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Epidemiology; HIV/HCV coinfection; Spain Epidemiologia; Coinfecció pel VIH/VHC; Espanya Epidemiologia; Coinfección por el VIH/VHC; España Objectives We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015–2018. Methods The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population. This work was supported in part by the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RD16/0025/0017, RD16/0025/0018), which is included in the Spanish I+D+I Plan and is co-funded by the ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER). The sponsors had no role in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication.

Background Recent and reliable estimates on the prevalence of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Europe are lacking. Aim Leveraged on a study designed to assess HIV/HCV coinfection prevalence, we assessed the prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection in Spain in 2018 and compared the results with five similar studies performed since 2002. Methods This cross-sectional prevalence study was carried out in 43 centres, and patients were selected using simple random sampling. The reference population comprised 40,322 patients and the sample size were 1,690 patients. Results The prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection in Spain at the end of 2018 was 3.2%. The prevalence in 2002, 2009, 2015, 2016 and 2017 was 4.9%, 3.4%, 3%, 3.9% and 3%, respectively. Among the HIV/HBV-coinfected patients identified in 2018, 16.7% had cirrhosis according to transient elastography and 26.3% tested positive for antibodies against hepatitis D virus. All HIV/HBV-coinfected patients were receiving drugs with activity against HBV, and 97% of those tested for HBV DNA had an HBV DNA load Conclusions The prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection in Spain remained stable at around 3% for a decade. Our data could facilitate the design of national programmes to control HBV infection and help identify areas of patient management that need improvement.

Estudios de cohortes; VIH; Pérdida de seguimiento Cohort studies; HIV; Lost to follow-up Estudis de cohorts; VIH; Pèrdua del seguiment Background Despite remarkable achievements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), losses to follow-up (LTFU) might prevent the long-term success of HIV treatment and might delay the achievement of the 90–90-90 objectives. This scoping review is aimed at the description and analysis of the strategies used in high-income countries to reengage LTFU in HIV care, their implementation and impact. Methods A scoping review was done following Arksey & O′Malley’s methodological framework and recommendations from Joanna Briggs Institute. Peer reviewed articles were searched for in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science; and grey literature was searched for in Google and other sources of information. Documents were charted according to the information presented on LTFU, the reengagement procedures used in HIV units in high-income countries, published during the last 15 years. In addition, bibliographies of chosen articles were reviewed for additional articles. Results Twenty-eight documents were finally included, over 80% of them published in the United States later than 2015. Database searches, phone calls and/or mail contacts were the most common strategies used to locate and track LTFU, while motivational interviews and strengths-based techniques were used most often during reengagement visits. Outcomes like tracing activities efficacy, rates of reengagement and viral load reduction were reported as outcome measures. Conclusions This review shows a recent and growing trend in developing and implementing patient reengagement strategies in HIV care. However, most of these strategies have been implemented in the United States and little information is available for other high-income countries. The procedures used to trace and contact LTFU are similar across reviewed studies, but their impact and sustainability are widely different depending on the country studied. The project leading to these results (PISCIS Cohort) has received funding from “la Caixa” Banking Foundation under the project code LCF/PR/PR17/51120008. This work is supported by a grant from the Foundation Marató TV3 (project code 239/C/2018) aimed at the analysis of the LTFU patients of the PISCIS Cohort. The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

