rise to at least ten lineages. Some of these lineages were lost in extant non-vascular plants and gymnosperms, however all of them were retained in angiosperms, duplicating profoundly in dicots and monocots and acquiring, at the same time, surprising heterogeneity in their C-terminal regions and expression patterns. Conclusions: IDD were present in the last common ancestor of Streptophyta. On land, IDD duplicated extensively originating ten lineages. Later, IDD were recruited by angiosperms where they diversified greatly in number; C-terminal and expression patterns accompanying important aspects of plant body evolution.This study provides a solid framework of the orthology relations of green land plant IDD transcription factors, thus increasing the accuracy of ortholog identification in model and non-model species and facilitating the identification of agronomically important genes related to plant metabolism and development. Fil: Prochetto, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Reinheimer, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral; Argentina

The large body of work on the adaptation of plants to pollinators is still somewhat incomplete because most studies focus on one-to-one interactions. How will adaptation proceed in a multi-pollinator environment? According to Stebbins' Most Effective Pollinator Principle, ‘the characteristics of the flower will be moulded by those pollinators that visit it most frequently and effectively.’ To test this hypothesis, we studied the pollination biology of Pelargonium incrassatum (Geraniaceae) in the Namaqualand Region of Southern Africa. This species has a long floral tube and we expected its most important pollinator to have a long proboscis. Contrary to expectations, the most important pollinator was a short proboscid fly (a new species of Prosoeca), while Prosoeca peringueyi, which had a proboscis that matched the floral tube length, was a rare visitor. Consistent with the high degree of trait mismatching, we did not detect selection on tube length at most sites. The paradox of mismatching traits can be resolved by considering the strength of the trade-off involved. Adaptation to the rare species can apparently occur without incurring the cost of reduced pollination by the abundant species. Generally, species may often evolve specialized morphology if they do not incur the cost of ecological specialization. Fil: Pauw, Anton. University Of Stellembosch; Sudáfrica Fil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Sersic, Alicia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

The Gran Chaco is the largest dry forest in South America. Oneof the key taxa of this biome is the genus Prosopis (Fabaceae)which contains several economically important species. One ofthe characteristics of this genus is its natural capacity toexchange genetic information among congeneric species,generating zones of high morphological and genetic variabilityat contact points. The study and management of these contactareas can contribute to the dynamic conservation of thesenative genetic resources. In this study, we analysed three siteswithin a gradient of land aridity, where P. nigra and P. alba growin sympatry and apparently hybridize. This is the first studyperformed in both, Prosopis pure sites and hybrid swarm,which includes a spatially explicit approach and simultaneouslyanalyses fruit and leaf morphological variation, togetherwith molecular information (microsatellites markers). We performeda multivariate morphological analysis, Bayesian geneticclustering and multivariate associations between geneticand morphological variability in the pure parental populationsand in the hybrid swarm, considering possible spatial autocorrelation.Bayesian cluster analysis revealed two distinct groupscorresponding to each species, differentiating the pure morphotypesfrom sites 1 and 2. Site 3, corresponding to the hybridswarm, was composed of pure P. alba and P. nigra trees andhybrid individuals. We found morphological and molecular evidenceof hybridization between P. alba and P. nigra, and detectednovel phenotypes in the hybrid site. Fil: Vega, Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Fitopatología y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Teich, Ingrid. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios.; Argentina Fil: Acosta, María Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: López Lauenstein, Diego Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Fitopatología y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Verga, Aníbal Ramón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Cosacov Martinez, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Biotic interactions related to the consumption of floral nectar and fruits as food resource by birds promoting plant pollination and dispersal, are essential for forest ecosystem functioning. The daily interaction of birds with Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. (Solanaceae), a shrub-tree, was studied in the Itatiaia National Park and its surroundings. Reproductive phenology was monthly monitored in eighteen individuals in 2015. During flowering (August to November) and fruiting (September to December) the interaction birds-plant was studied. Flowers were visited by seven hummingbird species and several insects. Fruit set was 87.3%. Thirty-five bird species of eleven families consumed its fruit. Thraupidae with sixteen bird species was the family responsible for most of its frugivory (53.9%). Considering that more than 10% of the birds richness of Itatiaia National Park INP interacts with A. arborescens, it can be considered an important plant species in maintaining local bird diverstity. Thus, for attracting many birds, A. arborescens can be used in the process of recovery of degraded areas, and also as a focal plant species for environmental education programs and birdwatching. Fil: Azimoff, Izar. jInstituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Soares, Hudson Martins. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Bernardello, Gabriel Luis Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina

