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In this paper, we use a 'normality operator' in order to generate logics of formal inconsistency and logics of formal undeterminedness from any subclassical many-valued logic that enjoys a truth-functional semantics. Normality operators express, in any many-valued logic, that a given formula has a classical truth value. In the first part of the paper we provide some setup and focus on many-valued logics that satisfy some (or all) of the three properties, namely subclassicality and two properties that we call fixed-point negation property and conservativeness. In the second part of the paper, we introduce normality operators and explore their formal behaviour. In the third and final part of the paper, we establish a number of classical recapture results for systems of formal inconsistency and formal undeterminedness that satisfy some or all the properties above. These are the main formal results of the paper. Also, we illustrate concrete cases of recapture by discussing the logics |$\mathsf{K}^{\circledast }_{3}$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{LP}^{\circledast }$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{K}^{w\circledast }_{3}$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{PWK}^{\circledast }$| and |$\mathsf{E_{fde}}^{\circledast }$|⁠ , that are in turn extensions of |$\mathsf{{K}_{3}}$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{LP}$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{K}^{w}_{3}$|⁠ , |$\mathsf{PWK}$| and |$\mathsf{E_{fde}}$|⁠ , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adrenal incidentalomas are increasingly diagnosed and include a wide spectrum of lesions from benign adenomas to secreting or malignant lesions. The aim of the present study is to report a large single‐institution experience of patients undergoing surgery for adrenal incidentaloma with particular attention to their diagnosis and post‐operative course and the evolution of surgical practice over time. Methods: From 1993 to 2013, 274 patients underwent adrenalectomy for incidentaloma. All patients underwent standardized clinical, hormonal and imaging assessments. Results: Patients were mainly female (63.1%; n = 173), and the median age of patients was 56.5 years. After a complete hormonal evaluation, 47.9% (n = 129) of incidentalomas were classified as secreting tumours, including 24.4% (n = 67) subclinical cortisol‐secreting adenomas and 18.9% (n = 52) pheochromocytomas. Adrenocortical carcinomas represented 9.5% (n = 26) of incidentalomas, and the risk of malignancy was significantly correlated with tumour size. The conversion rate after laparoscopic adrenalectomy (90.9%; n = 249) was 3.2% (n = 8). The overall morbidity rate was 13.9%, which included a 4.4% rate of severe morbidity (Clavien–Dindo ≥3). From 2008 onwards, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the use of surgical approaches for non‐secreting adenomas. Conclusion: After a complete work‐up, half of the incidentalomas were classified as subclinical oversecreting adrenal lesions and 10% proved to be malignant adrenocortical carcinomas. The debatable use of surgical approaches for benign nonfunctioning adenomas significantly decreased over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, melanoidins, and diterpenes. Coffee consumption may have either neutral or beneficial effects toward human health. In this review, we summarize current evidence regarding the association between coffee consumption and breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer, as well as molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of coffee. The epidemiological evidence suggests a protective effect of coffee towards postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer. However, no statistical association was found between coffee and ovarian cancer. The chemo-preventive effects of coffee phytochemicals may include activation of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory response. Finally, coffee bioactive components where shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, as well as modulation of impaired angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervaluationism holds that the future is undetermined, and as a consequence of this, statements about the future may be neither true nor false. In the present paper, we explore the novel and quite different view that the future is abundant: statements about the future do not lack truth-value, but may instead be glutty, that is both true and false. We will show that (1) the logic resulting from this "abundance of the future" is a non-adjunctive paraconsistent formalism based on subvaluations, which has the virtue that all classical laws are valid in it, while no formula like (f> A ->4> is satisfiable (though both (p and -xj) may be true in a model); (2) The peculiar behaviour of abundant logical consequence has an illuminating analogy in probability logic; (3) abundance preserves some important features of classical logic (not preserved in supervaluationism) when it comes to express those important retrogradations of truth which are presupposed by the argument de praesenti ad praeteritum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]