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1. Optimizing nanostructure deposition process for optical applications

Author

Joshua Neilson, Veronica Granata, Ofelia Durante, Christopher Ausbeck, Timothy F. Bennett, Fabrizio Bobba, Marco Cannavacciuolo, Giovanni Carapella, Francesco Chiadini, Riccardo DeSalvo, Roberta De Simone, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Rosalba Fittipaldi, Vincenzo Fiumara, Brecken Larsen, Tugdual LeBohec, Seth Linker, Alberto Micco, Marina Mondin, Bhavna Nayak, Antonio Vecchione, Innocenzo M. Pinto, and Vincenzo Pierro

Subjects
dielectric materials, dielectric thin films, electrodeposition, nanostructured materials, optical films, quartz crystal microbalances, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

Abstract In many physics and engineering applications requiring exceptional precision, the presence of highly reflective coatings with low thermal noise is of utmost significance. These applications include high‐resolution spectroscopy, optical atomic clocks, and investigations into fundamental physics such as gravitational wave detection. Enhancing sensitivity in these experiments relies on effectively reducing the thermal noise originating from the coatings. While ion beam sputtering (IBS) is typically employed for fabricating such coatings, electron beam evaporation can also be utilized and offers certain advantages over IBS, such as versatility and speed. However, a significant challenge in the fabrication process has been the limitations of the quartz crystal monitor used to measure the thickness of the deposited layers. This paper showcases how, through hardware and software upgrades, it becomes achievable to create high‐density coatings with layers as thin as a few angstroms by using electron beam evaporation (OAC75F coater) with a deposition rate of 1 Å/s and ion‐assisted source with a gas mixture of oxygen and argon, using a pressure of about 4 × 10−4 mbar. Furthermore, these upgrades enable the attainment of high levels of precision and uniformity in the thickness of the coatings.

Published
2024
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2. Open data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo

Author

Rich Abbott, Thomas D. Abbott, Sheelu Abraham, Fausto Acernese, Kendall Ackley, Carl Adams, Rana X. Adhikari, Vaishali B. Adya, Christoph Affeldt, Michalis Agathos, Kazuhiro Agatsuma, Nancy Aggarwal, Odylio D. Aguiar, Amit Aich, Lorenzo Aiello, Anirban Ain, Ajith Parameswaran, Gabrielle Allen, Annalisa Allocca, Paul A. Altin, Alex Amato, Shreya Anand, Alena Ananyeva, Stuart B. Anderson, Warren G. Anderson, Svetoslava V. Angelova, Stefano Ansoldi, Sarah Antier, Stephen Appert, Koji Arai, Melody C. Araya, Joseph S. Areeda, Marc Arène, Nicolas Arnaud, Scott M. Aronson, Kg G. Arun, Stefano Ascenzi, Gregory Ashton, Stuart M. Aston, Pia Astone, Florian Aubin, Peter Aufmuth, Kellie AultONeal, Corey Austin, Valerie Avendano, Stanislav Babak, Philippe Bacon, Francesca Badaracco, Maria K.M. Bader, Sangwook Bae, Anne M. Baer, Jonathon Baird, Francesca Baldaccini, Giulio Ballardin, Stefan W. Ballmer, Anna-marie Bals, Alexander Balsamo, Gregory Baltus, Sharan Banagiri, Deepak Bankar, Rameshwar S. Bankar, Juan C. Barayoga, Claudio Barbieri, Barry C. Barish, David Barker, Kevin Barkett, Pablo Barneo, Fabrizio Barone, Bryan Barr, Lisa Barsotti, Matteo Barsuglia, Daniel Barta, Jeffrey Bartlett, Imre Bartos, Riccardo Bassiri, Andrea Basti, Mateusz Bawaj, Joseph C. Bayley, Marco Bazzan, Bence Bécsy, Michal Bejger, Imene Belahcene, Angus S. Bell, Deeksha Beniwal, Michael G. Benjamin, Joe D. Bentley, Fabio Bergamin, Beverly K. Berger, Gerald Bergmann, Sebastiano Bernuzzi, Christopher P.L. Berry, Diego Bersanetti, Alessandro Bertolini, Joseph Betzwieser, Rohan Bhandare, Ankit V. Bhandari, Jeffrey Bidler, Edward Biggs, Igor A. Bilenko, Garilynn Billingsley, Ross Birney, Ofek Birnholtz, Sebastien Biscans, Matteo Bischi, Sylvia Biscoveanu, Aparna Bisht, Guldauren Bissenbayeva, Massimiliano Bitossi, Marieanne A. Bizouard, Kent K. Blackburn, Jonathan Blackman, Carl D. Blair, David G. Blair, Ryan M. Blair, Fabrizio Bobba, Nina Bode, Michel Boer, Yannick Boetzel, Gilles Bogaert, Francois Bondu, Edgard Bonilla, Romain Bonnand, Phillip Booker, Boris A. Boom, Rolf Bork, Valerio Boschi, Sukanta Bose, Vladimir Bossilkov, Joel Bosveld, Yann Bouffanais, Antonella Bozzi, Carlo Bradaschia, Patrick R. Brady, Alyssa Bramley, Marica Branchesi, Jim E. Brau, Matteo Breschi, Tristan Briant, Joseph H. Briggs, Francesco Brighenti, Alain Brillet, Marc Brinkmann, Patrick Brockill, Aidan F. Brooks, Jonathan Brooks, Daniel D. Brown, Sharon Brunett, Giacomo Bruno, Robert Bruntz, Aaron Buikema, Tomasz Bulik, Henk J. Bulten, Alessandra Buonanno, Damir Buskulic, Robert L. Byer, Miriam Cabero, Laura Cadonati, Giampietro Cagnoli, Craig Cahillane, Juan Calderón Bustillo, Jack D. Callaghan, Thomas A. Callister, Enrico Calloni, Jordan B. Camp, Maurizio Canepa, Kipp C. Cannon, Huy-tuong Cao, Junwei Cao, Giovanni Carapella, Franco Carbognani, Santiago Caride, Matthew F. Carney, Gregorio Carullo, Julia Casanueva Diaz, Claudio Casentini, Javier Castañeda, Sarah Caudill, Marco Cavaglià, Fabien Cavalier, Roberto Cavalieri, Giancarlo Cella, Pablo Cerdá-Durán, Elisabetta Cesarini, Oualid Chaibi, Kabir Chakravarti, Chiwai Chan, Manleong Chan, Shiuh Chao, Philip Charlton, Eve A. Chase, Eric Chassande-Mottin, Deep Chatterjee, Mayank Chaturvedi, Hsin-yu Y. Chen, Xu Chen, Yanbei Chen, Hai-ping Cheng, Chi-kit K. Cheong, Hanyu Y. Chia, Francesco Chiadini, Roberto Chierici, Andrea Chincarini, Antonino Chiummo, Gihyuk Cho, Heesuk S. Cho, Min-a Cho, Nelson Christensen, Qi Chu, Sheon Chua, Ka-wai W. Chung, Shinkee Chung, Giacomo Ciani, Pawel Ciecielag, Marek Cieślar, Alexei A. Ciobanu, Riccardo Ciolfi, Francesco Cipriano, Alessio Cirone, Filiberto Clara, James A. Clark, Patrick Clearwater, Sebastien Clesse, Frederic Cleva, Eugenio Coccia, Pierre-francois Cohadon, David Cohen, Marta Colleoni, Christophe G. Collette, Christopher Collins, Monica Colpi, Marcio Constancio Jr., Livia Conti, Sam J. Cooper, Paul Corban, Thomas R. Corbitt, Isabel Cordero-Carrión, Silvia Corezzi, Kenneth R. Corley, Neil Cornish, David Corre, Alessandra Corsi, Stefano Cortese, Cesar A. Costa, Roberto Cotesta, Michael W. Coughlin, Scott B. Coughlin, Jeanpierre Coulon, Stefan T. Countryman, Peter Couvares, Pep B. Covas, David M. Coward, Matthew J. Cowart, Dennis C. Coyne, Robert Coyne, Jolien D. E. Creighton, Teviet D. Creighton, Jonathan Cripe, Michael Croquette, Sgwynne G. Crowder, Jean-rene Cudell, Torrey J. Cullen, Alan Cumming, Rebecca Cummings, Liam Cunningham, Elena Cuoco, Malgorzata Curylo, Tito Dal Canton, Gergely Dálya, Aykutlu Dana, Lara M. Daneshgaran-Bajastani, Beatrice D’Angelo, Stefan L. Danilishin, Sabrina D’Antonio, Karsten Danzmann, Christian Darsow-Fromm, Arnab Dasgupta, Laurence E. H. Datrier, Vincenzo Dattilo, Ishant Dave, Michel Davier, Gareth S. Davies, Derek Davis, Edward J. Daw, Dan DeBra, Malathi Deenadayalan, Jerome Degallaix, Martina De Laurentis, Samuel Deléglise, Matthew Delfavero, Nicola De Lillo, Walter Del Pozzo, Lindsay M. DeMarchi, Virginia D’Emilio, Nicholas Demos, Thomas Dent, Roberto De Pietri, Rosario De Rosa, Camilla De Rossi, Riccardo DeSalvo, Omar de Varona, Sanjeev Dhurandhar, Mario C. Díaz, Mauricio Diaz-Ortiz Jr., Tim Dietrich, Luciano Di Fiore, Chiara Di Fronzo, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Fabrizio