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The aim of this study is the valorization of the Cistus monspeliensis plant, native to North of Morocco, as antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor. Firstly, the plant is extracted by maceration in a mixture of water/acetone solvents. Phytochemical tests are carried out on the extract obtained. The antioxidant power of Cistus monspeliensis extract is evaluated by two methods: the test of reduction of the free radical DPPH∙ (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) and that of Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization are used to study the anticorrosion effect of Cistus monspeliensis extract. The results showed that the extract, 27.6% yield, contains phenolic compounds in the form of flavonoids, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, saponins, reducing sugars and glycosides. This extract has an antioxidant capacity similar to that of ascorbic acid with an inhibition concentration of 0.077 mg/mL 0.102 mg/mL for DPPH and FRAP test, respectively. Tafel plots show that the extract is an excellent cathodic inhibitor. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 92 % was obtained with 0.25 g/L of the inhibitor at 298 k. The impedance plot is characterized by a single capacitive loop attributed to the charge transfer process. The results also showed that the inhibitor acts on the surface of the metal principally by adsorption, leading to the formation of a protective film limiting the corrosion of ordinary steel.

Cistus monspeliensis L. is a species that grows spontaneously in contaminated mining areas of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. This species can accumulate high concentrations of As in the shoots without visible signs of phytotoxicity. In order to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying this tolerance, C. monspeliensis was grown in an Arenosol irrigated with aqueous nutrient solutions containing increasing concentrations of As (0, 1500, 5000, 10000, 15000 µM) and the effects of this metalloid on plant development and on the defence mechanisms against oxidative stress were monitored. Independently of the treatment, As was mainly retained in the roots. The plants with the highest concentrations of As in the shoots (> 5000 µM) showed toxicity symptoms such as chlorosis, low leaf size and decrease in biomass production and also nutritional deficiencies. Most of the studied physiological parameters (pigments, glutathione, ascorbate and antioxidative enzymes) showed significant correlation with As concentration in roots and shoots. Pigments, especially anthocyanins, were negatively affected even in the treatments with the lowest As concentrations. Glutathione increased significantly in roots at low As levels while in shoots this increase occurred in all As treatments. Ascorbate decreased in both tissues with As addition. The highest concentrations of As in shoots of C. monspeliensis triggered defence mechanisms against oxidative stress, namely by inducing the expression of genes coding antioxidative enzymes.

International audience; Insect vectors are key actors of the Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) pathosystem. Studies on their host plants, population dynamics and natural enemies as well as large-scale screening of populations for the presence of Xf are essential to understand and control the bacterium spread across agro-ecosystems. In this communication, we will summarize the studies conducted in Corsica since 2017 using field observations, molecular biology, statistical modeling and species distribution modelling. We will elaborate on results transferable to other European areas and, by contrast, on results indicating situations where a case-by-case management strategy appears more appropriate. We will report on the ecological factors driving the abundance of Philaenus spumarius (Ps), which is mostly associated with Cistus monspeliensis and shows preference for cool but relatively dry conditions. In corsican agrosystems, Ps is not the only vector found on crop foliage and other insects could play a role for disease transmission. Managing C. monspeliensis in the vicinity of agricultural areas may nevertheless constitute a component of prophylaxis of Xf. We will also report on an egg parasitoid of Ps occurring throughout Europe that constitutes a potential control agent to be further evaluated....

The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), is the main vector in Europe of the recently detected plant pathogen bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). While the ecology of continental populations is well documented, nothing is known about the insular populations of P. spumarius, such as in Corsica, where the bacterium was detected in 2015. Hence, in an epidemiological context, the ecology of P. spumarius has been studied in a maquis landscape in the Ajaccio region between 2017 and 2019. Adults and nymphs were almost exclusively collected on Cistus monspeliensis L. (Cistaceae). However, very few specimens were collected in summer, suggesting a movement of the adults to sheltered habitats. Unfortunately, despite several trapping methods used, the location of adult summer habitat remains unknown for the studied population. It might be tempting to destroy the central plant host of P. spumarius populations. However, as spittlebug nymphs are highly polyphagous on low-growing plant species and as the females can lay eggs in any dead plant tissues, such practice could have limited the impact. Instead, the strong relationship between P. spumarius and C. monspeliensis could be used to monitor spittlebug populations, to limit/concentrate the means of insect control, or in an agronomic context to lure insects away from crops. Maintaining natural arboreal vegetation around agronomic systems could help decrease insect abundance – and potentially, pathogen load – on cultivated species. Such hypotheses need to be further studied by landscape experiments.