El presente proyecto se enmarca dentro de la Especialización en Comunicación y Salud de la Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social - Universidad Nacional de la Plata, como una producción de Materiales/Estrategias de comunicación a partir de un análisis de escenario/situación de comunicación desde la perspectiva de la comunicación y la salud. Partiendo del contexto de la complejidad psicosocial del cáncer y de su tratamiento médico en los adolescentes, este proyecto está pensado como un aporte desde la comunicación de la salud, con un sentido educativo, para la adherencia a los tratamientos de los distintos tipos de cáncer en la adolescencia. Dicha estrategia estaría enmarcada dentro del accionar de comunicación de la Fundación POHEMA, una entidad sin ánimo de lucro constituida por los pediatras oncohematólogos de Santiago de Cali, una de las ciudades principales de Colombia, que desarrolla acciones de investigación y educación en dicho ámbito. Como parte del desarrollo del proyecto, fue necesario indagar y analizar los tópicos más significativos del período de adolescencia con relación al diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer. Asimismo, fue preciso, explorar los abordajes teóricos, pedagógicos y comunicacionales desde la perspectiva de la salud para los adolescentes con diagnóstico de cáncer. Lo anterior, mediante una estrategia metodológica que enfatiza en el involucramiento y la participación de los destinatarios, que permitieran definir sobre qué aspectos problematizar y basar la estrategia de comunicación, concretamente, mediante el diseño y ejecución de grupo focal concebido como un taller lúdico con los adolescentes que se encuentran en tratamiento de cáncer y otros, que a su vez, son considerados sobrevivientes o en etapa de remisión completa y que padecieron cáncer en su adolescencia. Además, y de manera importante, se desarrollaron entrevistas con perfiles representativos del equipo médico tratante en oncohematología pediátrica y psicooncología pediátrica, como actores representativos del tratamiento., Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

La caudofagia representa un problema de gran importancia y está presente en la mayoría de las granjas de explotaciones porcinas intensivas a nivel mundial, afectando de forma negativa el bienestar animal y la productividad. Este estudio se llevó a cabo por medio de revisiones bibliográficas, así como observaciones directas en una granja con una explotación porcina intensiva ubicada en Girona, la cual requirió un análisis situacional acerca del bienestar en sus animales, tomando en cuenta que en el pasado tuvo problemas relacionados con caudofagia; sin embargo, durante el trabajo de campo realizado en dicha granja, no se registraron hallazgos de mordeduras (cola, orejas y laterales). Los principales factores de riesgo de las mordeduras de cola están muy ligados a la falta de material de enriquecimiento y suelos de cemento, mala ventilación (fluctuaciones importantes de temperaturas, concentración de amoníaco elevada), densidades altas, problemas gastrointestinales, salud inadecuada, dieta subóptima o desequilibrada, factores individuales (edad, genética). La caudofagia puede tener efectos adversos sobre las características de la canal y la calidad del producto final, reduciendo el tiempo de crecimiento y cebo asociados a problemas de salud, lo cual supone graves pérdidas económicas para el sector de la carne de cerdo por canales dañadas y decomiso de canales al momento del sacrificio. La producción porcina debe manejarse con mucho conocimiento y especialización, de manera que los encargados o el personal de las instalaciones son fundamentales para actuar de forma oportuna y eficaz, enfocándose en el bienestar animal para la correcta prevención de este mal comportamiento, basados en las normas de densidades máximas permitidas con el propósito de minimizar riesgos de aparición de caudofagia, así como lograr la optimización de los recursos. Caudofagia represents a problem of great importance and is present in most farms of intensive pig farms worldwide, negatively affecting animal welfare and productivity. This study was carried out through bibliographic reviews, as well as direct observations on a farm with an intensive pig farm located in Girona, which required a situational analysis about the welfare of its animals, taking into account that in the past it had problems related to tailbug; however, during the field work carried out on the farm, no bite findings (tail, ears and sides) were recorded. The main risk factors of tail bites are closely linked to the lack of enrichment material and cement floors, poor ventilation (significant temperature fluctuations, high ammonia concentration), high densities and large groups, gastrointestinal problems, inadequate health , suboptimal or unbalanced diet, individual factors (age, genetics). Caudofagia can have adverse effects on the characteristics of the carcass and the quality of the final product, reducing the time of growth and baiting associated with health problems, which supposes serious economic losses for the pork sector by damaged channels and seizure of channels at the time of sacrifice. Swine production must be managed with much knowledge and specialization, so that the managers or the personnel of the facilities are fundamental to act in a timely and effective way, focusing on animal welfare for the correct prevention of this bad behavior, based on the norms of maximum allowed densities with the purpose of minimizing risk of the appearance of tailbusting, as well as achieving the optimization of resources.

Tesis (Ingeniero Electricista)--Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, 1991 Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Electricista