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Objectives:. The standard initial approach in patients with hematuria or other symptoms suggestive of bladder cancer (BC) is a combination of cystoscopy and urine cytology (UC); however, UC has low sensitivity particularly in low-grade tumors. The aim of the present review was to critically analyze and compare results in the literature of promising molecular urinary tests for the initial diagnosis of BC. Methods:. We searched in the Medline and Cochrane Library databases for literature from January 2009 to January 2019, following the PRISMAguidelines. Results:. In terms of sensitivity, ImmunoCyt showed the highest mean and median value, higher than UC. All tests analyses showed higher mean and median sensitivity when compared with UC. In terms of specificity, only UroVysion and Microsatellite analyses showed mean and median values similar to those of UC, whereas for all other tests, the specificity was lower than UC. It is evident that the sensitivity of UC is particularly low in low grade BC. Urinary tests mainly had improved sensitivity when compared to UC, and ImmunoCyt and UroVysion had the highest improvement in low grade tumors. Conclusions:. Most of the proposed molecular markers were able to improve the sensitivity with similar or lower specificity when compared to UC. However, variability of results among the different studies was strong. Thus, as of now, none of these markers presented evidences so as to be accepted by international guidelines for diagnosis of BC.

Introduction: HPV is a DNA virus capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes inducing cell proliferation. An exfoliative cytology as a diagnostic tool for HPV is useful in the diagnosis of several lesions, such as premalignant or malignant oral mucosa. The combination of the use of specific brushes and the liquid based is a potential method for early detection of injuries both in the cervix and in the mouth. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of clinical and cytological changes in the oral cavity of women with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasms (NIC). Material and methods: Sample was divided into case group (G-NIC) (women with squamous cervical intraepithelial lesions) and control group (CG) (women without changes suggestive of high-grade lesions). Women were evaluated for the presence of oral or cervical lesions. A liquid based exfoliative cytology was collected from both regions, were submitted to Papanicolaou staining and classified according to the Bethesda system. 98 women were evaluated, G-NIC=59 and CG=39. Results: The frequency of oral lesions was G-NIC=6.6% and CG=7.5%. They were inflammatory lesions, lichen planus and soft tissue benign tumor. G-NIC oral cytology analysis: 66% negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy, 2% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 32% had processing errors. G-NIC cérvico-vaginal samples: 61% was high-grade intraepithelial lesions, 17% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 22% low-grade intraepithelial lesions. CG showed 92% of oral and 82% of cervical samples was negative to intraepithelial injury and malignancy. Conclusion: There are no clinical and cytological changes in the mouth of women with intraepithelial lesions in the cervical-vaginal region.

Z imunocitokemično (ICK) reakcijo s pomočjo primarnih protiteles določimo antigene (Ag) v vzorcih, odvzetih z aspiracijsko biopsijo s tanko iglo (ABTI), v izlivih, tkivnih vzorcih dezintegriranih bezgavk in drugih citoloških vzorcih. Za dodatna ICK barvanja vzorce lahko pripravimo s citocentrifugo (citospini) ali z enim od aparatov za pripravo tekočinskih citoloških vzorcev. Vzorce, ki jih pripravljamo z aparatom za pripravo tekočinskih citoloških vzorcev, pred pripravo fiksiramo v posebnem transportnem mediju. Z nalogo smo želeli primerjati učinkovitost ICK barvanja citospinov in preparatov, pripravljenih iz citoloških vzorcev, shranjenih v različnih transportnih medijih. Za pripravo slednjih smo uporabili aparat BD Totalys SlidePrep, testirali pa smo 3 transportne medije (CytoRich Red, CytoRich Blue in SurePath). V prvem delu naloge smo na celični liniji MCF-7 testirali rezultate ICK barvanj dveh označevalcev estrogenski receptor (ER) in CK AE1/AE. Na podlagi rezultatov smo se za nadaljevanje naloge odločili za transportni medij CytoRich Red. V drugem delu naloge smo na 10 citoloških vzorcih z ICK metodo določili izraženost 8 označevalcev (ER, CK AE1/AE3, kalretinin, MOC-31, LCA (CD45), TTF-1, MM koktejl, p40). Rezultate ICK barvanj smo ocenili štirje ocenjevalci. Ocenjevali smo reakcijo, intenziteto barvanja, morfologijo celic, kontrastiranje in ozadje. Primerjali smo ohranjenost morfologije in rezultate ICK reakcij na citospinih (C), in na z BD Totalys SlidePrep pripravljenih preparatih (BD). Statistično značilne razlike v ICK reakcijah med C in BD v večini primerov nismo dokazali, zato sklepamo, da so vsi postopki primerni za rutinsko ICK dokazovanje Ag. Immunocytochemical (ICK) reactions are used for detection of cellular antigens with specific primary antybodies on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) samples, effusions, disintegrated lymph nodes tissue samples and other cytological samples. Samples for additional ICK staining can be prepared by cytocentrifuge (cytospins) or by liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimen slide processors. The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of ICK staining on cytospins and slides prepared from LBC samples stored in three different transport media: CytoRich Red, CytoRich Blue and SurePath, and prepared by BD Totalys SlidePrep slide processor. In the first part of the study, we tested the ICK determination of estrogen receptor (ER) and cytokeratin AE1/AE on the MCF-7 cell line cytospins and LBC slides. Based on the results, we choose CytoRich Red transport medium for further experiments. In the second part of the study, the expression of 8 biomarkers (ER, CK AE1/AE3, calretinin, MOC-31, LCA (CD45), TTF-1, MM cocktail, p40) was determined immunocytochemically on 10 cytological samples . The results of ICK staining were evaluated by four evaluators. Reaction (percentage of stained cells), staining intensity, cell morphology, contrast, and nonspecific background were evaluated. Comparison of results of ICK reactions on cytospins (C) and on BD Totalys SlidePrep-prepared preparations (BD) was performed. We did not prove statistically significant differences in ICK reactions between C and BD in most cases, so we conclude that LBC sampes stored in CytoRich Red and prepared by BD Totalys Slide Prep slide processor are suitable for routine ICK staining.

