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Family law is part of the clump of civil law that discusses the problems of civil relations in a family, including marriage, divorce, inheritance, and so on. The purpose of this service is to provide an understanding of aspects of family law for the people of Depok. The method used in the implementation of the service is to provide counseling to the people of Kampung Pulo, Leurahan Beji Depok through the media zoom meeting. The results of community service show that some people in the city of Depok, especially in Kampung Pulo, Beji Depok Village, still do not understand the efforts that must be made when problems occur related to family law. Community Service Program activities are very helpful for the people of Depok to better understand the efforts that must be made when problems occur in family law.

PurposeThe study aims to test the existence of a meeting clustering effect in the Spanish Stock Exchange (SSE).Design/methodology/approachThis paper studies the relationship between the clustering of annual general meetings and stock returns in the SSE. A multivariate analysis is carried out in order to analyse the relationship between monthly returns and the clustering of general meetings in the SSE.FindingsThe authors show that meeting clustering exists and that some months exhibit significant and positive additional returns related to the holding of ordinary or extraordinary general meetings.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors have explored some possible explanations for the meeting clustering effect, such as a potential link with the “Halloween” effect or the presence of higher-than-normal levels of volatility, trading volumes or investor attention. However, none of these can explain the meeting clustering effect that emerges as a new anomaly in the SSE.Practical implicationsThe authors have documented significant and positive abnormal returns in some months that coincide with the holding of general meetings. Therefore, the holding of ordinary and/or extraordinary meetings in some months involves the release of relevant information for investors.Originality/valueThis study complements the financial literature because it is focused on the clustering of meetings and its effect on a stock market whose legal order is based on civil law. This fact allows us to shed new light on meeting clustering and its effect on other types of markets.

The RUDN Law Institute research team headed by the Doctor of Sciences, professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State Nikolay Vlasenko performed an expert and analytical work for the formation of a package of proposals on measures and law-making initiatives in order to implement the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 2020. The aim was to assess the need to determine the additional source of income of a constituent of the Russian Federation for state support for the development programs of higher educational organizations by changing the system of distribution of tax revenues between federal and regional levels of the budget. The research team included Sergei Zinkovskiy, Ph.D., associate professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State, Mikhail Katsarsky, Ph.D., associate professor of the Department of Theory of Law and State, Irina Gronik, Ph.D., assistant professor of the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure Law and Private International Law, Denis Dobryakov, Irina Chernykh and other specialists of RUDN Law Institute. The results of the research can be used by the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Russian Federation to form theoretically based proposals related to the dynamics of financial and legal support for state efforts for programs of higher education organizations development in Russia on the territories of subjects of the Russian Federation in connection with the implementation of the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

In March 2020, the new coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak, which was eventually declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, changed everyday life all over Europe from one day to another. Under those extraordinary circumstances, a wide range of issues concerning the law of contracts are becoming particularly important. In the early stages of the pandemic, during lockdowns and a subsequent reopening of the economy, many European countries have implemented significant and unprecedented measures in response to the current crisis. Against this backdrop, the more fundamental question arises whether and to what extent we need an extraordinary law of contracts in times of pandemic. Drawing on five important civil law jurisdictions (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy), the paper provides for an analysis and discussion of various extraordinary measures taken by European governments and puts these measures into perspective. A functional and comparative approach is used to elaborate on how contract law should respond to the current crisis. Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, commercial contracts, consumer contracts, employment contracts, lease contracts