Metal mining is one of the activities that causes the greatest problems of environmental pollution around the world. The main consequences derived from this activity are the degradation of soils, and alteration/destruction of vegetation, hydrology, fauna, microclimate, topography and landscape quality. In South-East of the Iberian Peninsula is located the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), one of the most important volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits in the world. The opencast and underground mining activities in this area generated large amounts of waste materials with high total concentrations of metal(loid)s. These materials also present other chemical and physical characteristics adverse to plant development such as low pH, water holding capacity, available nutrients and organic matter content, and unfavourable texture. However, some species have developed mechanisms of response to these stress conditions and have colonised spontaneously some contaminated soils/wastes in these areas from the IPB. In this study, we have investigated physiological behaviour of Cistus monspeliensis, a shrub adapted to Mediterranean conditions that grows in several contaminated and non-contaminated areas from the IPB, with the aim whether what are the key drivers for the unravelling of different physiological responses: the origin of the plants or the conditions of the growth medium. For this, seeds of C. monspeliensis were sampled in São Domingos mine (CmSD) and in an uncontaminated area from Caldeirão (CmCald) (SE of Portugal). Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes and subsequently the seedlings from both areas were planted in a contaminated soil developed on a gossan (CS) and in an uncontaminated soil (US) under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Multielemental concentrations were determined in soils (total and available fractions) and plants (shoots). Germination rate, shoot height and dry biomass were measured, as well as pigments, glutathione, ascorbate and H2O2 contents were analysed in plant shoots. Total concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Sb in CS exceed the intervention and maximum limits for ecosystem protection and human health. Preliminary results showed that there were not significant differences in the germination rate among assays (CmSD–CS, CmSD–US, CmCald–CS, CmCald–US). After two months growing, C. monspeliensis from both origins showed slightly higher height and biomass in US than CS. The leaf size did not show significant differences among the different assays. The CmCald plants were adapted to the mine soil conditions without showing toxicity symptoms and with a development similar to CmSD plants. In general, no significant differences were found for pigments among plant-soil assays, while H2O2 content slightly increased in individuals planted in CS soil independently of seeds origin. In addition, the increase of oxidative stress in C. monspeliensis in CS caused the activation of ascorbate and glutathione production to maintain the cell’s redox state. Therefore, our study shows that C. monspeliensis, regardless of its origin, has the ability to tolerate contaminated environments with high total content of metal(oid)s. This statement is a very important point for mine soil recovery plans.This research was supported by ED481D 2019/007 project (Xunta de Galicia) supporting Arenas-Lago D. through his postdoc contract.

Accurate inference in phylogeography requires appropriate sampling strategies. Complex questions demand a large sample size at both the population and genetic levels to obtain precise reconstructions. This is the case of the phylogeographic history of Cistus monspeliensis, a plant that displays low plastid (cpDNA) diversity in the Mediterranean Basin but high diversity in the Canary Islands. Here, we aimed to identify Mediterranean refugial areas and to accurately quantify inter-island colonization events in the Canaries. Using a previous study as starting point, we increased sample size in two ways: (i) additional sampling of plastid genetic markers (from 1041 to 1899 bp); and (ii) additional sampling of populations (from 47 to 69) in long-term persistence areas suggested by species distribution modeling (SDM). The synergy between SDM and extended population sampling helped find higher genetic diversity. Our deeper phylogeographic sampling of C. monspeliensis revealed the following: (i) potential refugia in long-term persistence areas with high cpDNA diversity in western Europe and the Canary Islands; and (ii) a significant increase (from 7 to 12) in the number of inferred inter-island colonization events across the archipelago. Our results stress the usefulness of SDM to identify the genetic signature associated with potential refugial areas. We herein propose a field sampling approach based on SDM that, in combination with a larger cpDNA sampling, can help answer a wide array of phylogeographic questions, such as the location of Quaternary refugia and number of colonizations across archipelagos.