Amaç:Tiroid nodülleri toplumda sık görülmesine karşın bunlarda malignite olasılığı daha azdır. Malign olguların doğru bir biçimde ayırt edilebilmesi için sonografik olarak malignite kuşkulu tiroid nodülüne ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi (İİAB) yapılması günümüzde noninvaziv bir yöntem olarak uygulanmaktadır. Metod:±Hastanemiz radyoloji anabilim dalında 2009- 2012 yılları arasında yapılan tiroid İİAB lerini yeniden değerlendirmeyi, cerrahi uygulanan hastaların sitolojikhistopatolojik bulguları ile US verilerini karşılaştırmayı ve bulguları güncel literatür eşliğinde tartışmayı amaçladık. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 280 hastaya ait 284 nodül alınmıştır. Hastaların 234 tanesi kadın (%83,57), 46 tanesi erkek (%16,42) tir. Kadın erkek oranı 5,08/1 dir. Yaş ortalaması 50,12±10,3 dir. Her hastada patolog tarafından hızlı hasta başı değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Toplam 156 (%54,9) lezyonda 1 kez; 91 (%32,0) lezyonda 2 kez ve 29 (%13,1) lezyonda 3 kez girişim yapılmıştır. Ortalama girişim sayısı 1,55’tir. Her olgu için incelenen lam sayısı ortalama 5,44 adettir. Tanısal olmayan/değerlendirme için yetersiz materyal sayısı 7’dir (%2,5). Hiçbir hastada işlem sırasında veya sonrasında komplikasyon izlenmemiştir (%0). İİAB sonuçlarına göre ameliyat edilen 34 hastanın sitolojik ve histopatolojik tanıları korele edilmiştir. İİAB’nin maligniteyi saptamada doğruluk, özgüllük, duyarlılık, negatif ve pozitif beklenen değerleri sırasıyla %85.00; %86.20; %81.81; %92.59; %69.23 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak tiroid nodüllerine tanı/tedavi yaklaşımında US eşliğinde İİAB testi, hastalığın yönetiminde oldukça güvenilir, non-invaziv bir yöntemdir. Bu testin başarısı sadece sitolojik tanıya ulaşılabilmesi değil olası moleküler testler için de uygun nitelikte örnek elde edilebilmesiyle mümkündür., Aim: Although the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign, a small proportion of them do contain thyroid cancer. In order to differentiate the malignant nodules, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the sonographically suspicious nodule is performed as a noninvasive test. Methods: We aimed to evaluate retrospectively the FNAB procedures done between 2009-2012 in our Radiology Department. We also aimed to correlate the cytologic, Tyroid, Citology, Ultrasonography histopathologic and ultrasonographic findings of the cases which were operated. Results: A total of 284 nodules of 280 patients were included in the study. 234 (83,57%) of the patients were women and 46 of them (16,42%) were men. Mean age of the patients was 50,12±10,3. Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) was done by a pathologist for each case. The number of needle passes was 1 in 156 patients (54,9%), 2 in 91 (32%) and 3 in 29 (13,1%) patients. Mean number of needle passes was 1,55. Seven cases were nondiagnostic (2,5%). No complications was seen for any patient (0%). Cytologic and histopathologic diagnosis for 34 nodules were correlated. The accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, negative and positive predictive values were calculated as 85.00%; 86.20%; 81.81%; 92.59%; 69.23%, respectively. Conclusion: As a conclusion; US-guided FNAB is a reliable test in the management of the patients with thyroid nodules. To achieve the most reliability, it is important to obtain diagnostic and sufficient material for the cytologic diagnosis as well as for the possible future molecular and genetic tests