Introducción y objetivos: Urvillea Kunth es un pequeño género americano de arbustos o subarbustos trepadores, raro subarbustos erectos o hemicriptófitos rizomatosos. Se distribuye desde el sudoeste de los Estados Unidos (Texas) hasta el centro de Argentina, siendo Brasil el principal centro de diversidad. Urvillea se caracteriza por su duodicogamia, hojas trifoliadas y flores zigomorfas; usualmente cinco sépalos, cuatro lobos nectaríferos, anteras con una expansión apical del conectivo más o menos conspicua y frutos capsulares subcartáceos o cartáceos. Aunque algunos tratamientos regionales están disponibles, la única revisión exhaustiva del género fue publicada en 1932 por Radlkofer. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión taxonómica basada en colecciones modernas y estudios biosistemáticos. M&M: Se recopilaron datos taxonómicos de la literatura, incluidos estudios filogenéticos, y de observaciones de campo, y se analizaron especímenes de Urvillea de 90 herbarios. Se realizaron observaciones morfo-anatómicas con microscopía estereoscópica, óptica y electrónica de barrido. Resultados: Se reconocieron 20 especies de Urvillea. Se extendió la distribución geográfica para la mayoría de las mismas. Nueve nombres (ocho especies y una forma) fueron lectotipificados y se propusieron cuatro nuevos sinónimos. Además se describió la morfología polínica para todas las especies. Background and aims: Urvillea Kunth is a small American genus of climbing shrubs or subshrubs, rarely erect subshrubs or rhizomatous hemicryptophytes. It is distributed from the southwestern United States to central Argentina, being Brazil the main center of diversity. Urvillea is characterized by its duodicogamy, trifoliated leaves and zygomorphic flowers; usually five sepals, four nectariferous lobes, anthers with a more or less conspicuous apical connective extension, and subchartaceous or chartaceous capsular fruits. Although some regional treatments are available, the only published comprehensive treatment of the genus was done by Radlkofer in 1932. The current work is the most up to date taxonomic revision of Urvillea based on modern collections and biosystematic studies. M&M: Taxonomic data were gathered from the literature, including phylogenetic studies, and from field observations, where specimens from 90 herbaria were analyzed. Morpho-anatomical observations were made with stereoscopic, optical and scanning electron microscope. Results: In this revision, 20 species of Urvillea are recognized. Most species have a wider geographical distribution than previously recognized. Nine names (eight at the species level and one form) are here lectotypified; in addition, four new synonyms are proposed. Furthermore, descriptions of pollen morphology are provided for all species. Fil: Ferrucci, María Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

The invasive species must colonize new habitats away from their native range; therefore, factors affecting plant dispersal play a key role in invasion. The ploidy level and the genome size (or Cx value) can affect the dispersal traits, physiology and ecology of invasive species over a few generations, generating individuals that can face fluctuating environments, exploit new ones and compete with native species. Several studies have demonstrated that invasive species tend to have smaller genomes that their noninvasive congeners, which is explained by the role that the Cx value plays in phenotypic evolution and the ecological tolerance. In order to test this hypothesis, we compare the genome size variation in Argentine populations (invasive range) vs South African populations (native range) of S. madagascariensis. To meet our goals, we estimated the Cx value of invasive populations collected in field trips. While for native populations we considered the available backgrounds. Furthermore, we extracted the bioclimatic variables in order to establish the ecological amplitude in which the genome sizes may be distributed. Our results evidenced larger genomes in the invasive range than in the native one. Furthermore, we propose that large genomes of the invasive populations could be mainly explained by the founder genotypes effect and the anthropogenic introduction of this species to Argentina. In addition, we demonstrated that genotypes with big genomes can tolerate different environmental conditions from those of their native range. Therefore, they could present a greater ability for colonizing new environments. The implications and importance of ploidy level in the invasion of S. madagascariensis are discussed. Fil: Dematteis, Bruno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ferrucci, María Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Ortega Baes, Francisco Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Argentina Fil: Coulleri, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