The Mediterranean basin is characterised by increasingly dry summers and the study of the adaptive traits developed by plants living in this stressful environment is of great interest, also in relation to climate projections for this area.Cistus monspeliensis, Myrtus communis and Phillyrea angustifolia are three co-occurring shrubs typical of the Mediterranean maquis. Their functional and physiological parameters were studied in spring, summer and autumn in order to highlight adjustments of these traits and to test eventual different adaptive strategies.Soil and leaf chemical characteristics were determined in the different seasons. Leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, succulence index, pigment contents hydric status and main markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant response were detected.The stressful summer season induced disturbance in hydric balance, decrease in succulence index and chlorophyll content and high contents of hydrogen peroxide. Thanks to higher enzymatic activities and total glutathione content, in the two evergreen species M. communis and P. angustifolia oxidative damage remained at levels equal to or lower than the other seasons. Only in the semideciduous C. monspeliensis both functional and biochemical traits showed a higher stress condition in summer. The higher stability of functional traits in the two evergreen species may be explained by the sclerophyllous nature of their leaves. Four environmental variables – Tmax, Tmin, soil conductivity and organic matter – mostly influenced NMDS segregation of these species. Keywords: Antioxidants, Functional traits, Hydric balance, Hydrogen peroxide, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scale (NMDS), Oxidative stress

Understanding how different combinations of plant functional traits contribute to species fitness is a question of considerable ecological interest, that can give insights into the mechanisms controlling community assembly, and into the processes by which climate change can modify plant community structure and composition. We investigated the changes in cover degree of three shrubs (Cistus monspeliensis, Dorycnium pentaphyllum and Helichrysum microphyllum) growing in a Mediterranean garrigue subjected for 11 years to a reduced rainfall regime, following a conceptual framework based on the two‐phase resource dynamic model: considering the seasonal drought typical of the Mediterranean climate, the two‐phases were identified based on high (pulse phase) and low (interpulse phase) soil water availability. We developed a parameter proportional to the whole plant photosynthesis (plant photosynthetic index, PPI), scaling up the leaf photosynthesis to canopy level, taking into account the different canopy densities and the fluctuations in leaf biomass due to summer leaf shedding. PPI was used to derive plant performance estimators for both pulse (maximum value reached by PPI, PPIₘₐₓ) and interpulse phase (duration of the exhaustion phase, Durₑₚ, when drought constrains PPI below the plant carbon compensation point determining carbon starvation). For each species the ratio between PPIₘₐₓ and Durₑₚ (named PPIᵣₑd) was used as an index of plant performance. The reduced rainfall regime mainly decreased the performances of the dominant species C. monspeliensis, both limiting PPIₘₐₓ and extending Durₑₚ. Under both natural and the manipulated rainfall regime, PPIᵣₑd was proportional to plant success, measured as the cover degree variation rate of the species. This result suggests that a mechanistic approach using functional traits to quantify the different performance of co‐occurring species can be used to investigate 1) the drivers of the medium‐term changes in species abundance and 2) the processes responsible for change in plant community composition under climate change.

Hydrological cycle is expected to become the primary cause of ecosystem's degradation in near future under changing climate. Rain manipulation experiments under field conditions provide accurate picture on the responses of biotic processes to changed water availability for plants. A field experiment, mimicking expected changes in rain patterns, was established in a Mediterranean shrub community at Porto Conte, Italy, in 2001. In November 2011 Cistus monspeliensis, one of the dominating shrub species in the Mediterranean basin, was 13C labelled on plots subjected to extended rain shortage period and on control non manipulated plots. Carbon (C) allocation was traced by 13C dynamics in shoots, shoot-respired CO2, roots, microbial biomass, K2SO4-extractable C and CO2 respired from soil. Most of the recovered 13C (60%) was respired by shoots within 2 weeks in control plots. In rain shortage treatment, 13C remained incorporated in aboveground plant parts. Residence time of 13C in leaves was longer under the rain shortage because less 13C was lost by shoot respiration and because 13C was re-allocated to leaves from woody tissues. The belowground C sink was weak (3–4% of recovered 13C) and independent on rain manipulation. Extended rain shortage promoted C exudation into rhizosphere soil in expense of roots. Together with lowered photosynthesis, this “save” economy of new C metabolites reduces the growing season under rain shortage resulting in decrease of shrub cover and C losses from the system on the long-term.

The objective of this study is to contribute to the promotion of Cistus monspeliensis L (CM) plant as a green inhibitor of mild steel in a hydrochloric acid solution that behaves as a source for ecological guarantee high performance at a cheaper price. The aqueous extract of CM (CMAE) was evaluated by electrochemical method. The solutions attained show that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor dilution and the variation in the inhibitory efficiency depend mainly on the mixture of organic compound present in CMAE (leaves, flowers, and stems) at 0.2 g/l to reach 88%, 81%, and 70%, respectively. The antioxidant activity was also evaluated using the DPPH method. The propriety of inhibitors was identified by FTIR and UV–visible spectrophotometric methods and the surface of mild steel characterized by the SEM method. The possible reactivity performances of the phenolic and flavonoid contents (DPPH, L-AA, GA, and Q) in CMAE were discussed in the framework of DFT analyses.