A presente pesquisa analisa como o processo histórico de construção do conceito de célula é apresentado nos livros didáticos de Biologia aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD). Tal investigação foi desenvolvida com livros da 1a série do Ensino Médio das noves coleções de Biologia aprovadas pelo PNLD 2015, cuja análise é fundamentada na didática da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica (PHC). Para analisar os dados, foi construída uma matriz de análise pautada nos Estatutos Estruturantes da Biologia propostos por Nascimento Júnior (2010), com aspectos técnicos e pedagógicos, que possibilitou compreender a visão de mundo, Ciência e Biologia nesses livros. Os resultados obtidos deixam evidente que a construção do conceito de célula é permeada por meio de uma visão ontológico-mecanicista da Biologia, na qual a Ciência é considerada linear, e a produção científica, uma atividade individual. Com isso, esta pesquisa contribui para desvelar o livro didático como um recurso didático que pode levar a um trabalho docente alienante, já que revela o modo de apresentação do conhecimento, que pode ser acrítico e a-histórico em oposição ao proposto pela PHC. The present research analyzes how the historical process of constructing the concept of a cell is presented in Biology textbooks approved in the National Program Textbook (PNLD). This investigation was developed with books of the first year of high school of the nine Biology collections approved in the PNLD 2015, whose analysis based on the didactics of Historical- Critical Pedagogy (PHC). In order to analyze the data, a matrix of analysis was built based to the Statutes Structuring of Biology proposed by Nascimento Júnior (2010), with technical and pedagogical aspects, that made possible to understand the world view, Science and Biology in these books. The results obtained make it evident that the construction of the cell concept is permeated through an ontological-mechanistic view of biology, in which science is considered linear, and scientific production, an individual activity. Thus, this research contributes to unveiling the textbook as a didactic resource that can lead to an alienating teaching work, since it reveals the presentation mode of knowledge, which can be uncritically and a-historical in opposition to proposed by the PHC. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG

Background: HPV screening has been shown to be more cost-effective than cytology screening under most scenarios. Furthermore, it should be offered only in organized programmes with good quality assurance mechanisms. This study analyses the comparative cost of the current policy of opportunistic cytology screening vs. a hypothetical organized programme based on primary HPV screening. Methods: Total cervical cancer expenditure was defined as the sum of three cost elements: (i) direct (medical and non-medical) costs, obtained from a calibrated Markov model of the natural history of HPV and cervical cancer; (ii) programmatic costs, estimated based on other organized screening programmes; and (iii) indirect costs, extrapolated from previously published data. Results: Organized HPV screening at 5-year intervals costs consistently less across all coverage levels than opportunistic cytology screening at 3-year intervals. The current annual direct medical cost to the public health system of the opportunistic cytology at 40% coverage is estimated at (sic)33.2 per woman screened aged 25-64. Under an organized programme of primary HPV screening at 70% coverage, the cost is estimated to be (sic)18.4 per woman screened aged 25-64. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the economic resources currently devoted to providing opportunistic cytology screening to 40% of the target population at 3-year intervals could be more effectively used to screen 70% of the target population at 5-year intervals by switching to an organized programme based on primary HPV screening. This finding is of relevance to other European countries or regions with similar screening policies and health infrastructures.