Di Giovanni, Matteo Di Giovanni, Tristano Di Girolamo, Alberto Di Lieto, Binlei Ding, Sibilla Di Pace, Irene Di Palma, Francesco Di Renzo, Atul K. Divakarla, Artemiy Dmitriev, Zoheyr Doctor, Fred Donovan, Katherine L. Dooley, Suresh Doravari, Iain Dorrington, Thomas P. Downes, Marco Drago, Jenne C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, Jean-gregoire Ducoin, Peter Dupej, Ofelia Durante, Domenico D’Urso, Sheila E. Dwyer, Paul J. Easter, Graeme Eddolls, Bruce Edelman, Tega B. Edo, Oliver Edy, Anamaria Effler, Phil Ehrens, Johannes Eichholz, Stephen S. Eikenberry, Marc Eisenmann, Robert A. Eisenstein, Aldo Ejlli, Lucianolucianikerrico Errico, Reed C. Essick, Hector Estelles, Dimitri Estevez, Zachariah B. Etienne, Todd Etzel, Matthew Evans, Tom M. Evans, Rebecca E. Ewing, Viviana Fafone, Stephen Fairhurst, Xilong Fan, Stefania Farinon, Benjamin Farr, Will M. Farr, Edward J. Fauchon-Jones, Marc Favata, Maxime Fays, Mariana Fazio, Jon Feicht, Martin M. Fejer, Fangchen Feng, Edit Fenyvesi, Deborah L. Ferguson, Alvaro Fernandez-Galiana, Isidoro Ferrante, Elvis C. Ferreira, Tabata A. Ferreira, Francesco Fidecaro, Irene Fiori, Donatella Fiorucci, Maya Fishbach, Ryan P. Fisher, Rosalba Fittipaldi, Margot Fitz-Axen, Vincenzo Fiumara, Raffaele Flaminio, Erik Floden, Eric Flynn, Heather Fong, Antonio A. Font, Perry Forsyth, Jean-daniel Fournier, Sergio Frasca, Franco Frasconi, Zsolt Frei, Andreas Freise, Raymond Frey, Valentin Frey, Peter Fritschel, Valery V. Frolov, Gabriele Fronzè, Paul Fulda, Michael Fyffe, Hunter A. Gabbard, Bhooshan U. Gadre, Sebastian M. Gaebel, Jonathan R. Gair, Shanika Galaudage, Dhruva Ganapathy, Sharad G. Gaonkar, Cecilio García-Quirós, Fabio Garufi, Bubba Gateley, Sergio Gaudio, Gayathri Gayathri, Gianluca Gemme, Eric Genin, Alberto Gennai, Daniel George, Jogy George, Laszlo Gergely, Sudarshan Ghonge, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, Shaon Ghosh, Bruno Giacomazzo, Joe A. Giaime, Dwayne D. Giardina, Des R. Gibson, Chalisa Gier, Kiranjyot Gill, Jane Glanzer, Jan Gniesmer, Patrick Godwin, Evan Goetz, Ryan Goetz, Niklas Gohlke, Boris Goncharov, Gabriela González, Gopakumar Gopakumar, Sarah E. Gossan, Matthieu Gosselin, Romain Gouaty, Benjamin Grace, Aniello Grado, Massimo Granata, Alastair Grant, Slawomir Gras, Philippe Grassia, Corey Gray, Rachel Gray, Giuseppe Greco, Anna C. Green, Rhys Green, Elizabeth M. Gretarsson, Hannah L. Griggs, G. Grignani, Andrea Grimaldi, Stefan J. Grimm, Hartmut Grote, Steffen Grunewald, Pierre Gruning, Gianluca M. Guidi, Andre R. Guimaraes, Gerard Guixé, Hitesh K. Gulati, Yuefan Guo, Anuradha Gupta, Anchal Gupta, Pawan Gupta, Eric K. Gustafson, Dick Gustafson, Leila Haegel, Odysse Halim, Evan D. Hall, Eleanor Z. Hamilton, Giles Hammond, Maria Haney, Manuela M. Hanke, Jonathan Hanks, Chad Hanna, Mark D. Hannam, Otto A. Hannuksela, Travis J. Hansen, Joe Hanson, Thomas Harder, Terra Hardwick, Haris Haris, Jan Harms, Gregg M. Harry, Ian W. Harry, Raine K. Hasskew, Carl-johan Haster, Karen Haughian, Fergus J. Hayes, James Healy, Antoine Heidmann, Matthew C. Heintze, Joscha Heinze, Henrich Heitmann, Frances Hellman, Patrice Hello, Gary Hemming, Martin Hendry, Siong S. Heng, Eric Hennes, Jan-simon Hennig, Michele Heurs, Stefan Hild, Tanja Hinderer, Sarah Y. Hoback, Sven Hochheim, Elyssa Hofgard, David Hofman, Aaron M. Holgado, Nathan A. Holland, Kathy Holt, Daniel E. Holz, Paul Hopkins, Christian Horst, James Hough, Eric J. Howell, Charlie G. Hoy, Yiwen Huang, Moritz T. Hübner, Eliu A. Huerta, Dominique Huet, Brennan Hughey, Victor Hui, Sascha Husa, Sabina H. Huttner, Rachael Huxford, Tien Huynh-Dinh, Bartosz Idzkowski, Alberto Iess, Henri Inchauspe, Craig Ingram, Giuseppe Intini, Jean M. Isac, Max Isi, Bala R. Iyer, Thibaut Jacqmin, Sameer J. Jadhav, Shreejit P. Jadhav, Alasdair L. James, Karan Jani, Nagaraj N. Janthalur, Piotr Jaranowski, Deep Jariwala, Rafel Jaume, Alex C. Jenkins, Jun Jiang, Grace R. Johns, Aaron W. Jones, Ian I. Jones, Jeff D. Jones, Philip Jones, Russell Jones, Reinier J. G. Jonker, Ju Ju, Jonas Junker, Chinmay V. Kalaghatgi, Vassiliki Kalogera, Brittany Kamai, Shivaraj Kandhasamy, Gungwon Kang, Jonah B. Kanner, Shasvath J. Kapadia, Sudarshan Karki, Rahul Kashyap, Marie Kasprzack, Wolfgang Kastaun, Stavros Katsanevas, Erik Katsavounidis, William Katzman, Steffen Kaufer, Keita Kawabe, Fabien Kéfélian, David Keitel, Azadeh Keivani, Ross Kennedy, Joey S. Key, Sudiksha Khadka, Farit Y. Khalili, Imran Khan, Sebastian Khan, Zaki A. Khan, Efim A. Khazanov, Nandita Khetan, Mohammad Khursheed, Nutsinee Kijbunchoo, Chunglee Kim, Grace J. Kim, Jeongcho C. Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Won Kim, Whansun S. Kim, Young-min Kim, Charles Kimball, Peter J. King, Maya Kinley-Hanlon, Robin Kirchhoff, Jeffrey S. Kissel, Lisa Kleybolte, Sergei Klimenko, Tyler D. Knowles, Philip Koch, Sina M. Koehlenbeck, Gideon Koekoek, Soumen Koley, Veronica Kondrashov, Antonios Kontos, Nico Koper, Mikhail Korobko, William Z. Korth, Manoj Kovalam, Dan B. Kozak, Volker Kringel, Nv V. Krishnendu, Andrzej Królak, Natalie Krupinski, Gerrit Kuehn, Anil Kumar, Prayush Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sumit Kumar, Ling-chi Kuo, Adam Kutynia, Benjamin D. Lackey, Danny Laghi, Emile Lalande, Lam L. Lam, Astrid Lamberts, Michael Landry, Benjamin B. Lane, Ryan N. Lang, Jacob Lange, Brian Lantz, Robert K. Lanza, Iuri La Rosa, Angelique Lartaux-Vollard, Paul D. Lasky, Michael Laxen, Albert Lazzarini, Claudia Lazzaro, Paola Leaci, Sean Leavey, Yannick K. Lecoeuche, Chang-hwan H. Lee, Hyung-mok M. Lee, Hyungwon W. Lee, Joongoo Lee, Kyung-ha Lee, Johannes Lehmann, Nicolas Leroy, Nicolas Letendre, Yuri Levin, Alvin K. Y. Li, Jin Li, Kaye li, Tjonnie G. F. Li, Xiang Li, Frank Linde, Seth D. Linker, Jethro N. Linley, Tyson B. Littenberg, Liu Liu, Xiaoshu Liu, Miquel Llorens-Monteagudo, Ka-lok Lo, Alexandra Lockwood, Lionel T. London, Alessandro Longo, Matteo Lorenzini, Vincent Loriette, Marc Lormand, Giovanni Losurdo, James D. Lough, Carlos O. Lousto, Geoffrey Lovelace, Harald Lück, Diana Lumaca, Andrew P. Lundgren, Ma Yiqiu, Ronaldas Macas, Sean Macfoy, Myron MacInnis, Duncan M. Macleod, Ian O. MacMillan, Adrian Macquet, Ignacio Magaña Hernandez, Fabian Magaña-Sandoval, Ryan M. Magee, Ettore Majorana, Ivan Maksimovic, Asmita Malik, Catherine Man, Vuk Mandic, Valentina Mangano, Georgia L. Mansell, Michael Manske, Maddalena Mantovani, Michela Mapelli, Fabio Marchesoni, Frederique Marion, Szabolcs Márka, Zsuzsanna Márka, Charalampos Markakis, Ashot S. Markosyan, Aaron Markowitz, Ed Maros, Antonio Marquina, Sylvain Marsat, Filippo Martelli, Ian W. Martin, Rodica M. Martin, Valerie Martinez, Denis V. Martynov, Hossein Masalehdan, Ken Mason, Elena Massera, Alain Masserot, Thomas J. Massinger, Mariela Masso-Reid, Simone Mastrogiovanni, Andrew Matas, Fabrice Matichard, Nergis Mavalvala, Emily Maynard, Joshua J. McCann, Richard McCarthy, David E. McClelland, Scott McCormick, Lee McCuller, Stephen C. McGuire, Connor McIsaac, Jessica McIver, David J. McManus, Terry McRae, Sean T. McWilliams, Duncan Meacher, Grant D. Meadors, Moritz Mehmet, Ajit K. Mehta, Elena Mejuto Villa, Andrew Melatos, Gregory Mendell, Adam A. Mercer, Lorenzo Mereni, Kara Merfeld, Edmond L. Merilh, Jonathan D. Merritt, Mourad Merzougui, Syd Meshkov, Chris Messenger, Cody Messick, Remi Metzdorff, Patrick M. Meyers, Fabian Meylahn, Ashish Mhaske, Andrea Miani, Haixing Miao, Ioannis Michaloliakos, Christophe Michel, Hannah Middleton, Leopoldo Milano, Andrewlawrence L. Miller, Meg Millhouse, Joseph C. Mills, Edoardo Milotti, Michael C. Milovich-Goff, Olivier Minazzoli, Yuri Minenkov, Alec Mishkin, Chandra Mishra, Timesh Mistry, Sanjit Mitra, Valery P. Mitrofanov, Guenakh Mitselmakher, Richard Mittleman, Geoffrey Mo, Kentaro Mogushi, Satyanarayan R. P. Mohapatra, Siddharth R. Mohite, Manel Molina-Ruiz, Marina Mondin, Matteo Montani, Christopher J. Moore, Dan Moraru, Filip Morawski, Gerardo Moreno, Soichiro Morisaki, Benoit Mours, Conor M. Mow-Lowry, Simone Mozzon, Federico Muciaccia, Arunava Mukherjee, Debnandini Mukherjee, Soma Mukherjee, Subroto Mukherjee, Nikhil Mukund, Adam Mullavey, Jesper Munch, Erik A. Muñiz, Peter G. Murray, Alessandro Nagar, Ilaria Nardecchia, Luca Naticchioni, Rajesh K. Nayak, Benjamin F. Neil, Joshua Neilson, Gijs Nelemans, Timothy J. N. Nelson, Marina Nery, Ansel Neunzert, Kwan-yeung Y. Ng, Sebastian Ng, Catherine Nguyen, Philippe Nguyen, David Nichols, Shania A. Nichols, Samaya Nissanke, Flavio Nocera, Minkyun Noh, Chris North, Devon Nothard, Laura K. Nuttall, Jason Oberling, Brendan D. O’Brien, Gor Oganesyan, Greg H. Ogin, John J. Oh, Sanghoon H. Oh, Frank Ohme, Hiroaki Ohta, Marcos A. Okada, Miquel Oliver, Christian Olivetto, Patrick Oppermann, Richard Oram, Brian O’Reilly, Rich G. Ormiston, Luis F. Ortega, Richard O’Shaughnessy, Serguei Ossokine, Charles Osthelder, David J. Ottaway, Harry Overmier, Ben J. Owen, Alexander E. Pace, Giulia Pagano, Michael A. Page, Giulia Pagliaroli, Archana Pai, Siddhesh A. Pai, Jordan R. Palamos, Oleg Palashov, Cristiano Palomba, Howard Pan, Pratap K. Panda, Tsun-ho Pang, Chris Pankow, Francesco Pannarale, Brijesh C. Pant, Federico Paoletti, Andrea Paoli, Abhishek Parida, William Parker, Daniela Pascucci, Antonio Pasqualetti, Roberto Passaquieti, Diego Passuello, Barbara Patricelli, Ethan Payne, Brynley L. Pearlstone, Thida C. Pechsiri, Ari J. Pedersen, Mike Pedraza, Arnaud Pele, Steven Penn, Albino Perego, Carlos J. Perez, Perigois Périgois, Antonio Perreca, Stephane Perriès, Jan Petermann, Harald P. Pfeiffer, Margot Phelps, Khun S. Phukon, Ornella J. Piccinni, Mikhael Pichot, Marco Piendibene, Francesco Piergiovanni, Vincenzo Pierro, Gabriel Pillant, Laurent Pinard, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Krzysztof Piotrzkowski, Marc Pirello, Matthew Pitkin, Wolfango Plastino, Rosa Poggiani, Yat-tung T. Pong, Sarah Ponrathnam, Pasquale Popolizio, Ed K. Porter, Jade Powell, Atul K. Prajapati, Kiran Prasai, Raghurama Prasanna, Geraint Pratten, Tanner Prestegard, Maria Principe, Giovanni A. Prodi, Leonid Prokhorov, Michele Punturo, Paola Puppo, Michael Pürrer, Hong Qi, Volker Quetschke, Pedro J. Quinonez, Fred J. Raab, Geert Raaijmakers, Hugh Radkins, Nicholas Radulesco, Peter Raffai, Hanna Rafferty, Sendhil Raja, Rajan Rajan, Binod Rajbhandari, Malik Rakhmanov, Karla E. Ramirez, Antoni Ramos-Buades, Javed Rana, Kaushik Rao, Piero Rapagnani, Vivien Raymond, Massimiliano Razzano, Jocelyn Read, Tania Regimbau, Luca Rei, Stuart