Cistus salviifolius (L.) and Cistus monspeliensis (L.) are a medicinal shrubs used in traditional medicine in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate possible in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extracts of C. salviifolius (L.) and C. monspeliensis (L.) from Morocco. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using the carrageenan induced paw oedema assay in rats. Further, the in vivo analgesic effect was evaluated using the acetic acid induces writhing and tail emersion tests. The results showed that the aqueous extracts at a dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight caused a significant inhibition of paw oedema (91.57 ± 0.52% and 85.78 ± 0.64% for C. salviifolius (L.) and C. monspeliensis (L.) extracts respectively, 360 min after carrageenan injection) and exhibited analgesic activity in the used nociceptive models. These results demonstrate that the aqueous extracts of C. salviifolius (L.) and C. monspeliensis (L.) possess anti-inflammatory and both central and peripheral analgesic properties, supporting the traditional use of those plants in the treatment of inflammatory ailments.

In the Mediterranean basin the effects of climate warming on ecosystem functioning will strongly depend on the warming intensity directly but also on its effects on evapotranspiration and nutrient cycling. Climate manipulation experiments under field conditions are a source of unique empirical evidence regarding climate-related modifications of biotic processes. A field night-time warming experiment, simulating the predicted near-future increase in ambient temperatures (+0.3 up to 1 °C), was established in a Mediterranean shrub community located in Porto Conte (Italy) in 2001. After 11 years of continuous treatment, we labeled the dominant shrub Cistus monspeliensis with 13CO2 and studied the dynamics of the label allocation between aboveground and belowground pools and fluxes in warmed and ambient plots within 2 weeks of the chasing period. The interactions between C and N metabolism were assessed by parallel labeling of soil with K15NO3. Most of the assimilated 13C was respired by Cistus shoots (28–51%) within two weeks. Cistus under warming respired more 13C label and tended to allocate less 13C to leaves, branches and roots. The higher C and N content in microbial biomass in warming plots, combined with the higher N content in plant tissues and soil, evidenced a greater N mobilization in soil and a better nutrient status of the plants as compared to the ambient treatment. Acceleration of N cycling is probably responsible for higher respiratory C losses, but combined with the reduction in the number of frost days, should also positively affect plant photosynthetic performance. We conclude that, although Cistus plants are already growing in conditions close to their thermal optimum, long-term warming will positively affect the performance of this species, mainly by reducing the nutrient constraints. This positive effect will highly depend on the frequency and amount of rain events and their interactions with soil N content.

A transient state canopy-chamber was developed to monitor CO2 exchange of shrubland ecosystems. The chamber covered 0.64 m2 and it was modular with a variable height. Several tests were carried out to check the potential errors in the flux estimates due to leakages and the environment modifications during the measurements inside the chamber. The laboratory leakages test showed an error below 1% of the flux; the temperature increases inside the chamber were below 1.3 °C at different light intensity and small pressure changes. The radial blowers inside the chamber created different wind speed at different chamber height, with faster speed at the top of the chamber and the minimum wind speed that was recorded at soil level, preventing detectable effects on soil CO2 emission rates. Moreover, the chamber was tested for two years in a semi-arid Mediterranean garrigue, identifying a strong seasonality of CO2 fluxes with the highest rates during spring and lowest rates recorded during the hot dry non-vegetative summer.

