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Abstract Although Hepatozoon spp. remains the most prevalent intracellular protozoa infecting snakes, it was reported only in a few snake species of the Colubridae family in Türkiye. Moreover, studies on these hemoparasites are not available in venomous nose-horned vipers from Türkiye. In this study, we investigated Hepatozoon spp. in three individual Vipera ammodytes using morphological and molecular methods. Our results were positive for intraerythrocytic Hepatozoon spp. gamonts in all three snakes, exhibiting low parasitemia. The microscopic findings were further confirmed through molecular data. A genus-specific PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene region of Hepatozoon spp., was performed using HemoF/HemoR and Hep300/Hep900 primers. The obtained sequences were concatenated and used in phylogenetic analyses in comparison with different Hepatozoon species. Although our (OP377741) isolate was separated into a different branch, it was clustered with the isolates of H. massardi (KC342526), H. cevapii (KC342525), and H. annulatum (ON262426) from Brazilian snakes. Moreover, gene similarity and pair-wise distance between our isolate and other Hepatozoon species infecting snakes were found to be 89.30–98.63% and 0.009–0.077, respectively. Hence, we reported a new species of Hepatozoon, namely Hepatozoon viperoi sp. nov. infecting V. ammodytes. Since the literature does not indicate the existence of such a Hepatozoon species in V. ammodytes in different countries, our data may contribute to the expanding knowledge of Hepatozoon species in snakes, providing new insights into the biodiversity of the haemogregarine protozoan parasite.

The introduction of many exotic animal species to environments which are not natural for them with the curiosity of human beings about animal species and the gradual acceleration of both transport among countries and intercontinental transport further threatens the natural communities. In order to investigate the distribution of exotic turtle species Trachemys scripta in Canakkale, field studies were carried out between March and June 2014. Direct observation, detection of species by photographs and capturing by scoop nets and trap-nets were performed during the fieldwork. Trachemys scripta (the red-eared slider) was first recorded in Saricay stream, the Kepez, Kocabas and the Kavak tributaries, in the Canakkale province. It might be stated that this species arrived in the areas where it was detected through antropochore dispersal and may pose a threat to the natural species in the future.

The use of mindfulness-based interventions in many areas is increasing day by day. Having knowledge of the components of mindfulness is also important to know the mechanisms in which mindfulness-based interventions are effective. This study has aimed to examine potential attentional mechanisms of mindfulness. In this context, mindfulness has been defined and attention and attention models have been briefly discussed in the study. Then, the relationship between mindfulness and attention has been examined, and previous research findings examining mindfulness and attention are included. The studies on attention and mindfulness seem to have more inconsistent results when conducted with adults, whereas the studies in adolescents and children seem to have more consistent results revealing that mindfulness-based interventions improve the attentional skills of the youth. Knowing the relationship between mindfulness and attention will aid to maximize the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions and it will be a crucial step in identifying the people that might benefit from mindfulness-based interventions

Abstract Today, resin materials are used in the restoration of permanent and deciduous teeth or as fissure sealants. The materials can contain different types of monomers (Bis-GMA, UDMA, TEGDMA). These monomers can be released into the oral cavity after polymerization. Residual monomers released from resin-containing restorative materials after polymerization have been reported to have negative effects on mechanical properties. The aim of our study is to evaluate the amount of residual monomers released after polymerization of different flowable composite resin materials using two different modes of LED light source. Composite disc samples (8 mm diameter/2 mm depth) prepared for each material group were polymerized using two different modes of the LED light device (Standard mode and extra power mode). HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) device was used to measure the amount of residual monomer release at 1 h, 1 day, 3 days and 7 days periods. Pairwise comparison of the differences between the materials was performed by Post-hoc test. For each residual monomer, the Kruskal Wallis test was used to analyze the difference between the materials in standard mode and the difference between the materials in extra power mode. According to the results of the study; Grandio flow flowable composite showed the highest release of TEGDMA and Bis-GMA while SDR® Flow flowable composite showed the lowest release of TEGDMA, Bis-GMA and UDMA. For all materials, the extra power mode resulted in more residual monomer release. TEGDMA and Bis-GMA release was detected in all tested flowable composites at all time periods.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the stress distributions of a primary molar tooth restored with a stainless steel crown (SSC) using resin and glass ionomer luting cements by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Methods Original DICOM data of a primary molar was used to create a 3D model. One model was prepared as a tooth model with SSC. A 30 μm cement layer was used in model. Two different luting cements were tested in the study: self-cure adhesive resin cement, and glass ionomer cement. Vertical and oblique loads of 330 N were applied to simulate maximum bite force and lateral forces in the occlusal contact areas of the models. Maximum von Mises stress values in the models were evaluated as MPa. Results The maximum von Mises stress value was observed in the force application and general occlusal contact areas for all models. The maximum von Mises stress values were higher in the tooth model with SSC using self-cure adhesive resin cement (478.09 MPa and 214.62 MPa) than in the tooth model with SSC using glass ionomer cement (220.06 MPa and 198.72 MPa) in both vertical and oblique loading, respectively. Conclusions Depending on the magnitude of the bite force on the SSC, fracture of the luting cement materials could occur if the stress exceeds the endurance limit of the luting cement. Cementation with glass ionomer cement may help to reduce stress levels in SSC restorations of primary molars in children.