The legal structure of an inheritance contract introduced into the system of Russian civil law on June 1, 2019, caused an ambiguous evaluation in the doctrine of inheritance law. Analyzing various points of views of scholars and legal prescriptions, the author expresses her opinion on this legal structure highlighting in particular an imbalance in the legal status of the parties to the inheritance contract, expressed in the possibility of unilateral refusal to execute it by only one of the parties, in the absence of legal protection of the testator's counterparty when the latter alienates the property specified in the inheritance contract. This makes this legal structure practically non-binding for the testator and reduces its relevance. The author substantiates that the legal prohibition of concluding an inheritance contract through a representative applies only to the testator. The assumption is made that the reference to a third party acquiring the right of inheritance does not turn this agreement into a contract made in favor of the third party. The paper focuses on the controversial issue of the limits of the discretion of the testator and the essential conditions of the inheritance contract. The author differntiates the gaps in the law in the regulation of a number of issues related to the conclusion and execution of an inheritance contract, some wordings of Art. 1118 and 1140.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and suggests proposals that improve rules under consideration. The author comes to the conclusion that the legal structure of inheritance law raises many questions caused by faulty legal formulations and insufficient completeness of legal regulation, which can give rise not only to doctrinal discussions, but also to contradictory law enforcement practice.

The rapid development of the information society, a certain dependence of people on the modern way of life and not keeping up with the constantly emerging new types of actual legal relations, outdated rules of law, the legal science in civil law regulation of information rights requires some changes, improvements, adding of the new terminology.One of these types of “new” information rights is the right of an individual to information regarding himself.In this research, the author analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine on the existing rights of individuals to information regarding themselves, does the comparative analysis of the conceptual legal framework of US, Canada, China, Australia and South Africa with national standards for the implementation and protection of individuals’ rights to information regarding themselves.The author defines a universal and generalizing concept of the right of an individual to information regarding himself, its characteristics as a subjective right that meet modern challenges and current requirements of legal science, form an idea of the content of this right, and draw conclusions about the need for careful and in-depth studying of this type of right and further implementation it in the legislation.

This research is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of electronic transactions in the civil law of Ukraine, the disclosure of problematic issues related to the practical application of the Law of Ukraine "On Electronic Commerce". Within the framework of this article, a theoretical and applied study of various approaches of scientists was carried out, as well as the position of the legislator regarding the understanding of the concept and essence of an electronic transaction through its comparison with traditional approaches to understanding the concept and essence of a transaction. The analysis of the Law of Ukraine "On Electronic Commerce" was carried out, and it was found that the latter defines the organizational and legal basis for activities in the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine, establishes the procedure for making electronic transactions using information and telecommunication systems and determines the rights and obligations of participants in relations in the field of electronic commerce. To achieve this goal, the author applied methods characteristic of legal science. The study was conducted out using the dialectical method of cognition of legal reality, which provided an opportunity to analyze the essence of electronic transactions as a variety of legal facts affecting the dynamics of legal obligations in the civil law system of Ukraine. Whereas the use of the formal-legal method made it possible to analyze the regulations related to the regulation of electronic transactions, which contributed to the proper disclosure of the research objectives. Based on the study, the authors conclude that electronic transactions, like transactions in general, are a kind of legal facts acting in the form of an act of strong-willed lawful behavior aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations. It has been established that a characteristic feature of electronic transactions is that they are carried out using information and telecommunication systems. It was determined that a characteristic feature of electronic transactions is interactivity, efficiency and multimedia.

PurposeThe paper aims to examine the effect of corporate governance (CG) on innovation investment, with consideration of ownership types and legal jurisdictions.Design/methodology/approachThe authors' empirical analysis is based on a sample of publicly listed family businesses (FBs) from the top-500-list that matched worldwide with non-family counterparts from 2009 to 2018. The study uses a holistic measure of CG to mitigate the conflicting impact of individual CG components found in prior studies. This measure is applied to examine the moderating role of firm ownership type and legal jurisdiction.FindingsThe authors' results demonstrate that CG positively influences innovation investment. This positive relationship is more pronounced in FBs than in non-family businesses (NFBs) and is more prevalent in civil law economies than in common law economies.Originality/valueThe study holistically examines the effect of CG, capturing the combination of all individual governance mechanisms and their influence on innovation investment. The study further shows that comprehensive CG has diverse impacts on innovation investment when considering family control and legal jurisdiction.