[eng] CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor originally discovered and cloned in leukocytes that functions by controling the migration to the inflammatory foci. The CXCR4 chemokine receptor and its ligand, SDF-1α (also named CXCL12), are two important molecules involved in the crosstalk between cancer cells and the microenvironment, which has a relevant role in tumour progression, and consequently are considered as promising targets for cancer therapy. The CXCR4/SDF-1α axis is implicated in the expansion and progression of a wide variety of tumors, including prostate, oesophageal, and liver cancer, among others. Moreover, the CXCR4/SDF-1α axis has been also related to other processes of tumor development such as initiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, invasion and cell survival. Thus tumors expressing high levels of CXCR4 are correlated with a poor prognosis of the patient. Intracellular trafficking pathways that control CXCR4 export to the plasma membrane are a key regulatory point of CXCR4 function, especially those that regulate trafficking through the endosomal bodies, whose role as a cell signaling platforms could be determinant for the polarized expression of CXCR4. Our group has previously reported that TGF-β regulates CXCR4 expression and its asymmetrical distribution within the cell in the alleged migration front. The general aim of this project is to analyze the mechanisms regulating the asymmetric export of CXCR4 to the plasma membrane of HCC cells and their possible correlation with the mechanisms that control cell polarity. CXCR4 is expressed in the cell surface of PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B human HCC cell lines but significant higher levels are found in intracellular compartments. TGF-β pathway blockade reduces cell surface localization of CXCR4 in Hep3B cells, which display mesenchymal features for which an overactivation of TGF-β pathway has been previously described. CXCR4 reaches plasma membrane through the Golgi-AP1-exocyst axis and requires the functionality of the exocyst complex for tethering of the exocytic vesicle to the plasma membrane. CXCR4 is internalized through different endocytic pathways depending on the epithelial or mesenchymal profile of the PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B HCC cells. While epithelial-like HCC cells internalize CXCR4 through dynamin-dependent pathways, concretely clathrin- and caveolin-dependent pathways, HCC cells displaying some mesenchymal characteristics use dynamin-independent endocytosis mechanisms, particularly macropinocytosis. SDF-1α induces the internalization of CXCR4 from plasma membrane to recycling endosomes. A common Rab11+ recycling pathway is used by HCC cells while a rapid Rab4+/Rab5+ recycling pathway is only used by HCC cells with an epithelial-like phenotype. Otherwise, EMT can be induced by affecting the expression and function of Par3 and Par6 proteins, but mechanisms regulating Par proteins remain obscure. Here we found out that the loss of Par3 in PLC/PRF/5 cells implies a disruption of tight junctions, as could be expected, but also a disruption of adherens junctions. Furthermore, none of the analyzed EMT transcription factors were up-regulated after Par3-silencing while vimentin expression behaved as expected after TGF-β treatment, indicating that the loss of Par3 may trigger an EMT process independently of classical EMT transcription factors. Finally, the loss of Par3 facilitates migration of epithelial PLC/PRF/5 cells. However, TGF-β- induced cell motility was found to triplicate the migratory ability of PLC/PRF/5 cells when compared to the Par3-silenced ones. This data fits with the fact that the down-regulation of Par3 is able to disrupt cell-cell junctions and decrease epithelial marker levels but it is unable to induce mesenchymal features, contrary to TGF-β-treated cells, which actually increased vimentin mRNA levels. Taken together, it is suggested that additional mechanisms needed for a fully efficient migration that are triggered by TGF-β are not regulated by Par3., [spa] CXCR4 es un receptor de quimiocinas implicado en procesos fisiológicos, como la homeostasis del sistema inmune y la hematopoyesis, así como en procesos patológicos, destacando su papel como inductor de la migración celular en respuesta a gradientes de SDF-1alfa, su ligando específico, en células tumorales. El tráfico intracelular de los receptores de membrana constituye uno de los mecanismos de regulación de su actividad. Asimismo, los mecanismos que controlan la polaridad celular son determinantes en la localización y, consecuentemente, en la actividad de los receptores. Se ha descrito que TGF-β juega un papel determinante en la regulación tanto del tráfico intracelular como de la polaridad celular. En este trabajo se analizan los mecanismos que regulan la exportación asimétrica de CXCR4 en la membrana plasmática de células de carcinoma hepatocelular celular (CHC) humano y su correlación con los mecanismos que controlan la polaridad celular. Describimos que CXCR4 se encuentra en la superficie celular de células de CHC aunque se localiza mayoritariamente en compartimentos intracelulares. La sobreactivación de la vía del TGF-β promueve la localización de CXCR4 en la superficie celular. Asimismo, se describe la vía exocítica de CXCR4 en células de CHC, viajando a través del eje Golgi-AP1- exocisto. Además, se demuestra la necesidad de la funcionalidad del exocisto en el anclaje de la vesícula exocítica en la membrana plasmática para la exportación de CXCR4. También se analizan las vías de internalización de CXCR4, observándose que las células PLC/PRF/5, con un perfil epitelial, utilizan la vía dinamina-dependiente; mientras que las Hep3B, con características mesenquimales, utilizan la macropinocitosis como vía endocítica. SDF-1alfa provoca la internalización de CXCR4 y su posterior reciclaje a través de vesículas Rab11-positivas en ambas líneas celulares, pero sólo en las PLC/PRF/5 se observa reciclaje (rápido) por la vía de Rab4. Otro aspecto relevante es la regulación de la localización subcelular de PAR3 por TGF-β dependiendo de las características epiteliales/mesenquimales de las células de CHC. La inhibición de la vía del TGF-β en células mesenquimales promueve la localización de PAR3 en la membrana plasmática coincidiendo con la formación de uniones célula-célula. Finalmente, definimos que PAR3 juega un papel crucial en el mantenimiento del fenotipo epitelial en células de CHC estabilizando las uniones célula-célula (tanto las "tight" como las "adherens junctions") independientemente de la expresión de los factores de transcripción clásicos de transición epitelio- mesénquima. Además, la localización de PAR3 en la membrana plasmática previene la distribución asimétrica de CXCR4 en el citoplasma de las células PLC/PRF/5, inhibiendo así la migración celular.

Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a range of diseases, including cervical cancer. The primary objectives of the CLEOPATRE Portugal study were to estimate the overall and age-stratified prevalence of cervical HPV infection and to assess HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution by cytological results among women aged 18 to 64 years, who reside in mainland Portugal. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study recruited women aged 18 to 64 years, according to an age-stratified sampling strategy, who attended gynecology/obstetrics or sexually transmitted disease clinics across the 5 regional health administrations in mainland Portugal between 2008 and 2009. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected and analyzed centrally for HPV genotyping (clinical array HPV 2 assay) and cytology. Prevalence estimates were adjusted for age using 2007 Portuguese census data. Results: A total of 2326 women were included in the study. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in the study was 19.4% (95% confidence interval, 17.8%-21.0%), with the highest prevalence in women aged 18 to 24 years. High-risk HPV types were detected in 76.5% of infections, of which 36.6% involved multiple types. The commonest high-risk type was HPV-16. At least 1 of the HPV types 6/11/16/18 was detected in 32.6% of infections. The HPV prevalence in normal cytology samples was 16.5%. There was a statistically significant association between high-risk infection and cytological abnormalities (P Conclusions: This is the first population-based study to quantify and describe cervical HPV infection in mainland Portugal. This study provides baseline data for future assessment of the impact of HPV vaccination programs.