Reid, David H. Reitze, Piero Rettegno, Fulvio Ricci, Colter J. Richardson, Jonathan W. Richardson, Paul M. Ricker, Gunnar Riemenschneider, Keith Riles, Monica Rizzo, Norna A. Robertson, Florent Robinet, Alessio Rocchi, Ramon D. Rodriguez-Soto, Loic Rolland, Jameson G. Rollins, Vincent J. Roma, Marco Romanelli, Rocco Romano, Chandra L. Romel, Isobel M. Romero-Shaw, Janeen H. Romie, Caitlin A. Rose, Dakota Rose, Kyle Rose, Dorota Rosińska, Shawn G. Rosofsky, Michael P. Ross, Sheila Rowan, Samuel J. Rowlinson, Palash K. Roy, Santosh Roy, Soumen Roy, Paolo Ruggi, Guntis Rutins, Kyle Ryan, Surabhi Sachdev, Travis Sadecki, Mairi Sakellariadou, Om S. Salafia, Livio Salconi, Muhammed Saleem, Anuradha Samajdar, Eduardo J. Sanchez, Luis E. Sanchez, Nicolas Sanchis-Gual, Jaclyn R. Sanders, Kevin A. Santiago, Edison Santos, Nikhil Sarin, Benoit Sassolas, B S. Sathyaprakash, Orion Sauter, Richard L. Savage, Vaibhav Savant, Disha Sawant, Sihem Sayah, Dean Schaetzl, Paul Schale, Mark Scheel, Jacob Scheuer, Patricia Schmidt, Roman Schnabel, Robert M. S. Schofield, Axel Schönbeck, Emil Schreiber, Bernd W. Schulte, Bernard F. Schutz, Otto Schwarm, Eyal Schwartz, Jamie Scott, Susan M. Scott, Ed Seidel, Danny Sellers, Anand S. Sengupta, Noah Sennett, Daniel Sentenac, Valeria Sequino, Alexander Sergeev, Yoshinta Setyawati, Daniel A. Shaddock, Thomas Shaffer, Selim S. Shahriar, A. Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Peter Shawhan, Hongyu Shen, Minori Shikauchi, Rosalie Shink, David H. Shoemaker, Deirdre M. Shoemaker, Keerti Shukla, Shyamsundar ShyamSundar, Karelle Siellez, Magdalena Sieniawska, Daniel Sigg, Leo P. Singer, Divya Singh, Neha Singh, Ayatri Singha, Akshat Singhal, Alicia M. Sintes, Valeria Sipala, Vasileios Skliris, Bram J. J. Slagmolen, Teresa J. Slaven-Blair, Jiri Smetana, Joshua R. Smith, Rory J. E. Smith, Surendranadh Somala, Edwin J. Son, Siddharth Soni, Borja Sorazu, Viola Sordini, Fiodor Sorrentino, Tarun Souradeep, Eric Sowell, Andrew P. Spencer, Mario Spera, Amit K. Srivastava, Varun Srivastava, Kai Staats, Cosmin Stachie, Mark Standke, Daniele A. Steer, Michael Steinke, Jessica Steinlechner, Sebastian Steinlechner, Daniel Steinmeyer, Dane Stocks, David J. Stops, Madeline Stover, Ken A. Strain, Giulia Stratta, Amber Strunk, Riccardo Sturani, Amber L. Stuver, Sudhagar Sudhagar, Vivishek Sudhir, Tiffany Z. Summerscales, Ling Sun, Sunil Sunil, Ankan Sur, Jishnu Suresh, Patrick J. Sutton, Bas L. Swinkels, Marek J. Szczepańczyk, Matteo Tacca, Simon C. Tait, Colm Talbot, Andres J. Tanasijczuk, David B. Tanner, Duo Tao, Marton Tápai, Amauri Tapia, Enzo N. Tapia San Martin, Jay D. Tasson, Robert Taylor, Rodrigo Tenorio, Lukas Terkowski, Manasadevi P. Thirugnanasambandam, Michael Thomas, Patrick Thomas, Jonathan E. Thompson, Sivananda R. Thondapu, Keith A. Thorne, Eric Thrane, Calley L. Tinsman, Saravanan R. Saravanan, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Srishti Tiwari, Vaibhav Tiwari, Karl Toland, Mauro Tonelli, Zeno Tornasi, Alejandro Torres-Forné, Calum I. Torrie, Iara Tosta e Melo, Daniel Töyrä, Emily A. Trail, Flavio Travasso, Gary Traylor, Maria C. Tringali, Aashish Tripathee, Agata Trovato, Randy J. Trudeau, Ka-wa W. Tsang, Maggie Tse, Rhondale Tso, Leo Tsukada, Daichi Tsuna, Takuya Tsutsui, Margherita Turconi, Amit S. Ubhi, Koh Ueno, Dennis Ugolini, Cs S. Unnikrishnan, Alexander L. Urban, Samantha A. Usman, Andrei C. Utina, Henning Vahlbruch, Gabriele Vajente, Guillermo Valdes, Michele Valentini, M. Vallisneri, Niels van Bakel, Martin van Beuzekom, Jo F. J. van den Brand, Chris Van Den Broeck, Daniel C. Vander-Hyde, Laura van der Schaaf, Joris V. Van Heijningen, Marielle A. van Veggel, Marco Vardaro, Vijay Varma, Steve Vass, Matyas Vasúth, Alberto Vecchio, Gabriele Vedovato, John Veitch, Peter J. Veitch, Krishna Venkateswara, Gautam Venugopalan, Didier Verkindt, Doga Veske, Flavio Vetrano, Andrea Viceré, Aaron D. Viets, Serena Vinciguerra, David J. Vine, Jeanyves Vinet, Salvatore Vitale, Francisco Hernandez Vivanco, Thomas Vo, Helios Vocca, Cheryl Vorvick, Sergey P. Vyatchanin, Andrew R. Wade, Leslie E. Wade, Madeline Wade, Rob Walet, Marissa Walker, Gavin S. Wallace, Larry Wallace, Sinead Walsh, Jonathan Z. Wang, Sibo Wang, Wenhui H. Wang, Yifan F. Wang, Robert L. Ward, Zane A. Warden, Jim Warner, Michal Was, Jennifer Watchi, Betsy Weaver, Li-wei Wei, Michael Weinert, Alan J. Weinstein, Rainer Weiss, Felix Wellmann, Linqing Wen, Peter Weßels, Jonathan W. Westhouse, Karl Wette, John T. Whelan, Bernard F. Whiting, Chris Whittle, Dennis M. Wilken, Daniel Williams, Roy D. Williams, Andrew R. Williamson, Joshua L. Willis, Benno Willke, Walter Winkler, Christopher C. Wipf, Holger Wittel, Graham Woan, Janis Woehler, Jared K. Wofford, Chun-fung Wong, Jennifer L. Wright, David S. Wu, Daniel M. Wysocki, Liting Xiao, Hiro Yamamoto, Le Yang, Yang Yang, Ziyan Yang, Min-jet J. Yap, Maher Yazback, David W. Yeeles, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu, Shingheirobin Yuen, Adam K. Zadrożny, Adam Zadrożny, Michele Zanolin, Tatiana Zelenova, Jean-pierre Zendri, Michael Zevin, Jue Zhang, Liyuan Zhang, Teng Zhang, Chunnong Zhao, Guoying Zhao, Minchuan Zhou, Zifan Zhou, Xingjiang J. Zhu, Aaron B. Zimmerman, Michael E. Zucker, and John Zweizig