Work-related diseases that are not included in the occupational diseases lists have become a significant social phenomenon, generating increasing costs for the EU member states and for European employers. The impact they have on workers' health and claims results in a need to implement changes in the legislation, which in Poland is currently limited to providing protection and prevention of already established occupational diseases. In the review, a formal-dogmatic approach was used, in a manner of analyzing the current state of Polish legislation and court rulings based upon it. The Polish legal framework was compared to that of the 3 EU member states selected on the basis of their regulations concerning occupational and work-related diseases (Germany, Finland and Ireland). The presented arguments indicate the purpose of the need for a change in the Polish legal framework of occupational and work-related diseases in the direction of either the Finnish or German model. The current Polish law forces people suffering from those work-related diseases which are not recognized as occupational diseases to seek legal remedies under general provisions of civil law, which demands proving not only an adequate causal link between the type of work and the disease but also the employer's culpability, which puts the affected employee in a worse legal situation than those suffering from an established occupational disease. The provisions of the statutory law implemented in the Federal Republic of Germany provides a solution for a fraction of the abovementioned problems deriving from the referred differences in occupational and work-related diseases regulation, while the Finnish model, based on causality, instead of the legal definition of occupational disease as such, practically allows for a complete elimination of the problem. Med Pr. 2021;72(5):549-60.Nieujęte w wykazach chorób zawodowych pozostałe choroby związane z pracą stały się istotnym zjawiskiem społecznym, generującym rosnące koszty po stronie rządów państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (UE) i działających na ich terenach pracodawców. Konsekwencje zdrowotne i wynikające z nich roszczenia, będące pochodnymi uszczerbku na zdrowiu związanego z pracą zawodową, wskazują na potrzebę wprowadzenia zmian w legislacji, która w Polsce obecnie ogranicza się przede wszystkim do zapewniania ochrony i profilaktyki jedynie w zakresie ugruntowanych już chorób zawodowych. W przeglądzie piśmiennictwa posłużono się metodą formalno-dogmatyczną polegającą na analizie obowiązującego stanu prawnego i wydanego na jego podstawie orzecznictwa. Sytuację prawną w Polsce zestawiono z 3 państwami UE wybranymi ze względu na specyfikę posiadanych uregulowań dotyczących chorób zawodowych i chorób związanych z pracą (Niemcy, Finlandia, Irlandia). Przedstawiono argumenty wskazujące na celowość zmiany polskiego modelu rozpatrywania spraw dotyczących chorób zawodowych i niezawodowych związanych z pracą w kierunku modelu fińskiego lub niemieckiego. Obecny stan prawny w Polsce zmusza osoby, które cierpią z powodu chorób związanych z wykonywaną przez nich pracą, a nieumieszczonych w wykazie chorób zawodowych, do korzystania ze środków ochrony prawnej opartych na zasadach ogólnych prawa cywilnego, co skutkuje koniecznością wykazania nie tylko adekwatnego związku przyczynowego między rodzajem lub sposobem wykonywanej pracy a chorobą, ale również zawinienia po stronie pracodawcy. Stawia to taką osobę w znacznie gorszej pozycji prawnej niż tę, która dochodzi roszczeń z tytułu choroby zawodowej. Model obowiązujący w prawie Republiki Federalnej Niemiec pozwala na wykluczenie części problemów, które mogą wystąpić na gruncie przytoczonych różnic w uregulowaniu chorób zawodowych i chorób związanych z pracą, a model fiński, koncentrujący się na rzeczywistej przyczynowości, a nie czysto legalnym definiowaniu choroby zawodowej jako takiej, pozwala na praktycznie całkowite ich wyeliminowanie. Med. Pr. 2021;72(5):549–560.