Introduction. This is descriptive work to show the findings of the internal and external quality control of the cervix uterus cytology in the Cauca's Department for the year 2009. Objective: Determine quality of the cytology of the cervix uterus in the Cauca Department. Methods: We worked with the gather information about the 9 laboratories and with the obtained results from the external quality control of the cervix uterus made by the Health's Laboratory public of the Cauca Health's Departmental Secretary. Results: We found that the cytology was made by not qualified or certificate personnel in most of the IPS and EPS that offer this service, the cytology's laboratories do not apply the recommendations of quality evaluation of the cervix uterus cytology,according to recommendations by Bethesda's system 2001. Conclusions: Is very important to continue and to strength the program of internal and external control of quality in cytology to guarantee the adequate functioning of the program and recover credibility in the cytology like the best method cost-effective in the cervix uterus cancer prevention., Introducción. Este es un trabajo descriptivo en el cual se muestran los hallazgos del control de calidad interno y externo de la citología del cuello uterino en elDepartamento del Cauca durante el año 2009. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad de la citología del cuello uterino en el Departamento del Cauca. Métodos: Se trabajó con la información recolectada de nueve laboratorios y con los resultados obtenidos del control de calidad externo de la citología del cuello uterino realizado por el Laboratorio de Salud Publica de la Secretaria Departamental de Salud del Cauca. Resultados: Se encontró que la toma de la citología se realiza por personal no capacitado ni certificado en la mayoría de las IPS y EPS que ofrecen este servicio, los laboratorios de citología no aplican a cabalidad las recomendaciones de evaluación de calidad de la citología del cuello uterino, de acuerdo al sistema de Bethesda 2001. Conclusiones: Se debe continuar y fortalecer el programa de control interno y externo de la calidad en citología para garantizar el adecuado funcionamiento del programa y de esta manera recuperar la credibilidad en la citología como el mejor método costoefectivo en la prevención del cáncer del cuello uterino.

Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae and Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride are entomopathogenic fungi with proved action against several species of insects. In this work, the behavior and cytology of the M. anisopliae var. anisopliae (PL43) and M. flavoviride var. flavoviride (CG291) were evaluated after the passage in eggs, larvae and adults Chrysomya albiceps, an important causer of secondary myiais. The experiment was carried out under an acclimatized environment’s humidity and temperature of 60 ± 10% and 28 ± 1oC. The most expressive results of the biological parameters studied (percentage of germination, quantity of conidia, quantity and diameter of colonies) were reached from re-isolated fungi of larvae. No significant differences were observed in the cytological aspects of the life cycle of the fungi post-passage in eggs, larvae and adults. These results suggest the possibility of the use of the fungi in the control of C. albiceps fly.

Addendum to: Lázaro-Diéguez F, Aguado C, Mato E, Sánchez-Ruíz Y, Esteban I, Alberch J, Knecht E, Egea G. Dynamics of an F-actin aggresome generated by the actin-stabilizing toxin jasplakinolide. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1415-25., We have reported in a variety of mammalian cells the reversible formation of a filamentous actin (F-actin)-enriched aggresome generated by the actin toxin jasplakinolide (Lázaro-Diéguez et al., J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1415-25). Notably, this F-actin aggresome (FAG) resembles in many aspects the pathological Hirano body, which frequently appears in some diseases such as Alzheimer's and alcoholism. Using selective inhibitors, we examined the molecular and subcellular mechanisms that participate in the clearance of the FAG. Chaperones, microtubules, proteasomes and autophagosomes all actively participate to eliminate the FAG. Here we compile and compare these results and discuss the involvement of each process. Because of its simplicity and high reproducibility, our cellular model could help to test pharmacological agents designed to interfere with the mechanisms involved in the clearance of intracellular bodies and, in particular, of those enriched in F-actin.

[EN] Introduction: The histological variety of parotid tumor cytological diagnosis difficult. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of tumors of the parotid gland. Method: A retrospective study of 68 patients with parotid gland tumor treated in our department during the period 2009-2014, to which underwent FNA cytology, histopathology and parotidectomy was performed. The cytology results were positive or negative for malignancy, and were compared with the histopathological of the surgical specimen. Results: 68 cases, 43 (63.2%) males and 25 (36.8%) women were studied. The mean age was 56.6 years. The cytology detect malignancy had a sensitivity of 40.0% and a specificity of 98.1% with a positive predictive value of 85.7% and a negative predictive value of 85.2%. Discussion: Several neoplastic processes that can affect the parotid gland. The effectiveness of citology in the interpretation of this gland tumor is controversial because it has limitations compared to histopathology. Conclusions: FNA cytology is a useful test in the diagnosis of malignant parotid tumors with a specificity of 98% and a negative predictive value of 85.2%., [ES] Introducción: La variedad histológica de una tumoración parotídea dificulta su diagnóstico citológico. Objetivo: Evaluar la precisión de la punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) en el diagnóstico de los tumores de glándula parótida. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de una muestra de 68 pacientes con un tumor de parótida tratados en nuestro servicio durante el período 2009-2014, a los que se les realizó citología por PAAF, parotidectomía y estudio histopatológico. Los resultados de la citología fueron positivos o negativos para malignidad, y fueron comparados con la histopatología de la pieza quirúrgica. Resultados: Se estudiaron 68 casos, 43 (63,2%) varones y 25 (36,8%) mujeres. La edad media fue de 56,6 años. La citología por PAAF para detectar malignidad presentó una sensibilidad del 40,0% y una especificidad del 98,1% con valor predictivo positivo del 85,7% y un valor predictivo negativo de 85,2%. Discusión: Son varios los procesos neoplásicos que pueden afectar a la glándula parótida. La efectividad de la PAAF en la interpretación de los tumores de esta glándula es controvertida, ya que presenta limitaciones en comparación a la histopatología. Conclusiones: La citología por PAAF es una prueba útil en el diagnóstico de malignidad de tumores de parótida con una especificidad del 98% y un valor predictivo negativo del 85,2%.