Subjects
GWOSC, Scientific databases, Data representation and management, Gravitational Waves, Computer software, QA76.75-76.765
Abstract

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software.

Published
2021
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3. Emergence and Evolution of Crystallization in TiO2 Thin Films: A Structural and Morphological Study

Author

Ofelia Durante, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Veronica Granata, Joshua Neilson, Rosalba Fittipaldi, Antonio Vecchione, Giovanni Carapella, Francesco Chiadini, Riccardo DeSalvo, Franco Dinelli, Vincenzo Fiumara, Vincenzo Pierro, Innocenzo M. Pinto, Maria Principe, and Fabrizio Bobba

Subjects
thin films, TiO2 anatase, crystallization, surface imaging, phonon lifetime, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Among all transition metal oxides, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most intensively investigated materials due to its large range of applications, both in the amorphous and crystalline forms. We have produced amorphous TiO2 thin films by means of room temperature ion-plasma assisted e-beam deposition, and we have heat-treated the samples to study the onset of crystallization. Herein, we have detailed the earliest stage and the evolution of crystallization, as a function of both the annealing temperature, in the range 250–1000 °C, and the TiO2 thickness, varying between 5 and 200 nm. We have explored the structural and morphological properties of the as grown and heat-treated samples with Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffractometry, and Raman spectroscopy. We have observed an increasing crystallization onset temperature as the film thickness is reduced, as well as remarkable differences in the crystallization evolution, depending on the film thickness. Moreover, we have shown a strong cross-talking among the complementary techniques used displaying that also surface imaging can provide distinctive information on material crystallization. Finally, we have also explored the phonon lifetime as a function of the TiO2 thickness and annealing temperature, both ultimately affecting the degree of crystallinity.

Published
2021
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4. Piezoelectricity and charge trapping in ZnO and Co-doped ZnO thin films

Author

Domenico D’Agostino, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Antonio Di Trolio, Anita Guarino, Anna Maria Cucolo, Antonio Vecchione, and Fabrizio Bobba

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Piezoelectricity and charge storage of undoped and Co-doped ZnO thin films were investigated by means of PiezoResponse Force Microscopy and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. We found that Co-doped ZnO exhibits a large piezoelectric response, with the mean value of piezoelectric matrix element d33 slightly lower than in the undoped sample. Moreover, we demonstrate that Co-doping affects the homogeneity of the piezoelectric response, probably as a consequence of the lower crystalline degree exhibited by the doped samples. We also investigate the nature of the interface between a metal electrode, made up of the PtIr AFM tip, and the films as well as the phenomenon of charge storage. We find Schottky contacts in both cases, with a barrier value higher in PtIr/ZnO than in PtIr/Co-doped ZnO, indicating an increase in the work function due to Co-doping.

Published
2017
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6. Exceptional Elasticity of Microscale Constrained MoS2 Domes

Author

Marco Felici, Giorgio Pettinari, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Fabrizio Bobba, Elena Blundo, and Antonio Polimeni

Subjects
Materials science, nanoindentation, adhesion energy, force−distance curves, Nanoindentation, Crystal, bulged membranes, symbols.namesake, Hysteresis, Dome (geology), Breakage, symbols, elasticity, General Materials Science, force-distance curves, two-dimensional materials, van der Waals force, Composite material, Elasticity (economics), Microscale chemistry, Research Article
Abstract

The outstanding mechanical performances of two-dimensional (2D) materials make them appealing for the emerging fields of flextronics and straintronics. However, their manufacturing and integration in 2D crystal-based devices rely on a thorough knowledge of their hardness, elasticity, and interface mechanics. Here, we investigate the elasticity of highly strained monolayer-thick MoS2 membranes, in the shape of micrometer-sized domes, by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation experiments. A dome’s crushing procedure is performed to induce a local re-adhesion of the dome’s membrane to the bulk substrate under the AFM tip’s load. It is worth noting that no breakage, damage, or variation in size and shape are recorded in 95% of the crushed domes upon unloading. Furthermore, such a procedure paves the way to address quantitatively the extent of the van der Waals interlayer interaction and adhesion of MoS2 by studying pull-in instabilities and hysteresis of the loading–unloading cycles. The fundamental role and advantage of using a superimposed dome’s constraint are also discussed.