Research Objective and QuestionsWe aimed to examine court rulings on disputes between network platforms and labour providers in order to understand the nature of the employment relations and the broader consequences for society as a whole. We addressed two questions :What is the attitude and role of the courts in resolving disputes between Internet network platforms and labour providers in China within a civil law system ?What are the prospects that legal innovations will improve protection for platform labour providers who fall outside the scope of labour law, in order to counter the unregulated expansion of digital capitalism at the expense of the under-/unprotected ?MethodologyWe primarily used secondary data, namely 102 publicly available Court decisions from 2014 to 2019. The case decision reports were downloaded from the Supreme People’s Court “Network of Court Decision Papers.”ResultsDisputes occurred mainly in cities that have the most developed platforms and an independent worker model of employment. They mainly involved network platforms that provide such services as driving, food delivery and courier services. All of the disputes involved road accidents, and over half occurred in Beijing and Shanghai—two leading cities in China that have dense populations. Dispute cases rose sharply, peaked in 2017, started to drop in 2018 and fell even more in 2019. The disputes seem to have educated people on both sides, with the result that more precautions are being taken.ContributionsOur study makes three contributions. First, we identified three types of platform employment in China, the motives of the platforms in their choice of labour utilization and the legal implications in terms of labour and third-party protection. Second, we examined the attitude and role of the courts in judging disputes between network platforms and labour providers within legal constraints. Third, we propose that socialization of contract service should be central to platform employment.

The article is devoted to the study and analysis of such areas of civil law as non-contractual structures, within the inheritance law of individual European Union countries, the emergence, development and implementation of such structures in regulations governing the inheritance procedures of countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Latvia. The purpose of the study in the monograph is a comprehensive analysis of the nature and specifics of legal and doctrinal bases of regulation and practice of non-contractual constructions in the inheritance law of individual EU countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Latvia). As a result of the study the concept of non-contractual constructions of inheritance law is formed in the work. The types of non-contractual constructions, first of all their dialectical classification, architecture and place in the system of inheritance law are singled out and analyzed. An analysis of their identification and separation in different states, depending on the legal family, traces the integrity of the fundamental structure of knowledge about the obligatory rights of the testator within the will, heirs and beneficiaries in their biocentric expression and in the context of social ties. Emphasis is placed on rethinking and solving some problems in inheritance law, from the point of view of new world realities. Стаття присвячена дослідженню та аналізу такого напряму цивільної правової науки, як недоговірні конструкції, в рамках спадкового права окремих країн Європейського Союзу, виникненню, розвитку та реалізації таких конструкцій в нормативно-правових актах, які врегульовують процедури спадкування таких країн як Республіка Польща, Чеська Республіка, Литовська Республіка та Латвійська Республіка. Мета дослідження в монографії полягає комплексному аналізі природи і специфіки нормативно-правових та доктринальних основ регламентації та практики реалізації̈ недоговірних конструкцій в спадковому праві окремих країн ЄС (Республіки Польщі, Чеської Республіки, Литовської Республіки та Латвійської Республіки). В результаті проведеного дослідження сформовано концепцію недоговірних конструкцій спадкового права. Виокремлено та проаналізовано види недоговірних конструкцій, насамперед їх діалектичної класифікації, архітектоніки та місця в системі спадкового права. Зроблено аналіз щодо їх ідентифікації та відокремлення у різних державах, залежно від правової сім’ї, прослідковано цілісність фундаментальної структури сфери знань щодо зобов’язальних прав заповідача в межах заповіту, спадкоємців та вигодонабувачів у їх біоцентричному вираженні та у контексті соціальних зв’язків. Зроблено акцент на переосмисленні та вирішенні деяких проблем у спадковому праві, під кутом зору нових світових реалій.

In the circumstances of development and functioning of the innovative model of economy, and necessity of creation and introducing of new technics and advanced technologies in manufacture the patent law is of a great importance in the intellectual property law system. The issue of patent law has repeatedly been the subject of researches in the national civil law science, but the question of its objects still remains unresolved. Therefore, the task of this article is to determine the range of the objects protected by patent law, as well as to describe their features. The article draws attention to the existence of different approaches to understanding the concept of «patent» in national legislation and international acts. The invention is analyzed as the most important object of patent-law protection. The inexpediency of defining the invention and its objects by pointing to all fields of technology is emphasized. Regarding to the utility model, the latest legislative changes in the definition of its objects are analyzed, as well as, some considerations are expressed regarding the prospects of introducing the criterion of inventive step for it. As for the industrial design, taking into account the latest changes in the legislation in this area, it is stated that it is inexpedient to refer it to the objects of patent law. It is argued that a plant variety and a breed of animals as the results of selection cannot be attributed to the scope of patent law. It is emphasized that patent law should not be equated with industrial property law – the latter is a broader concept, which, in addition to the objects of patent law, also includes other categories of objects (industrial designs, trademarks, geographical indications, etc.). It is concluded that the objects of patent law are inventions and utility models. In this regard, it is proposed in the process of recoding the rules on industrial designs to be allocated in a separate chapter of the Civil Code of Ukraine.