El nódulo tiroideo constituye el 20% de los motivos de consulta en endocrinología, este porcentaje ha venido en aumento progresivo en los últimos años. De allí que la presencia de un nódulo tiroideo, despierta siempre la sospecha de presencia de malignidad y de allí surge la necesidad de un diagnostico confiable para descartar o confirmar la presencia de malignidad sobre esta lesión tiroidea. La aspiración con aguja fina (ACAF) es el procedimiento diagnóstico más usado en el discernimiento de este dilema Su sensibilidad diagnóstica se ha reportado en 80%, Estudios de expresión genética por vía de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa han evaluado la importancia diagnóstica potencial de genes como fibronectina, Met/HGFR, MUC 1 y Más recientemente se ha identificado la mutación BRAF V600E en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides como un hallazgo común en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides, alcanzando una tasa de hasta 89% en las variables en el carcinoma papilar convencional. Se ha propuesto inclusive que la mutación BRAF esté asociada a formas clínicas más agresivas de carcinoma papilar de tiroides. Con lo cual su identificación en los especímenes de citología por ACAF de los nódulos tiroideos permitirá mejorar la sensibilidad diagnóstica este procedimiento y hacer una selección más adecuada y precisa de los pacientes que verdaderamente requieren de un tratamiento y seguimiento adecuado considerando las implicaciones de la presencia de esta mutación en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides Otra

The morphology , ontogeny and secretion of the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in the inflorescences of Vigna candida and Vigna caracalla were studied. The node s along the inflorescences were processed with standard techniques for light as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In each node, several EFNs are formed between the flowers. The EFNs originate from flower buds that stop their growth and detach, leaving an orifice bellow which there are longitudinally enlarged cells (central cells) surrounded by a circular mound (ring). Both zones secrete. Fo u r ontogenetic stages succeed , being the third the secretory one. In each node, different EFNs are in different stages of development simultaneously , so there is always a functional nectary accompanying the flowers buds, the flowers in anthesis or the maturing fruits. Ultrastructure characteristics suggest that secretion follows the granulocrine pathwa y. The two studied species, together with Vigna adenantha, which belong to the same subgenus, share the most important characters, but differ from the corresponding ones of V igna luteola, w h ich is placed in a different subgenus, so the EFN traits support t he current classification. This is the first report about taxonomic implications of the EFNs of New World species of Vigna. Fil: Ojeda, Fabiana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Hoc, Patricia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Galati, Beatriz Gloria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia. Cátedra de Botanica General; Argentina Fil: Amela Garcia, Maria Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina

O câncer do colo uterino apresenta uma alta incidência nas regiões pobres dos países em desenvolvimento. Relaciona-se a fatores ligados ao estilo de vida que levam à infecção pelo Papilomavirus humano (HPV). O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar quais os fatores que favoreciam a infecção pelo HPV e ao desenvolvimento do carcinoma do colo uterino no Município de Própria, Sergipe, Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, realizou-se um estudo de caso-controle, pareando-se quatro controles para cada caso quanto à idade, procedência e condição sócio-econômica. Foram identificadas vinte mulheres portadoras de carcinoma do colo uterino e oitenta controles. As mulheres do grupo casos apresentaram maior número de gestações e freqüência menor de realização de exame preventivo de rotina. Verificou-se também que as mulheres nos dois grupos tinham conhecimento pobre sobre o câncer e as suas formas de prevenção, alto índice de analfabetismo e os seus companheiros tinham múltiplas parceiras sexuais. O estudo concluiu que no Município de Própria, o maior número de gestações e a não realização de exames preventivos de rotina associaram-se à ocorrência de carcinoma do colo uterino.Cervical cancer is highly incident in poor regions of developing countries. It is related to lifestyle factors that lead to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess which factors are important in the development of HPV infection and consequent cervical cancer in the community of Propriá, Sergipe, Brazil. To analyze the risk factors related to cervical cancer, a case-control study was performed, matching cases and controls for age, place of residence, and socioeconomic status. Twenty cases of carcinoma of the uterine cervix and 80 controls were identified. Cases had more pregnancies and a higher proportion of women who had not done Pap smears. Women in the two groups lived with promiscuous partners, had deficient knowledge about cervical cancer and its risk factors, and were predominantly illiterate. We concluded that in the community of Propriá, multiple pregnancies and failure to have Pap smears were associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer.