Determining the existence of the relationship between economic growth, current account deficit, and inflation will guide the selection of policies to be implemented. The distortions that may be caused by the policies to be preferred can be minimized by the measures to be taken if the relations are known. From this point of view, this study is a metaphorical study emphasizing the Bermuda Triangle, which caused unexplained losses due to the name given to the study. In the study, to determine the existence and direction of the relations between the variables, Turkey’s annual growth, current account deficit, and inflation data for the 1974–2020 period were taken and subjected to various analyzes. In this study, carried out from this point of view, to determine the existence and direction of the relations between the variables, the annual growth, current account deficit, and inflation data of Turkey for the 1974–2020 period were taken and subjected to various analyzes. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (1979, 1981) and Philips-Perron (PP) Unit Root tests (1988) and Lee-Strazicich Unit Root Test (2003) were used for stationarity tests. Regression was used since the variables were determined to be stationary at the level and cointegration could not be obtained. The current account deficit changed by 0.181812 units in the negative direction as a result of a one-unit rise in growth, according to the regression analysis (GDP). Furthermore, it has been shown that if inflation increases by one unit, the current account deficit moves in the positive direction by 0.042096 units. Toda Yamamoto Causality Analysis (1995) was used to investigate short-term causality links, and as a consequence, a two-way relationship between GDP and inflation, one-way from GDP and inflation to current account deficit was discovered.

The purpose of this study is to look at femicide from a different perspective, even though it may seem unrelated at first. Accordingly, it investigated the existence of a link between foreign exchange, which was a major cause of the crises and unemployment, and femicide, which was the outcome of violence against women other than murder. The data were acquired from the We Will Stop Femicide Platform and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in light of the study’s goal. According to the findings of the investigation, there is a long-term cointegrating association between the foreign exchange rate and femicide in Turkey. After 22.6 days, the deviation induced by a 1% change in the currency rate could be balanced. This study is notable for approaching femicide from a hitherto overlooked economic perspective, as well as demonstrating that exchange rate changes are “vital” in terms of non-economic reality and public health.

Objective: The Balkan terrapin, Mauremys rivulata, is a freshwater turtle. This reptile is exposed to many environmental pollutants and some infectious agents, including Haemogregarina stepanowi parasite. This study was conducted to determine the microscopic prevalence of haemogregarine infection in M. rivulata caught in three different localities (Bozcaada, Gökçeada, and Dardanos) in Çanakkale province of Turkey, and assessment of some risk factors. Methods: Twenty-four blood samples were collected, thin blood smears were prepared, and the presence of haemogregarine parasites microscopically was screened. Water samples were also taken from the habitats, and these samples were analyzed physiochemically and microbiologically. Results: Morphological identification was made by detecting the sausage-shaped intra-cytoplasmic developmental stages of H. stepanowi, and thirteen of twenty-four turtles (54.2%) were found to be infected. The prevalence of H. stepanowi was detected as the highest (90.0%) in the Gökçeada district, where the water pollution is higher than in the other localities. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the distribution of the infection and the gender of the turtles, the temperature of the water, the number of faecal coliforms in water and the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. A statistically significant difference was found between the localities in terms of the prevalence of H. stepanowi infection, and the infection was primarily detected in the Gökçeada district. Conclusion: This study has significance in providing information regarding haemoparasitic diseases of freshwater turtle, M. rivulata, in Turkey.