After a presentation of the physical characteristics of the island of Cavallo (topography, geology, geomorphology, climate) and of the last and current impacts, its vegetation is described by 28 tables of phytosociological relevés and a detailed map. The description of the communities is carried out in the following order : (1) Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata maquis (Myrto communis-Juniperetum turbinatae), Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus salviifolius communities, Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum garigue ; (2) various grasslands (with Brachypodium retusum, with Agrostis stolonifera, grasslands related to the urbanisation, carpets of Carpobrotus edulis) ; (3) coastal herbaceous communities (beaches, dunes, rocks) ; (4) aquatic and helophytic vegetation (Bolboschoenus maritimus, Schoenoplectus litoralis, Juncus subulatus, Juncus maritimus, Juncus acutus, Sarcocornia perennis, Cressa cretica communities, Phragmites australis reed beds, Tamarix africana formations, Cotula coronopifolia, Elatine macropoda, Salicornia patula, Atriplex prostrata-Symphyotrichum squamatum therophytic populations) ; (5) small size communities associated with rocky outcrops (Helicodiceros muscivorus, Nananthea perpusilla, Asplenium marinum and Asplenium obovatum groups) ; (6) vegetation dominated by not autochtonous species. The conclusion includes the inclusion of communities according to the syntaxonomic scheme, a summary of plant landscape using a geosymphytosociologic analysis, and proposal for vegetation dynamics by distinguishing the permanent communities and the series (sigmeta)., Après une présentation des caractères physiques de l’île de Cavallo (topographie, géologie, géomorphologie, climat) et des impacts passés et actuels, sa végétation est décrite à l’aide de 28 tableaux de relevés phytosociologiques et d’une carte détaillée. La description des groupements est effectuée dans l’ordre suivant : (1) végétation des maquis (Myrto communis-Juniperetum turbinatae), des cistaies à Cistus monspeliensis et à Cistus salviifolius et des fruticées à Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum ; (2) végétation des pelouses (à Brachypodium retusum, à Agrostis stolonifera, pelouses liées à l’urbanisation, tapis de Carpobrotus edulis) ; (3) végétation herbacée littorale (plages, dunes, rochers) ; (4) végétation aquatique et hélophytique (scirpaies à Bolboschoenus maritimus et à Schoenoplectus litoralis, jonçaies à Juncus subulatus, à Juncus maritimus et à Juncus acutus, groupement à Sarcocornia perennis, groupement à Cressa cretica, roselières à Phragmites australis, tamariçaies à Tamarix africana, groupements thérophytiques à Cotula coronopifolia, à Elatine macropoda, à Salicornia patula, à Atriplex prostrata et à Symphyotrichum squamatum) ; (5) groupements de faible extension, à Helicodiceros muscivorus, à Nananthea perpusilla, à Asplenium marinum et à Asplenium obovatum, liés aux thors et aux chaos rocheux ; (6) végétation constituée d’espèces non autochtones de l’île. La conclusion présente l’inclusion syntaxonomique des groupements, un résumé géosymphytosociologique du paysage végétal et une hypothèse sur la dynamique de la végétation en distinguant les groupements permanents et les séries (sigmeta)., Paradis Guilhan, O’Deye-Guizien Kévin, Médail Frédéric. La végétation vasculaire actuelle de l’île de Cavallo (archipel des Lavezzi, Corse) : analyse phytosociologique et phytocartographie. In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 43 n°2, 2017. Le patrimoine naturel de l'île de Cavallo (archipel des Lavezzi, Corse) : écologie, biogéographie et conservation. pp. 35-102.

Cistus monspeliensis L. is a species that grows spontaneously in contaminated mining areas from the Iberian Pyrite Belt. This species can have high concentrations of Zn in the shoots without visible signs of phytotoxicity. In order to understand the physiological mechanisms underlying this tolerance, C. monspeliensis was grown at several concentrations of Zn 2+ (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 µM) and the effects of this metal on plant development and on the defence mechanisms against oxidative stress were evaluated. Independently of the treatment, Zn was mainly retained in the roots. The plants with the highest concentrations of Zn showed toxicity symptoms such as chlorosis, low leaf size and decrease in biomass production. At 2000 µM of Zn, the dry biomass of the shoots decreased significantly. High concentrations of Zn in shoots did not induce deficiencies of other nutrients, except Cu. Plants with high concentrations of Zn had low amounts of chlorophyll, anthocyanins and glutathione and high contents of H 2 O 2 . The highest concentrations of Zn in shoots of C. monspeliensis triggered defence mechanisms against oxidative stress, namely by triggering antioxidative enzyme activity and by direct reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging through carotenoids, that are unaffected by stress due to stabilisation by ascorbic acid.

Mediterranean shrublands are generally water-limited and fire-driven ecosystems. Seed-based post-fire regeneration may be affected by varying rainfall patterns, depending on species sensitivity to germinate under water stress. In our study, we considered the germination response to water stress in four species from several sites across the Mediterranean Basin. Seeds of species with a hard coat (Cistus monspeliensis, C. salviifolius, Cistaceae, Calicotome villosa, Fabaceae) or soft coat (Erica arborea, Ericaceae), which were exposed or not to a heat shock and smoke (fire cues), were made to germinate under water stress. Final germination percentage, germination speed and viability of seeds were recorded. Germination was modelled using hydrotime analysis and correlated to the water balance characteristics of seed provenance. Water stress was found to decrease final germination in the three hard-seeded species, as well as reduce germination speed. Moreover, an interaction between fire cues and water stress was found, whereby fire cues increased sensitivity to water stress. Seed viability after germination under water stress also declined in two hard-seeded species. Conversely, E. arborea showed little sensitivity to water stress, independent of fire cues. Germination responses varied among populations of all species, and hydrotime parameters were not correlated to site water balance, except in E. arborea when not exposed to fire cues. In conclusion, the species studied differed in germination sensitivity to water stress; furthermore, fire cues increased this sensitivity in the three hard-seeded species, but not in E. arborea. Moreover, populations within species consistently differed among themselves, but these differences could only be related to the provenance locality in E. arborea in seeds not exposed to fire cues.