The genus Gloxinia (Gesneriaceae, Gesnerieae, Gloxiniinae) comprises four species distributed from Nicaragua to Argentina.Historically, Koellikeria major has been problematic to place taxonomically due to the morphological similarity with Gloxiniaerinoides, and as a result is currently treated as a synonym. Here, we present a molecular phylogenetic and morphologicalstudy that allowed us to demonstrate that Koellikeria major is distinct from G. erinoides. As a result, we formally transferKoellikeria major to Gloxinia major. Here G. major is described, illustrated, and compared to morphologically similarspecies. Data on its distribution, habitat, and taxonomic treatment are provided. Fil: Lizarazu, Mabel Angela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Zanotti, Christian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina

Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (Zp), Larrea cuneifolia Cav. (Lc) and Larrea divaricata Cav. (Ld), are shrubs commonly called “Jarillas” and used in Argentinian local communities as medicinal plants. In this work, phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of infusions prepared from aerial parts and mixtures in different proportions, before and after a simulated gastro-duodenal digestion was determined. The main phytochemical groups, protein, sugar and mineral content were analyzed, whereas some chemical markers were quantified by HPLC-DAD. All infusions exhibited antioxidant activity measured by different mechanisms (total reducing power and free radical scavenging). Although the antioxidant potential was lower after passing through the gastro-duodenal digestion process, in some cases an enhancement or synergism was observed. The mixture infusion prepared from 50% Lc, 25% Ld and 25% Zp showed higher antioxidant power after digestion and bioactive component recovery. These beverages could be important sources of antioxidant compounds for the prevention of chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. Fil: Carabajal, Monica Patricia Antonella. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Isla, Maria Ines. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Borsarelli, Claudio Darío. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Zampini, Iris Catiana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina

The effects of plant inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and those resulting from the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonte (MeJA) on total phenolic content (TPC) and monoterpenes in Mentha x piperita plants were investigated. Although the PGPR inoculation response has been studied for many plant species, the combination of PGPR and exogenous phytohormones has not been investigated in aromatic plant species. The exogenous application of SA produced an increase in TPC that, in general, was of a similar level when applied alone as when combined with PGPR. This increase in TPC was correlated with an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Also, the application of MeJA at different concentrations in combination with inoculation with PGPR produced an increase in TPC, which was more relevant at 4 mM, with a synergism effect being observed. With respect to the main monoterpene concentrations present in peppermint essential oil (EO), it was observed that SA or MeJA application produced a significant increase similar to that of the combination with rhizobacteria. However, when plants were exposed to 2 mM MeJA and inoculated, an important increase was produced in the concentration on menthol, pulegone, linalool, limonene, and menthone concentrations. Rhizobacteria inoculation, the treatment with SA and MeJA, and the combination of both were found to affect the amount of the main monoterpenes present in the EO of M. piperita. For this reason, the expressions of genes related to the biosynthesis of monoterpene were evaluated, with this expression being positively affected by MeJA application and PGPR inoculation, but was not modified by SA application. Our results demonstrate that MeJA or SA application combined with inoculation with PGPR constitutes an advantageous management practice for improving the production of secondary metabolites from M. piperita. Fil: Cappellari, Lorena del Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; Argentina Fil: Santoro, Valeria Maricel. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; Alemania Fil: Schmidt, Axel. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; Alemania Fil: Gershenzon, Jonathan. Instituto Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie; Alemania Fil: Banchio, Erika. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Biotecnologia Ambiental y Salud.; Argentina