Background/Aim. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a quick, economical, and safe initial method in managing a patient with suspected lymphoma. According to a few reports on this preoblem, the aim of this study was to compare histological findings to cytomorphological ones in needle aspirates. We also compared these findings to the overal survival (OS) time. Methods. We analyzed the fine-needle aspiration biopsies of peripheral lymph nodes, and the International Prognostic Index (IPI) in 81 patients with non-Hodgkin?s lymphoma (NHL). We put these findings into correlation with OS time. Results. According to the International Working Formulation (IWF) criteria, the dominant cell population was as follows: 18 patients had the small cell population, 21 patients had small cleaved cells, 18 patients had the mixed cell population, 21 patients had large cell population, 2 patients had Burkitt lymphoma type, and 1 patient had the dominant lymphoblasts. On presentation, 32 patients had a low IPI index, 32 patients had a low intermediate, and 17 patients had a high intermediate IPI. We confirmed the statistical significance (Kaplan-Mayer) of cytomorphology (p = 0.013) and IPI index (p = 0.016) for survival time. During a 48-month follow-up, OS was 37.2 months for the patients with the dominant small cells, and 32 months for the patients with small cleaved cells (PH equivalent to indolent NHL). For the patients with the dominant mixed cell population, large cell population and Burkitt limphoma cell, OS were 17, 14.4, and 9.3 months, respectively (PH equivalent to aggressive NHL). Patients with low IPI had the highest OS, 36 months for the low intermediate and only 11.6 months for the high intermediate IPI index. Conclusion. We concluded that an initial cytological and clinical profile of patients with NHL, might give a quick and relevant information for planning an adequate therapy.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a variabilidade de isolados selvagens de Trichoderma harzianum baseado nas características culturais e citológicas. Observaram-se o tamanho dos fialosporos, número de núcleos por fialosporos e crescimento e esporulação em meio de malte-ágar. Pelos resultados aqui encontrados foi possível reconhecer que há variação entre os isolados selvagens da espécie T. harzianum. Com relação ao número de núcleos, verificou-se uma variação de 1 a 3 núcleos por fialosporos. Também observou-se padrões diferenciais de crescimento e morfologia da colônia. Mais de 50% dos isolados atingiram o máximo de crescimento em 48 horas. This study is based largely on morphological and cultural characters of Tríchoderma harzianum isolates. It were observed the size of phialospores, mycelial growth and sporulation on malt extract agar and nuclei number per phialospores, stained with Giemsa. A x 100 oil immersion len was used in examining and in measuring phialospores. Based on the size of phialospores, it was possible recognize that there is variaton among the wild isolates for the specie T. harzianum. Also, with relation to mycelial growth and sporulation can itself distinguish from one another different pattern. Up to 50% of isolates had maximum growth in 48 hours. The nuclei number of 1 to 3 per phialospore was observed.

INTRODUÇÃO: A busca por novos métodos que auxiliem e simplifiquem de maneira eficaz o diagnóstico de lesões maxilares, cistos e tumores, objetiva beneficiar os pacientes e facilitar a atuação dos profissionais da área de diagnóstico bucal. Além dos dados clínicos, radiográficos e histopatológicos classicamente utilizados nos protocolos de investigação das lesões maxilares, a adaptação de técnicas já consagradas na medicina pode ser de grande valia. A técnica de cell block se propõe a auxiliar nesse processo, pois consiste na análise citológica de materiais, efusões e líquidos, coletados de lesões passíveis de punção aspirativa, como cistos e tumores císticos dos maxilares. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a aplicabilidade da técnica de cell block para avaliação citológica de material biológico coletado a partir de lesões císticas dos maxilares. RESULTADOS: Das 20 lesões, das quais o conteúdo foi processado pela técnica, a avaliação citológica de cinco casos de tumores odontogênicos ceratocísticos (TOCs) demonstrou a presença predominante de ceratina, sempre com áreas de paraceratina. Nos demais casos (cinco cistos dentígeros, cinco cistos radiculares e cinco cistos residuais) foi observada a presença de hemácias, células inflamatórias e fendas de cristais de colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação citológica, a partir da técnica de cell block, foi útil no estabelecimento do diagnóstico diferencial entre TOC e demais lesões estudadas, cistos radicular, residual e dentígero. INTRODUCTION: The search for new methods that aid and optimize the diagnosis of cystic and tumoral maxillary lesions aims to benefit both patients and professionals from oral diagnosis. In addition to clinical, radiographic and histological findings traditionally used in research protocol for maxillary lesions, the adaptation of widely used medical techniques may be very helpful. The cell block procedure streamlines this process, inasmuch as it consists of cytopathological analysis of materials, liquids and effusions, collected from aspirated lesions such as maxillary cysts and cystic maxillary tumors. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the applicability of cell block technique for cytological assessment of biological material collected from cystic maxillary lesions. RESULTS: The cytological evaluation revealed that five out of 20 lesions, whose content had been processed by this technique, were odontogenic keratocystic tumors (TOCs), predominantly with keratin and always with parakeratin areas. In the other cases (five dentigerous, five radicular and five residual cysts) there were erythrocytes, inflammatory cells, and cholesterol clefts. CONCLUSION: The cytological assessment through cell block technique was useful as to establishing the differential diagnosis between TOC and other lesions, radicular, residual and dentigerous cysts.