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB; SW of the Iberian Peninsula) is one of the most important volcanogenic massive sulphide ore deposits in the world. Cistus monspeliensis L. is a native woody shrub that grows spontaneously in non-contaminated soils as well as in soils with multielemental contamination from the IPB. In this study, different ecophysiological parameters of C. monspeliensis growing in soils with different levels of metal(loid)s were evaluated to assess the potential of this species for revegetation of degraded areas. Composite samples of plants and rhizosphere soils were sampled in São Domingos and Lousal mines and in a reference area without soil contamination (Pomarão, Portugal) (Portuguese sector of IPB). Classical characterisation of the soils and quantification of their total and available metal(loid) concentrations were done. Multielemental concentration was determined in plants (shoots and roots). Ecophysiological parameters were also determined in shoots: concentrations of pigments (chlorophylls, anthocyanins and carotenoids), antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbate) and hydrogen peroxide as well as activities of several antioxidative enzymes. Although mining soils present high total concentrations of potentially hazardous elements, their available fractions were low and similar among studied areas. Soil pH as well as concentrations of extractable P, total concentrations of As, Cd and Ni and concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sb in the soil available fraction differentiate the studied areas. Only concentrations of Cd, Pb and Sb in roots and shoots were explained by the concentrations of the same elements in the soil available fraction. Although the majority of elements were translocated from roots to shoots, the shoots concentrations were below the toxic values for domestic animals and only As, Mn and Zn reached phytotoxic concentrations. Ecophysiological parameters were similar independently of the studied area. Due to its adaptability, tolerance and standard plant features, C. monspeliensis is a good choice for rehabilitation of soils with multielemental contamination under similar climatic characteristics. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. FCT-UID/AGR/04129/2013 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. SFRH/BPD/85767/2012 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. SFRH/BD/80198/2011 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B 2016/152-0

Terpenes are involved in protection mechanisms against environmental-induced oxidative stresses. In this work we aimed to understand the potential role of terpenes in the response of Cistus monspeliensis to two abiotic stresses, typical of Mediterranean summers, such as drought and warming. Two different experimental setups were established: a long-term mild warming and drought treatment in the field and a more severe warming and drought treatment in laboratory conditions. Terpene emission strongly declined in plants under severe warming, as observed in the laboratory treatment. The decline in terpene emission was paralleled by an increase both in the concentration of the aqueous-phase antioxidant ascorbate and in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Under severe drought, however, terpene emission was maintained even when assimilation and stomatal conductance were completely suppressed. In this case, ascorbate and ascorbate peroxidase activity were much lower than in warming treated plants all along the experiment. Data of our study reveals a possible shift from terpene-mediated to ascorbate-mediated ROS scavenging in plants under high temperature conditions in Cistus plants depending on stress severity. Our results also suggests a coordinated antioxidant response in Cistus under various environmental stress conditions.

Les intoxications végétales chez les ruminants sont assez fréquentes mais elles restent méconnues et d’importance difficile à quantifier du fait de la diversité des plantes toxiques qui en sont responsables. Les impacts des intoxications végétales dans le Bassin méditerranéen devraient être mieux évalués pour les distinguer de ceux causés par des infections. En effet, les vétérinaires établissent difficilement un diagnostic d’intoxication végétale et incriminent souvent les agents infectieux. Il est donc important de réunir un maximum d’informations objectives, ce qui est souvent assez délicat au regard des informations relativement approximatives dans les descriptions des cas. Certaines plantes responsables d’intoxication ont une répartition très large au sud et au nord de la Méditerranée, y compris en France. D’autres sont au contraire relativement spécifiques des milieux désertiques du Maghreb et sont retrouvées notamment en Algérie. Les animaux les plus fréquemment concernés sont les ovins (61,5 p. 100), les bovins (24,7 p. 100), les dromadaires (9 p. 100) et les caprins (4,6 p. 100). Les intoxications rencontrées chez les ruminants sont provoquées par Hyoscyamus muticus spp. falezlez (Coss.) Maire, Ferula communis L., Thapsia garganica, Hypericum crispum L., Tetraena cornuta (Coss.) Beier & Thulin, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Quercus coccifera L., Nerium oleander L., Cistus monspeliensis L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Sorghum drummondii (Stend.) Nees ex Millsp. & Chase, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Malva parviflora L., Oxalis pes-caprae L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Calobota saharae, Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.