The research focus is on concept of force majeure and irresistible force as a reason to release the parties from liability for failure to perform civil obligations. The authors examine theoretical concept and legal definition of “irresistible force” and its characteristics based on legislation, legal literature and judicial practice of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. Also, the authors analyze the civil law jurisdictions on irresistible force, relatively to its ambiguity and situation with the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and come to the conclusion that courts in each specific case should establish irresistible force circumstances. The work uses a linguistic (philological) method, in particular, the method of distributive analysis of the terms “irresistible force” and “force majeure.” The article shows that in modern Russian law the expression “irresistible force circumstances” has more efficient terminological potential. The authors propose implementation of “irresistible force circumstances” concept in the Russian Civil Code, which would more accurately reflect the essence of this concept.

In the scientific article the author conducted a scientific study of the concept and content of international and national sources of inheritance law. Based on the study, the author concluded that the system of sources of inheritance law of Ukraine can be represented as follows: I. The basis of inheritance law (Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine). ІІ. International treaties and national law governing inheritance relations complicated by a foreign element: the Law of Ukraine “On Private International Law”, the Convention on the Conflict of Laws Concerning the Form of Testamentary Dispositions, the Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, bilateral agreements on legal assistance and legal relations in civil and family matters governing the issue of inheritance, consular conventions regarding the settlement of inheritance issues. III. Acts of civil law that regulate inheritance: Civil Code of Ukraine, including Book Six, certain rules contained in other laws of Ukraine and equivalent regulations on inheritance issues (including Family, Tax, Land, Civil procedural codes, laws of Ukraine “On ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and the legal regime in the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine”, “On notaries”, “On copyright and related rights”, etc.), resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and legal acts of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on issues related to inheritance. IV. Legal custom or contract, including inheritance agreements, agreements of heirs to determine the order and size of inheritance shares. V. Judicial practice on inheritance issues: resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine “On judicial practice in cases of inheritance”, letter of the Supreme Specialized Court of Ukraine on civil and criminal cases “On judicial practice of civil cases of inheritance”. VI. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine adopted on the official interpretation of the rules of inheritance law, including in the case of the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance of adult incapacitated children of the testator.

This article is devoted to evidence and proof in cases of protection of business reputation on the Internet. The legal nature of the concept of “business reputation” is studied. The domestic Ukrainian and foreign experience in considering cases of protection of business reputation on the Internet is studied. The article defines the general principles of protection of business reputation in the domestic legislation, establishes ways to protect business reputation on the Internet in accordance with national legislation and case law. The evidence necessary to confirm the task of damaging a person’s business reputation is characterized, attention is focused on the concept of elec-tronic evidence in civil proceedings in cases of violation of a person’s business reputation. Linguistic expertise is characterized as a way to prove the violation of a person’s business reputation, ways to determine the appropriate defendant in cases of protection of a person’s business reputation are established. Emphasis is placed on the statute of limitations used in cases of protection of business reputation of the person and the procedure for calculating the statute of limitations, emphasizing the inadmissibility of prosecution for making evaluative judgments, defining the legal nature and essence of evaluative judgments. The practice of the Supreme Court of Ukraine on cases of business reputation violations of individuals and legal entities is analyzed, foreign experience in business reputation protection is characterized, the difference between national and foreign experience in business reputation protection is established. Particular attention is paid to the liability of providers for breach of business reputation in accordance with European and US law. According to the analysis, conclusions are formulated on the directions and prospects for improving the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of protection of business reputation.Business reputation is a non-property right of a person guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, which pro-vides for a public assessment of the business qualities of an individual, achievements in sociopolitical, public life, etc. For a legal entity, business reputation is a criterion of successful professional, economic or other activity. Protection of business reputation is a particularly important institution of civil law, because it is a mechanism for restoring the violated non-property rights of the individual. Nowadays, the issue of protection of business reputation is relevant due to violations on the Internet. Thus, the rapid development of information and telecommunications technologies has contributed not only to the emergence of new unlimited opportunities in the world wide web, but also to numerous violations of non-property rights of individuals, including business reputation.