Aims:To evaluate the clinical characteristics that distinguish the leiomyoma variants from the ordinary ones, as well as the recurrence risk and patterns of these tumors.Methods:This retrospective, case-control study included women diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma between 2009 and 2019 at a tertiary referral center in Turkey. The clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with cellular leiomyoma (CL), leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei (LBN), mitotically active leiomyoma (MAL), and ordinary leiomyoma (OL) were examined. Disease recurrence and patterns of variants were evaluated.Results:Among the 1,581 women with uterine leiomyoma, the incidence of CL, LBN, and MAL were 2.9%, 1.2%, and 1.3%, respectively. The occurrence for a single mass (63% in CL, 78.9% in LBN, 61.9% in MAL, 38.8% in OL; p=0.001) was more common, and the diagnosis of intramural leiomyoma (67.4% in CL, 73.7% in LBN, 71.4% in MAL, 90.8% in OL; p=0.002) was less frequent in the leiomyoma variant groups compared with the OL group. Recurrent leiomyosarcoma was observed in one woman with MAL.Conclusions:This study showed that single mass rate was higher and intramural leiomyoma rate was lower in leiomyoma variants than in ordinary variants. Although rare, leiomyoma variants carry a risk of malignant recurrence after hysterectomy, suggesting the need for long-term follow-up.

“Coma” is defined as an inability to obey commands, to speak, or to open the eyes. So, a coma is a state of unarousable unconsciousness. In a clinical setting, the ability to respond to a command is often used to infer consciousness. Evaluation of the patient’s level of consciousness (LeOC) is important for neurological evaluation. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most widely used and popular scoring system for neurological evaluation and is used to assess a patient’s level of consciousness. The aim of this study is the evaluation of GCSs with an objective approach based on numerical results. So, EEG signals were recorded from 39 patients in a coma state with a new procedure proposed by us in a deep coma state (GCS: between 3 and 8). The EEG signals were divided into four sub-bands as alpha, beta, delta, and theta, and their power spectral density was calculated. As a result of power spectral analysis, 10 different features were extracted from EEG signals in the time and frequency domains. The features were statistically analyzed to differentiate the different LeOC and to relate with the GCS. Additionally, some machine learning algorithms have been used to measure the performance of the features for distinguishing patients with different GCSs in a deep coma. This study demonstrated that GCS 3 and GCS 8 patients were classified from other levels of consciousness in terms of decreased theta activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to classify patients in a deep coma (GCS between 3 and 8) with 96.44% classification performance.

Amaç: Bu in vitro çalışmanın amacı, farklı tipteki restoratif cam iyonomer simanlara ısı uygulanmasının mikrosızıntı üzerine etkisini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma için toplam 112 adet çürüksüz süt ikinci azı dişinin hem bukkal hem de lingual/palatinal yüzeylerine standart sınıf V kaviteler (4X2X2 mm) açılmış ve dört farklı tipteki restoratif cam iyonomer siman [geleneksel cam iyonomer (GC Fuji IX), rezin modifiye cam iyonomer (GC Fuji II LC), yüksek viskoziteli cam iyonomer (GC EQUIA Fil) ve cam karbomer (GCP Glass Fill)] ile restorasyonlar yapılmıştır. Her restoratif cam iyonomer siman ısı uygulamasına göre 4 gruba (kontrol, 20 s, 40 s ve 60 s ısı uygulaması) ayrılmıştır. Dişler termal siklus uygulanmasını takiben rutin boya ve kesit alımı işlemlerine tabi tutularak stereomikroskop görüntüleri alınmıştır. Mikrosızıntı bir görüntü analiz programı ile (ImageJ) milimetrik olarak ölçülmüştür. İstatistiksel analizler Kruskal-Wallis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov ve Mann-Whitney U testleri ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Tüm restoratif cam iyonomerlerde gingival bölgede okluzal bölgeden daha yüksek mikrosızıntı tespit edilmiştir (p0,05). Her restoratif cam iyonomerin ısı uygulamasna göre ortalama mikrosızıntı değerleri karşılaştırıldığında; hem okluzal hem de gingival bölgede ısı uygulaması mikrosızıntıda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmamıştır (p>0,05). Bununla birlikte, okluzal bölgede cam karbomer (GCP Glass Fill), gingival bölgede ise yüksek viskoziteli cam iyonomer (GC EQUIA Fil) hariç diğer tüm restoratif cam iyonomerlerde 60 s ısı uygulaması yapıldığında mikrosızıntı değerlerinde kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir düşüş tespit edilmiştir (p