Plant poisonings in ruminants are rather common, but they remain little known and difficult to quantify because of the diversity of the toxic plants responsible for them. The impacts of plant poisoning in the Mediterranean Basin should be better evaluated to distinguish them from infectious origins. Indeed, veterinarians find it difficult to reach a diagnosis of plant poisoning and often incriminate infectious agents. It is therefore important to gather plenty of objective information, which often proves difficult given the approximative case descriptions. Some of these toxic plants are very widely distributed south and north of the Mediterranean, including in France. In contrast, others are relatively specific to the desert environment of North Africa and are present in particular in Algeria. The most frequently affected animals were sheep (61.5%), cattle (24.7%), camels (9%) and goats (4.6%). Poisonings encountered in ruminants were caused by Hyoscyamus muticus spp. falezlez (Coss.) Maire, Ferula communis L., Thapsia garganica, Hypericum crispum L., Tetraena cornuta (Coss.) Beier & Thulin, Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Quercus coccifera L., Nerium oleander L., Cistus monspeliensis L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Sorghum drummondii (Stend.) Nees ex Millsp. & Chase, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Malva parviflora L., Oxalis pes-caprae L., Sorghum halepense, Calobota saharae, Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss.

This experimental study is a contribution to the understanding of the phenomena of the wildfire. This work was realized on the dead twigs of Cistus monspeliensis exposed to the heat flux at 50 kW m2 using a cone calorimeter. The experiments were realized on the shrub particles with different thicknesses (range of leaves and twigs: 1–20 mm) in function of the stage of combustion (pre-ignition, flaming, and glowing phases). For this, heat release rate, smoke production rate, smoke extinction area, the aerosol yield ( Ya) via the light extinction measurements, and modified combustion efficiency were measured. The results show that there is a size limit for which the heat release rate had a different combustion behavior. The smoke production rate was also measured, and it showed that smoke was mainly emitted during the pre-heating phase. Aerosol yield ( Ya) was calculated depending on these combustion phases (pre-ignition and flaming stage) and for the range of thickness of the samples.

Cistusgenus (Cistaceae) comprises several medicinal plants used in traditional medicines to treat several pathological conditions including hyperglycemia. These includeCistus salviifoliusL.(CS) andCistus monspeliensisL.(CM), still not fully explored as a source of metabolites with therapeutic potential for human diseases. In this study, the antioxidantα-amylase andα-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory effects of aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts from the aerial parts of Moroccan CS and CM were investigated. Antioxidant activity has been assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Theα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibitory activity has been assessed using an in vitro model. Moreover, mineral and phenolic contents of CS and CM were analyzed. The extracts of both species exhibited potent antioxidant activity in all used systems and possess strong inhibitory effect towardsα-glucosidase (IC50:0.95±0.14to14.58±1.26 μg/mL) and significant inhibitory potential againstα-amylase (IC50:217.10±0.15to886.10±0.10 μg/mL). Furthermore, the result showed high levels of phenolic content and unexpectedly some higher levels of mineral content in CS. The results suggest that the phenolic rich extracts of CS and CM may have a therapeutic potential against diseases associated with oxidative stress and may be useful in the management of hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

The differential degree by which paraheliotropism may counterbalance the deleterious impact of high irradiance between congeneric species in relation to different water availabilities has been poorly investigated. We followed the evolution of gas exchange, quenching analysis and OJIP parameters in restrained (R) and free (F) to move leaves of Cistus monspeliensis (CM) and Cistus salvifolius (CS) under drought stress (WS) and well-watered conditions (WW). Concerning gas exchange parameters, leaf restriction effect was overall not significant in CM except in apparent carboxylation efficiency (Ce) under WS, while CS showed a significant sensitivity of maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs) and Ce even under WW. The recovery analysis highlighted also a faster gs recovery in F leaves. Furthermore, in both the species, restriction affected photon allocation pathways especially in terms of light-regulated and light-independent constitutive non-photochemical energy dissipation under WW, ultimately affecting electron transport rate (ETR). Nevertheless, the OJIP analysis provided us evidences that CM was characterized by a down-regulation of ETR while an impairment occurs in CS. In CM this was due to its ability to modify a certain fraction of reaction centers thus resulting in a higher capability for dissipation of excess light energy under well-watered conditions, not affecting electron transport efficiency. This response was not observed in CS. Overall, we demonstrated that congeneric species, even mostly sharing the same physiological targets, differ in the degree by which leaf movements help to counterbalance the negative effect of the high irradiance in relation with the amount of water available.