The article is devoted to the study of the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation of the legal status of cryptocurrency in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. According to the analysis of the current legal framework in these countries, the author notes that the regulation of legal status and cryptocurrency transactions in the CIS countries is heterogeneous - from the level of adjustment of existing codifications of civil law and the adoption of special legislation on legal regulation of innovative financial instruments to only by-laws or in the absence of special legislation at all, including a deliberate (but for various reasons) refusal to normalize this legal phenomenon. In the latter case, countries apply to cryptocurrency transactions the current tools of civil, tax, administrative and criminal law (depending on public policy in this area), which does not fully correspond to the novelty of this legal phenomenon, and thus leads to legal uncertainty and legal conflicts of private persons with the state. The author states that the countries of the union use different practices to regulate this legal phenomenon: from completely restrictive, to partially restrictive (with the possibility of mining and operations outside national jurisdic-tion) or completely liberal. There are no common approaches of the CIS countries to understanding the legal status of cryptocurrencies as an object of civil rights - depending on the country, they are classified as digital (virtual) assets, other property, property rights. The author emphasizes that almost all the states of the union deny the possi-bility of using cryptocurrencies as means of payment and units of account (except for the payment for the services of cryptocurrency exchanges in the countries where they exist). As a result, the author concludes that attempts to unify the legal regulation of the status and circulation of cryptocurrencies in the CIS countries are currently unsuccessful, which, according to the author, is explained by different levels of democratization of domestic political life and eco-nomic structure of CIS countries as well as by their acceptance of different legal traditions (Western and Chinese).

The article reveals the main approaches to determining the legal nature of the natural gas supply contract, men-tioned in the researchers of Soviet and modern Ukrainian civilians. The author gives a description of the natural gas supply contract, which by its legal nature contains the features of various civil law contracts - supply contract, transportation contract, public contract, connection contract, etc. The analysis of the main features, essential con-ditions of the natural gas supply contract, which distinguishes this contract from other civil obligations in order to distinguish the main characteristics of the relevant type of obligation as an independent.Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the Law of Ukraine “On Natural Gas Market”, the Rules of natural gas supply and the Standard contract for natural gas supply to household consumers, approved by the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission, Ukraine and other regulations in the gas sector, which set out the essential terms of the contract for the supply of natural gas and the necessary requirements for its conclusion with the consumer. The conditions which are binding on the parties and established by the Regulator and those which are fixed at the discretion of the parties to the contract are specified.It is also necessary during researching of natural gas contracts determine a distinction between the conditions established for household consumers and enshrined in the model contract and non-household consumers who use gas for professional and / or commercial activities under the conditions provided for in Section II of the Rules for the supply of natural gas. Another aspect of the article is the study of the long-term development and improvement of natural gas contracts by creating transparent and competitive conditions between consumers in the market as an independent civil obligation.