O período neonatal dos bezerros é um momento crítico para adaptação do recém-nascido à vida extra uterina e o sistema respiratório, um dos mais exigidos funcionalmente, é frequentemente afetado por enfermidades, redundando no prejuízo direto da sua função e acarretando perdas econômicas importantes na pecuária. O ponto básico para reduzir estas perdas, é representado pela adequada avaliação clínica dos neonatos, todavia o diagnóstico baseado exclusivamente no exame físico é muito difícil de ser estabelecido. O uso de exames complementares como a citologia do trato respiratório torna-se uma ferramenta diagnóstica importante nestes casos, porém faz-se necessário, padronizar seus achados frente às diferentes técnicas empregadas para a sua obtenção. Assim, o presente estudo propôs-se acompanhar as variações dos constituintes celulares da região traqueobrônquica e broncoalveolar obtidos por lavados respiratórios pelos métodos de traqueocentese e por colheita nasotraqueal respectivamente, durante o primeiro mês de vida de bezerros sadios. Observou-se alteração no quadro citológico ao longo do tempo, quando a região traqueobrônquica foi lavada, expresso por diminuição da porcentagem de macrófagos alveolares, com aumento de neutrófilos, possivelmente, por maior irritação local provocada pela técnica, que se repetiu sequencialmente e/ou por maior estimulo de microorganismos inalados depositados nesta região. Na região broncoalveolar, não encontraram-se variações nos constituintes celulares em função do tempo. Os resultados permitiram a conclusão que a população celular da região traqueobrônquica modificou-se ao longo das semanas de vida dos bezerros, possivelmente pela técnica empregada e/ou fisiologia normal da região, sendo representadas por maiores magnitudes de neutrófilos. De modo diverso, na região broncolaveolar, as células evidenciaram um comportamento estável durante o primeiro mês de vida dos bezerros neonatos, apresentando predomínio numérico dos macrófagos alveolares. The neonatal calf is a critical moment for adaptation of the newborn to extra uterine life. The respiratory tract is functionally very demanded and often affected by disease, resulting in direct loss of their function and causing serious economic losses in livestock. The basic point to reduce these losses is appropriate clinical evaluation of neonates; but the diagnosis based solely in physical examination is very difficult to establish. The use of complementary analysis such cytology of the respiratory tract becomes an important diagnostic tool; however their findings must be standardized in the face of different techniques employed. This research studied the dynamics of the cellularity of the bronchoalveolar and tracheobronchial region obtained through lung lavage harvested by nasotracheal catheterization technique and tracheocenthesis respectively, during the first month of life of healthy calves. The tracheobronchial cytology was influenced by the time, showing decreased number of alveolar macrophages and greater number of neutrophils, possibly increased by local irritation caused by the technique, which was repeated sequentially, and/or through greater stimulation of inhaled microorganisms deposited in this region. In the bronchoalveolar region no variation in the cellular constituents in function of time was found. The results allowed the conclusion the cell population of the tracheobronchial region has changed over the week-old calves, possibly due to the technique used and/or to the normal region physiology, represented by higher magnitudes of neutrophils. Otherwise, the cells of the broncholaveolar region showed a stable behavior during the first month of life of newborn calves, presenting numerical predominance of alveolar macrophages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 poggiani_fm_me_jabo.pdf: 1405025 bytes, checksum: 22fc79f12e28b4a908cf9bba6c30d8e2 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A utilização de novas técnicas complementares de imagem no auxílio diagnóstico das afecções respiratórias é fundamental à rotina clínica. As técnicas de endoscopia e vídeocirurgia são comuns em medicina humana, mas pouco empregadas na medicina veterinária. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal correlacionar os padrões pulmonares ilustrados em projeções radiográficas com as observações obtidas por meio da broncoscopia, toracoscopia, citologia e histologia de estruturas respiratórias de suínos. Secundariamente, relacionar os valores do peso, temperatura e do hemograma observados antes e após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. Foram utilizados 40 suínos da raça Landrace, machos ou fêmeas, com idade entre quatro a seis semanas. Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos denominados de grupo controle (Gc) e grupo doente (Gd). As mensurações do peso e temperatura e as colheitas de sangue foram realizadas em momentos pré-determinados. As imagens radiográficas, broncoscópicas e toracoscópicas foram categorizadas em escores de acordo com a severidade das lesões pulmonares. A análise estatística dos resultados permitiu estabelecer diversas correlações positivas e negativas entre as imagens radiográficas, broncoscópicas e toracoscópicas. A histologia e citologia possibilitaram caracterizar as alterações pulmonares. Logo, a radiografia deve ser utilizada na triagem de lesões pulmonares a serem investigadas por meio da broncoscopia e toracoscopia, visto que estes procedimentos permitiram a aquisição de imagens e fragmentos pulmonares para o exame histológico e não interferiram nos parâmetros fisiológicos dos suínos Using of new complementary image techniques is important in diagnostic approach of respiratory diseases during clinical routine. Endoscopic and videosurgery techniques are commonly used in human medicine, however, they are poorly used in veterinary medicine. The main purpose of this research was to correlate pulmonary radiographic patterns with findings obtained by bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, cytology and histology of the respiratory structures of swine. Moreover, correlate values of body weight, body temperature and blood count cells before and after surgery and anesthesia procedures. A total of 40 Landrace pigs, males or females, from 4 to 6 weeks were used. Animals were divided into two groups: control group (Gc) and sick group (Gd). Body weight, body temperature and blood samples were taken before and after surgery procedure. The radiographic, bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic images were categorized in scores, according to the severity of the observed lung lesions. Bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy provide better details of pulmonary lesions, mainly in the group of sick animals (Gd). Based on statistical analysis, it was possible to stablish positive and negative correlations among radiographic, bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic findings. Histological and cytological alterations were useful to evaluate pulmonary changes related. Therefore, radiography should be used as a screening method to identify pulmonary lesions to be investigated by bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy, since they add useful images images and lung samples for histopathological analysis and did not affect physiological parameters of pigs