Science education, when it is dealt with in terms of subject, activities and target behaviours, is an open area to inquiry and development. However, this case is interpreted from a different point of view in a lot of educational institutions in our country (Turkey). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of “Argument-Based Science Inquiry (ABSI)” approach on the academic achievements of 3rd grade Science Education teacher candidates by applying this approach to the activities and establishing a suitable educational environment, and to reveal their thoughts about it. Mixed methods research has been used in this paper. In the quantitative dimension of the research, a pre-test post-test control group experimental design has been used. At the end of the implementation process, an achievement test has been applied to both groups, and results have been analyzed statistically. The results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results of experimental group, and ABSI approach has a positive effect on student success. In the qualitative dimension of the study, semi-structured interviews have been used with the experimental group’s teacher candidates. Data have been analyzed through content analysis method. In accordance with all findings, it is deduced that the ABSI activities affect the academic achievement of teacher candidates more positively than the classical laboratory practices in Laboratory Practices II class. Keywords: argument-based science inquiry, science laboratory activities, science education, academic success.

Residual monomers are including in the structure of many restorative materials using in dentistry. Remaining unreacted these monomers have dissolved in oral fluids and potential risks for mouth, teeth and surrounding tissues. Especially it is necessary to assesment of biocompatibility and toxic effect, the types and amounts presenting in the composition of resin materials and due to insufficient polymerization. In this article provided general information about residual monomers which can be released from restorative materials used in dentistry and types of residual monomers, biological effects, causes release, factors affecting releasing and presented the test methods used to determine the amount of release. [Med-Science 2015; 4(1.000): 2024-38]

Objectives: To evaluate canal surface changes and the remaining debris/smear after canal preparation, and the subsequent penetration of root canal sealers into dentinal tubules in extracted primary second molars, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The widest roots of 120 recently extracted human primary second molars were used. The roots were randomly distributed into four groups, according to instrumentation techniques [conventional stainless-steel hand files / nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary files] and irrigation solutions [0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 0.9% saline solution/0.4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX)] employed. Surface change, the debris/smear layer remaining after instrumentation/irrigation, and the tubular penetration of root canal sealers [zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE)/Apexit Plus (AP)] were evaluated using SEM. All data were analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: No significant difference was found between the surface changes and debris/smear layer scores based on root canal preparation technique and irrigant solution (P>0.05). ZOE cement was unable to enter dentinal tubules, while AP-based calcium hydroxide was able to gain limited entry to the tubules of some roots, but not others. Conclusions: No differences in canal cleanliness were noted among the instrumentation and irrigant protocols evaluated. AP was found in this SEM study to penetrate the dentinal tubules of prepared primary molar root canals more effectively than ZOE; though, penetration with AP was not noted in every root canal.