The current stage of development of the national legal system of Ukraine is characterized by the development of various forms and ways of protection of the constitutional right to property, creating conditions for the exercise of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of individuals in property relations and realization of difference property rights.The key principle of the constitutional regulation of private law relations is the equality of all participants, which is a significant achievement of the modern legal system. The most pronounced detection of the principle of equality is embodied in the field of civil law, where the main method of regulation is the legal equality of participants. It allows protecting the rights and interests of individuals along with the interests of the state and other subjects of public law, which in the field of civil law have no privileges in connection with their status, have no authority over other subjects of civil law and are legally equal to individuals.The issue of property is, in general, key in the constitutional regulation of economic relations, which is directly related not only to property but also contract law, because, first, entering into appropriate legal relations, their sub-jects satisfy their own property and other interests, and such actions should not harm the interests of others. And secondly, most of the ways to protect violated property rights (property) are implemented within the framework of a binding legal relationship.A special institution is the provision of obligations, as it is designed to protect the right of a person to property, which is used as a guarantee of protection of such rights in a contractual relationship. This institution is a set of legal norms that regulate the relationship related to the creditor’s rights to the debtor’s property or claims to third parties, establish additional mechanisms and means of state legal protection to ensure the actual and proper performance of obligations ultimately guarantees the protection and defense of the right of a person (creditor) to his property.In this article defines that the specific types of security for the obligation are pledge (mortgage) and surety, which allow to involve in guaranteeing the protection of a person’s right to property in contractual relations of third parties, in particular in the case of pledge with a guarantor. Pledge and surety are different types of pledge in their means, so the rules governing the surety do not apply to the creditor’s legal relationship with the property guarantor, as he is liable to the pledgee for the debtor’s performance of the principal obligation only within the value of the pledge.Pledge and surety may give rise to a new accessory (additional) obligation between the creditor and the guaran-tor or property guarantor. In order to ensure equality as a key principle of constitutional law and the method of civil law regulation, it seems appropriate to supplement the legislation of Ukraine with the provisions on the conclusion of a surety agreement, only with the consent of the debtor; also substantiated the opinion on the need to give the consent of the guarantor (property guarantor) to assign the right of claim to him under the surety agreement (prop-erty surety).

The article investigates the mechanism of legal regulation of property relations of partners in de facto unions. The national legislation of European states is analyzed, as well as the recommendations of the Commission on European Family Law, suggestions for improving national legislation are made.It is determined that there are no uniform approaches in the legal regulation of partners in de facto unions in European countries, in particular in six countries such relations are unregulated, in fourteen countries such relations are regulated by different branches of law, and in nine jurisdictions there is a special legal mechanism (Sweden, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Catalonia, Portugal, Scotland, Ireland and Finland).The provisions of the Lithuanian Civil Code on the regulation of de facto marital relations, as well as the legislation of Croatia, Sweden, Norway and other countries are analyzed. It was found that in Scotland, civil partnerships were allowed for same-sex couples back in 2005, and for people of the opposite sex only from June 30, 2021.It is substantiated that in the context of Europeanization of private law, the position on the need to amend the Family Code of Ukraine and introduce the term «de facto union» recommended by the Commission on European Family Law in the Principles of European Family Law on property rights, maintenance and succession of couples in de facto unions.It is proved that in the process of Europeanization of private law the institution of de facto union should be regulated by the norms of the Family Code of Ukraine, which, taking into account the recommendations of the Commission on European Family Law should be improved as follows: contract on selling a dwelling in which partners live, as well as household items, is made with the consent of both partners; to guarantee partners the right to file a claim to the court for consent to dispose of the property without the consent of the other partner; to guarantee the principle of freedom of contract between partners in de facto unions; establish the right to compensation for a significant contribution to the property (or business) or profession of another partner; guarantee the right of the partner to inherit equally with the spouses, etc.

El virus SARS-COV2 ha provocado la pandemia de COVID-19 que azota al mundo; ante esta situación epidemiológica sectores del Derecho, dentro de ellos el Derecho civil, pueden prestar auxilio para apalear los problemas derivados de la partida de familiares a causa de esta enfermedad; donde la planificación patrimonial preventiva se erige como un pilar en la toma de decisiones anticipadas en pro de evitar los problemas patrimoniales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la institución de la planificación patrimonial preventiva, en el contexto de la pandemia, como herramienta de control de problemas financieros-económicos y de Derecho civil. Para cumplir con este objetivo se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva de tipo revisión bibliográfica, sistematizada a través de los métodos revisión documental, exegético y comparativo, así como la técnica de análisis de contenido mediante los cuales se analizaron los principales cuerpos normativos civiles del Ecuador y los textos de la bibliografía especializada en el área del Derecho civil, así como de temas financieros. Se concluye que, la planificación patrimonial preventiva puede servir de manera anticipada como detección y erradicación de ciertos problemas sucesorios. La sociedad ecuatoriana carece de cultura en materia testamentaria y de planificación patrimonial preventiva.