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería Biológicas Pouteria lucuma es una fruta climatérica, de aroma y sabor agradable, siendo el Perú el principal productor y exportador de esta fruta, no se han estudiado condiciones de almacenamiento post-cosecha que permitan mantener sus propiedades funcionales y sensoriales. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron evaluar la evolución de características fisicoquímicas, metabolitos, capacidad antioxidante y actividad hipoglucemiante, así como los componentes aromáticos, durante la maduración post-cosecha, en dos condiciones de almacenamiento; ambiente (CA; 29 °C y 70 por ciento HR) y cámara climatizada (CC; 15 °C y 90 por ciento HR). En relación a las características fisicoquímicas, el estado de madurez influyó en la acidez, pH, azúcares reductores, almidón, pectina, fibra dietaría, firmeza y color L* a* y hº de la pulpa. El tipo de almacenamiento influyó en los parámetros L* a* y hº del epicarpio, los sólidos solubles fueron mayores en el almacenamiento en condiciones ambientales; en donde también, se obtuvo las mayores pérdidas de peso y calibre. Respecto a las condiciones de almacenamiento la glucosa es el único metabolito que se incrementa en almacenamiento en cámara; mientras que la fructosa, los azúcares alcohol y los aminoácidos (Ala y Val), presentan valores superiores a condiciones ambientales; la sacarosa, ácidos orgánicos, aminoácidos (Tyr, Glu, Asp y Thr), β-caroteno, compuestos fenólicos totales y carotenoides totales no varían según la condición de almacenamiento. Asimismo, la medida de la capacidad antioxidante y la actividad hipoglucemiante disminuyeron significativamente (p 1). Los resultados indicarían que el estado de madurez respecto a la condición de almacenamiento tiene efecto sobre la evolución de la mayoría de los metabolitos primarios y secundarios, así como en las características fisicoquímicas. Pouteria lucuma is a climacteric fruit, with a pleasant aroma and flavor, with Peru being the main producer and exporter of this fruit, without having studied the storage conditions after harvest that maintain its functional and sensory properties. The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the evolution of some physicochemical characteristics, metabolites, antioxidant capacity and hypoglycemic activity, as well as aromatic components, during post-harvest ripening, in two storage conditions; ambient (AC; 29 °C and 70 percent RH) and climatic chamber (CC; 15 °C and 90 percent RH). In relation to the physicochemical characteristics, the state of maturity influenced the acidity, pH, reducing sugars, starch, pectin, dietary fiber, firmness and the color parameters L * a * and hº of the pulp. On the other hand, the storage condition influenced the parameters L * a * and hº of the epicarp, the soluble solids were greater in the storage in ambient conditions, where the greatest weight and gauge losses were obtained with respect to that of chamber storage. Regarding storage conditions, glucose is the only metabolite that increases in chamber storage; while fructose, sugar alcohol and aminoacids (Ala and Val), have higher values than ambient conditions; sucrose, organic acids, amino acids (Tyr, Glu, Asp and Thr), β-carotene, total phenolic compounds and total carotenoids not changed according to storage condition. Likewise, the measure of antioxidant capacity and hypoglycemic activity decreased significantly (p 1). The results would indicate that the state of maturity with respect to the storage condition has an effect on the evolution of most primary and secondary metabolites, as well as on the physicochemical characteristics.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Producción Animal Un estudio se realizó para evaluar el impacto de la fertilización NPK en la asociación de pastos cultivados Dactilys (Dactylis glomerata) y trébol rojo (Trifolium pratense). Se evaluaron 12 tratamientos experimentales a 4350 m.s.n.m. con 2 dosis de nitrógeno 0 y 50 Kg/ha, 3 dosis de fosforo 0, 80 y 160 Kg/ha y 2 dosis de potasio 0 y 30 Kg/ha, bajo un diseño estadístico bloque completo al azar con arreglo factorial. Los parámetros evaluados fueron composición florística, tasa de crecimiento y producción de forraje. Los resultados revelaron que la fertilización con nitrógeno y fosforo mejoró (P < 0.05) la tasa de crecimiento y la producción del forraje. No hubo efecto de la fertilización potásica sobre las variables evaluadas, no detectándose diferencias (P≥ 0.05) de los efectos principales sobre la composición florística del forraje. La prueba de medias revelo efectos significativos con la dosis de fósforo 80 y nitrógeno 50; es decir, dosis medias de nitrógeno y fósforo favorecieron el crecimiento y producción de forraje. El análisis de las interacciones mostro que con la combinación de N 50, P 80 y K 0 obtuvieron los mejores resultados en la producción del forraje siendo superior a los demás tratamientos. Se recomienda evaluar las dosis recomendables en interacción con S y micro elementos claves como el Bo y Mo, en el desarrollo de nódulos y síntesis de nitrógeno. También estimar el incremento en la capacidad de carga como resultado del aumento en la tasa de crecimiento y producción de forraje por efecto de la aplicación de N y P en las dosis recomendadas. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of NPK fertilization on the association of cultivated grasses Dactilys (Dactylis glomerata) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). Twelve experimental treatments were evaluated at 4350 m of elevation with 2 doses of nitrogen 0 to 50 Kg / ha, 3 doses of phosphorus 0, 80 to 160 Kg / ha and 2 doses of potassium 0 to 30 Kg / ha, under a randomized complete block statistical design. Parameters evaluated were floristic composition, growth rate and pasture production. The results revealed that nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization improved (P