Capsule Habitat selection of Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata on Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy) was analysed, considering 1-ha square plots (104 occupied and 104 unoccupied). Dartford Warbler occurrence was positively associated with garrigues, maquis and meadows, whilst the urban areas have a negative effect. The most used vegetation types were the garrigues with Cistus and degraded tall maquis with Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo and Cistus monspeliensis.

International audience; The secondary metabolite composition, antioxidant activities, and microbial inhibition properties of leaves of two Cistus species; C. monspeliensis and C. salvifolius were investigated using three solvent extracts (ethanol, hexane and distilled water). Ethanol extracts were most efficient at extracting phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins compared to hexane and distilled water for both Cistus species. A total antioxidant test (TAA) and two radical scavenging tests (DPPH and ABTS) indicated that the 70% ethanolic extract from C. salvifolius leaves had stronger antioxidant activity compared to the C. monspeliensis 70% ethanol extract, while the aqueous extract of C. monspeliensis was much stronger than the aqueous extract or the 70% ethanol extract of C. salvifolius. Overall, the polar extracts were more active in both species than the non-polar extracts. Thus aqueous ethanol extracts of the leaves of each Cistus species were tested for their ability to inhibit seven pathogenic microbial strains, including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 6017, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Leaf ethanol extracts from both species were active against each microbial species, but the C. monspeliensis leaf ethanolic extract was much more active against several microbial species than that of C. salvifolius. For example, the C. salvifolius 70% ethanol extract showed its highest antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and A. niger (MIC 3.1 mg/ml and MBC 6.3 mg/ml for both), while the C. monspeliensis extract showed much higher overall activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicana. (MIC 6.25 mg/ml and MBC 12.5 mg/ml for all three). In conclusion, maceration with 70% ethanol was the most efficient method for extracting total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins from the two Cistus species, and the aqueous-ethanol extracts displayed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Hence, the aqueous-ethanolic extracts of both species may be considered as potential sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

The secondary metabolite composition, antioxidant activities, and microbial inhibition properties of leaves of two Cistus species ; C. monspeliensis and C. salvifolius were investigated using three solvent extracts (ethanol, hexane and distilled water). Ethanol extracts were most efficient at extracting phenolics, flavonoids and condensed tannins compared to hexane and distilled water for both Cistus species. A total antioxidant test (TAA) and two radical scavenging tests (DPPH and ABTS) indicated that the 70% ethanolic extract from C. salvifolius leaves had stronger antioxidant activity compared to the C. monspeliensis 70% ethanol extract, while the aqueous extract of C. monspeliensis was much stronger than the aqueous extract or the 70% ethanol extract of C. salvifolius . Overall, the polar extracts were more active in both species than the non-polar extracts. Thus aqueous ethanol extracts of the leaves of each Cistus species were tested for their ability to inhibit seven pathogenic microbial strains, including Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 6017, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis , Aspergillus niger , and Candida albicans . Leaf ethanol extracts from both species were active against each microbial species, but the C. monspeliensis leaf ethanolic extract was much more active against several microbial species than that of C. salvifolius. For example, the C. salvifolius 70% ethanol extract showed its highest antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and A. niger (MIC 3.1 mg/ml and MBC 6.3 mg/ml for both), while the C. monspeliensis extract showed much higher overall activity against E. coli , P. aeruginosa and C. albicana. (MIC 6.25 mg/ml and MBC 12.5 mg/ml for all three). In conclusion, maceration with 70% ethanol was the most efficient method for extracting total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins from the two Cistus species, and the aqueous-ethanol extracts displayed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Hence, the aqueous-ethanolic extracts of both species may be considered as potential sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

Clitopilus canariensis is described as a new species belonging to Clitopilus subgenus Rhodophana on the basis of a collection from La Palma, Canary Islands. The new species grows on humus of Cistus monspeliensis and is known from a single site. A photograph of fresh basidiomes of the type-collection and line drawings are provided.