Published
2021
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7. Role of oxygen vacancies in the structural phase transformations of granular TiO2 thin films

Author

Ofelia Durante, Veronica Granata, Rosalba Fittipaldi, Joshua Neilson, Giovanni Carapella, Francesco Chiadini, Riccardo DeSalvo, Roberta De Simone, Franco Dinelli, Vincenzo Fiumara, Vincenzo Pierro, Innocenzo Mario Pinto, Antonio Vecchione, Fabrizio Bobba, and Cinzia Di Giorgio

Subjects
General Physics and Astronomy, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Published
2023
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9. Effects of cobalt substitution on ZnO surface reactivity and electronic structure

Author

Cinzia Di Giorgio, Aldo Amore Bonapasta, D. D'Agostino, Anna Maria Cucolo, Fabrizio Bobba, Paola Alippi, and Antonio Di Trolio

Subjects
Materials science, Band gap, Fermi level, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, Electronic structure, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Scanning probe microscopy, symbols.namesake, chemistry, Impurity, Phenomenological model, Materials Chemistry, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), ZnO and Co:ZnO surface reactivity, Cobalt
Abstract

We have performed scanning probe microscopy investigations of ZnO and Co-substituted ZnO under dark/UV conditions as well as in air and an ultra-high vacuum environment to shine a light on the change in electronic structure and surface reactivity as a consequence of Zn substitution with Co. We have achieved two major results: first, Co substituting Zn atoms significantly downward shifts by about 400 meV the Fermi level, which is close to the conduction band in the as-grown n-type ZnO. Second, a thoroughly novel result, Co substitution strongly reduces the absorption of negative oxygen species (NOS) at the ZnO surface. These two experimental findings are fully explained by a phenomenological model assuming the formation of Co-defect (Co-D) complexes that induce the appearance of an unoccupied impurity band in the ZnO energy gap. NOS play a central role in both the operating principles of UV photodetectors and applications in nanomedicine. Thus, the inhibiting effect of Co-D complexes on NOS formation has many applicative implications since it suggests that defect-engineering procedures might be devised for realizing nano-patterned Co-doped ZnO surfaces with regions showing different surface properties.

Published
2019
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10. Quantitative magnetic force microscopy using calibration on superconducting flux quanta

Author

Goran Karapetrov, Maria Iavarone, Valentyn Novosad, Fabrizio Bobba, Alessandro Scarfato, Marilena Longobardi, Anna Maria Cucolo, and Cinzia Di Giorgio

Subjects
Permalloy, Materials science, Magnetic monopole, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Electric charge, Quantization (physics), Magnetization, monopole point-probe approximation, quantitative MFM, superconducting vortices, General Materials Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Superconductivity, Condensed matter physics, Mechanical Engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Magnetic flux, 0104 chemical sciences, Mechanics of Materials, Magnetic force microscope, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

We present a new procedure that takes advantage of the magnetic flux quantization of superconducting vortices to calibrate the magnetic properties of tips for magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Indeed, a superconducting vortex, whose quantized flux is dependent upon Plank constant, speed of light and electron charge, behaves as a very well defined magnetic reference object. The proposed calibration procedure has been tested on new and worn tips and shows that the monopole point-like approximation of the probe is a reliable model. This procedure has been then applied to perform quantitative MFM experiments on a soft ferromagnetic thin film of permalloy, leading to the determination of the local out-of-plane component of the canted magnetization, together with its spatial variations across a few μm2 scan area.

Published
2019

11. Nanoscale Measurements of Elastic Properties and Hydrostatic Pressure in H 2 ‐Bulged MoS 2 Membranes

Author

Antonio Polimeni, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Fabrizio Bobba, Giorgio Pettinari, Marco Felici, Anna Maria Cucolo, Yuerui Lu, and Elena Blundo

Subjects
strains, bulged membranes, Membrane, Materials science, 2D materials, adhesion energy, nanoindentation AFM, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Hydrostatic pressure, Composite material, Nanoscopic scale
Abstract

The combination of extremely high stiffness and bending flexibility with tunable electrical and optical properties makes van der Waals transition metal dichalcogenides appealing both for fundamental science and applied research. By taking advantage of localized H2-bulged MoS2 membranes, an innovative approach, based on atomic force microscopy nanoindentation, is demostrated and discussed here, aiming at measuring elastic and thermodynamic properties of nanoblisters made of 2D materials. The results, interpreted in the membrane limit of the Föppl-von Karman equation, lead to the quantification of the internal pressure and mole number of the trapped H2 gas, as well as of the stretching modulus and adhesion energy of the MoS2 membrane. The latter is discussed in the limit of strong (clamped and fully bonded interlayer interface) shear, as experimentally achieved in the investigated H2-bulged 2D blisters. Moreover, this approach allows to quantify the stress, and consequently the strain, locally imposed to the MoS2 membrane by the bulging of the domes

Published
2020
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12. Engineered Creation of Periodic Giant, Nonuniform Strains in MoS 2 Monolayers

Author

Yuerui Lu, Giorgio Pettinari, Fabrizio Bobba, Antonio Polimeni, Elena Blundo, Tanju Yildirim, Marco Felici, and Cinzia Di Giorgio

Subjects
Materials science, engineering, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, MoS monolayers 2, 2D materials, MoS, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, bubbles, monolayers, Mechanics of Materials, Chemical physics, 0103 physical sciences, Monolayer, 2, nonuniform strains, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

The realization of ordered strain fields in 2D crystals is an intriguing perspective in many respects, including the instauration of novel transport regimes and enhanced device performances. However, the current straining techniques hardly allow to reach strains higher than ?3% and in most cases there is no control over the strain distribution. In this work, a method is demonstrated to subject micrometric regions of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS) to giant strains with the desired ordering. Selective hydrogen-irradiation of bulk flakes allows the creation of arrays of size/position-controlled monolayer domes containing pressurized hydrogen. However, the gas pressure is ruled by energy minimization, limiting the extent and geometry of the mechanical deformation of the 2D membrane. Here, a protocol is developed to create a mechanical constraint, that alters remarkably the morphology of the domes, otherwise subject to universal scaling laws, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy. This enables the realization of unprecedented periodic configurations of large strain gradients--estimated by numerical simulations--with the highest strains being close to the rupture critical values (>10%). The creation of such high strains is confirmed by Raman experiments. The method proposed here represents an important step toward the strain engineering of 2D crystals.