Objectives: To examine the success rate of root canal treatment in primary molars with the use two different root canal instrumentation ways, irrigation solutions and root canal sealers. Materials and Methods: Root canal treatment was applied to 120 second primary molars of 69 children between 5-8 years old. The teeth were divided in 8 groups randomly according to instrumentation ways [conventional stainless-steel hand files / Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) rotary files], irrigation solutions [0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 0.9% saline solution combination / 0.4% chlorhehexidine (CHX)] and root canal sealers [Zinc oxide eugenol cement (ZOE) and Apexit Plus (AP)]. All teeth were restored with stainless steel crowns. The teeth were followed 12 months both clinically and radiographically. All data was analyzed statistically by χ2 and Wilcoxon test. Results: Statistical significance were found according to “age” and “root canal sealers” factors on success rate of root canal treatment (p0.05). The clinically and radiographically success rate of ZOE and AP were 98.3% and 68.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Root canal treatment is a successful treatment in primary molars. Ni-Ti rotary files and CHX can be a good alternative for root canal treatment in primary molars. The most effective factor to obtain clinical success of root canal treatment is properties of using root canal sealer.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the emotional content of an event and participants’ perspective on the memory and eye-tracking measurements for central and peripheral de-tails. The data have been collected from 130 undergraduate male students (18- 33 ages). Three series of seven different emotional thematic photographs (positive, negative, neutral) were used. Participants were subjected to only one of the three series, either in his own perspective condition or observer perspective condition. During the presentation of thematic photograph series participants’ eye movements were re-corded. All analysis for memory and eye-tracking measurements were carried out with 3 (Emotional Content: Positive, Negative, Neutral) X 2 (Participants’ perspective: Own perspective, observer perspec-tive) between-subjects factorial ANOVA. The results indicated that although central and peripheral de-tails took almost equal attention in both negative and neutral events, only details of the negative event was remembered better. In addition, when compared to negative and neutral events participants looked longer at positive event’s central details as well as peripheral details, only details of negative event were remembered better. Consequently, memory enhancement effect occured only in negative emotional event both for central and peripheral details, even though participants paid less or equal attention these details. In addition to effects of emotion, it was seen that like autobiographical memory (Nigro and Neisser, 1983) participants’ perspective has also an effect on event memory and attention measured by eye-tracking. According to eye-tracking results looking with his own perspective to the event causes narrowing of attention while looking with observer’s perspective to event causes extending of attention. In memory results it was seen that participants in his own perspective condition remembered central details better than participants in the observer condition. In conclusion, it is observed that enhanced memory for neg-ative emotional event can occur independently of attention, so it could be said that attention is not suffi-cient by itself to remember an event with details, emotional dimension of the event has a decisive role. Additionally, perspective have an effect on attention as well as event memory.

This case report describes a patient with arthritis of the large joints, bilateral sacroiliitis, and positive anti-SSA and anti-dsDNA antibody, who received sulfasalazine and shortly thereafter became critically ill. He developed toxic epidermal necrolysis, hemolytic anemia, lymphopenia, markedly elevated ferritin, and muscle wasting. A diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus was made, and mycophenolate mofetil and systemic glucocorticoids brought this severe disease under control. Toxic epidermal necrolysis-like lesions and hemophagocytic syndrome have been reported as manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. This patient possibly had spondyloarthritis or an undifferentiated connective tissue disease at presentation, and we suggest, based on the timing of events, that sulfasalazine may have acted as a trigger of the severe disease manifestations.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mineral content of sound dentin in primary teeth prepared using an Er:YAG laser at two different power settings. Thirty-six primary second molars were used in this study. Three dentin slabs were obtained from each tooth, and the slabs were randomly divided into three groups: Group A, control; Group B, Er:YAG laser at 3.5 W, 175 mJ, and 20 Hz, short pulse mode; and Group C, Er:YAG laser at 4 W, 200 mJ, and 20 Hz, medium-short pulse mode. One dentin slab per group was used to evaluate the dentinal morphology and surface roughness values using SEM and profilometer, respectively. Mineral content in the dentin slabs were calculated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s HSD tests. No significant differences in Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P levels or Ca/P ratio were found among the groups (P>0.05). SEM micrographs showed that surface irregularities increased with a higher power setting. The surface roughness after laser treatment in Group B and Group C was found to be similar, unlike Group A.

We examined some hematological parameters (red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and plasma total protein) on five anuran species of terrestrial (Pseudepidalea viridis, Pelobates syriacus and Hyla arborea), semi-aquatic (Rana dalmatina) and aquatic (Pelophylax ridibundus) nature from Çanakkale, Turkey. Differences between males and females in terms of haemoglobin, hematocrit and mean cell volume in P. viridis were statistically significant. The RBC count was higher in terrestrial and aquatic species than in semi-aquatic species. Haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV and MHC were higher in terrestrial species than in semi-aquatic and aquatic species. The MCHC values were all similar to each other. The plasma total protein was higher in terrestrial species than in aquatic species. To sum up, variations were detected in the some hematological parameters under examination among the anuran species.