Published
2020
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13. Superconducting Vortex‐Antivortex Pairs: Nucleation and Confinement in Magnetically Coupled Superconductor‐Ferromagnet Hybrids

Author

Cinzia Di Giorgio, Domenico D'Agostino, Anna Maria Cucolo, Maria Iavarone, Alessandro Scarfato, Goran Karapetrov, Steven Alan Moore, Massimiliano Polichetti, Davide Mancusi, Sandro Pace, Valentyn Novosad, Volodymir Yefremenko, and Fabrizio Bobba

Subjects
Superconductivity, Physics, magnetic flux vortices, magnetic properties, superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures, Flux pinning, Ferromagnetism, Condensed matter physics, Nucleation, Inductive coupling, Vortex
Published
2017
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14. Erratum Inter Layer Coupling Induced Valence Band Edge Shift in Mono to Few Layer MoS2

Author

Daniel J. Trainer, Aleksei V. Putilov, Cinzia Di Giorgio, Timo Saari, Baokai Wang, Mattheus Wolak, Ravini U. Chandrasena, Christopher Lane, Tay-Rong Chang, Horng-Tay Jeng, Hsin Lin, Florian Kronast, Alexander X. Gray, Xiaoxing Xi, Jouko Nieminen, Arun Bansil, and Maria Iavarone

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Large scale facilities for research with photons neutrons and ions, Erratum, Article
Abstract

Recent progress in the synthesis of monolayer MoS2, a two-dimensional direct band-gap semiconductor, is paving new pathways toward atomically thin electronics. Despite the large amount of literature, fundamental gaps remain in understanding electronic properties at the nanoscale. Here, we report a study of highly crystalline islands of MoS2 grown via a refined chemical vapor deposition synthesis technique. Using high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), photoemission electron microscopy/spectroscopy (PEEM) and μ-ARPES we investigate the electronic properties of MoS2 as a function of the number of layers at the nanoscale and show in-depth how the band gap is affected by a shift of the valence band edge as a function of the layer number. Green’s function based electronic structure calculations were carried out in order to shed light on the mechanism underlying the observed bandgap reduction with increasing thickness, and the role of the interfacial Sulphur atoms is clarified. Our study, which gives new insight into the variation of electronic properties of MoS2 films with thickness bears directly on junction properties of MoS2, and thus impacts electronics application of MoS2.

Published
2017

15. Inter-Layer Coupling Induced Valence Band Edge Shift in Mono- to Few-Layer MoS 2

Author

Cinzia Di Giorgio, A. V. Putilov, Timo Saari, Florian Kronast, Arun Bansil, Tay-Rong Chang, Maria Iavarone, Xiaoxing Xi, Daniel J. Trainer, Horng-Tay Jeng, Ravini U. Chandrasena, Hsin Lin, Baokai Wang, Jouko Nieminen, Christopher Lane, Mattheus Wolak, Alexander X. Gray, Tampere University, Doctoral Programme in Engineering and Natural Sciences, Research area: Computational Physics, Physics, and Research group: Spectroscopies of Complex Materials

Subjects
Materials science, Multidisciplinary, Band gap, business.industry, Large scale facilities for research with photons neutrons and ions, 02 engineering and technology, Chemical vapor deposition, Electronic structure, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Photoemission electron microscopy, Semiconductor, law, 0103 physical sciences, Monolayer, Optoelectronics, Scanning tunneling microscope, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Spectroscopy
Abstract

Recent progress in the synthesis of monolayer MoS2, a two-dimensional direct band-gap semiconductor, is paving new pathways toward atomically thin electronics. Despite the large amount of literature, fundamental gaps remain in understanding electronic properties at the nanoscale. Here, we report a study of highly crystalline islands of MoS2 grown via a refined chemical vapor deposition synthesis technique. Using high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), photoemission electron microscopy/spectroscopy (PEEM) and μ-ARPES we investigate the electronic properties of MoS2 as a function of the number of layers at the nanoscale and show in-depth how the band gap is affected by a shift of the valence band edge as a function of the layer number. Green’s function based electronic structure calculations were carried out in order to shed light on the mechanism underlying the observed bandgap reduction with increasing thickness, and the role of the interfacial Sulphur atoms is clarified. Our study, which gives new insight into the variation of electronic properties of MoS2 films with thickness bears directly on junction properties of MoS2, and thus impacts electronics application of MoS2.

Published
2017

16. Quantitative magnetic force microscopy using calibration on superconducting flux quanta.

Author

Cinzia Di Giorgio, Alessandro Scarfato, Marilena Longobardi, Fabrizio Bobba, Maria Iavarone, Valentyn Novosad, Goran Karapetrov, and Anna Maria Cucolo

Subjects
*MAGNETIC force microscopy, *MAGNETIC traps, *MAGNETIC properties, *SPHEROMAKS, *CALIBRATION, *MAGNETIC flux, *SPEED of light
Abstract

We present a new procedure that takes advantage of the magnetic flux quantization of superconducting vortices to calibrate the magnetic properties of tips for magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Indeed, a superconducting vortex, whose quantized flux is dependent upon Plank constant, speed of light and electron charge, behaves as a very well defined magnetic reference object. The proposed calibration procedure has been tested on new and worn tips and shows that the monopole point-like approximation of the probe is a reliable model. This procedure has been then applied to perform quantitative MFM experiments on a soft ferromagnetic thin film of permalloy, leading to the determination of the local out-of-plane component of the canted magnetization, together with its spatial variations across a few μm2 scan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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