The objective of the article was to analyze the actions as an object of civil law regulation. The market contributes to the accumulation of capital and its transformation into investment resources for the financing of the productive and social spheres, which improves the general well-being of the population. Meanwhile, the legal nature of the shares has not yet been clearly defined in Russian law and there is, consequently, a dichotomy in the choice of ways to protect the owners of securities, including shares. For the development of the research, methods such as synthesis, theoretical analysis, abstraction, deduction, induction, classification, comparative law, refutation were used. Based on the legal acts that regulate the stock market, a comprehensive study of the problems of legal regulation of the rotation of shares is carried out, to determine the prospects for development and ways to improve the legal regulation of shares, as well as to look for ways to protect the rights of securities holders. Among the most significant results, the legal nature of the action was revealed, the meaning of categories such as: document, security and action was cleared, and the definition of action was formulated.

The central thesis of Katharina Pistor's book is that private law, in conjunction with its increasingly global outreach, serves the interests of the rich and enables “rule by law” (p. 205) rather than a “rule of the law”. The rules of contract law, corporate law, insolvency law, property law and private international law are of particular importance in this regard. According to the author, these areas of the law shape or "encode" the domination of resources and capital in ways that increase wealth and inequality. The book seeks to understand, from a jurisprudential perspective, disruptive economic developments such as the Lehman crisis, rising inequality and the lagging of wages behind general economic development in the US and Western industrialised economies, and it makes proposals for legal policy. The English version, published in 2019, has been widely discussed and largely positively reviewed. This essay presents a decidedly critical perspective. It does not doubt important lines of thought in the book but questions central statements and hypotheses made in it.

With the inclusion of the category “simulation” in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences an interest arose in studying “simulation” in the system of principles of the administrative process. The purpose of the study is to formulate general recommendations for neutralizing the negative consequences of manifestations of feign in the system of principles of the administrative process. The methodological basis of the research is materialistic dialectics and elements of conceptual analysis. The methods of analogy and generalization allow us to justify the use of the construction of “simulated legal phenomenon” for the study of the principles of the administrative process. The survey revealed obstacles to the implementation of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence. The comparative legal analysis allows us to establish the comparability of the volumes of state repression in the measures of administrative and criminal responsibility, a clearly negative assessment of simulation in administrative law compared to its neutral assessment in civil law, to identify a number of obstacles to the functioning of the principles of the administrative process. Other standard research methods are also used. The expediency of analyzing the simulation of the system of principles of the administrative process is justified; a simplified model of the system of principles of the administrative process is used for the analysis; from the standpoint of assessing legal simulation, the analysis of the principle of legality, the principle of procedural equality, the principle of guilt, the principle of presumption of innocence, as well as the principle of respect for the honor and dignity of the individual was carried out. In order to reduce the level of obvious simulation in the system of principles of the administrative process, in particular, it is recommended: in the doctrine of the administrative process to consider the principle of legality not as a reality, but as a goal; in the laws, replace the term “legality” with the term “lawfulness”; in the laws, the wording “the principle of equality before the law” and the like should be replaced with “the principle of equality of rights”; part 1 of Article 1.5 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences should be amended as follows: “a person is subject to administrative responsibility only for those socially harmful actions (acts of inaction) in respect of which his guilt is established”; part 3 of Article 1.5 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences after the words: “...is not obliged to prove his innocence” should be supplemented with the words “but has the right to disagree with all or part of the arguments confirming his guilt, or to refute them”. It is also recommended to amend the legislation in order to unify the approach to the differentiation of administrative offenses and crimes.

Legislation in food is quite fragmented, it includes several regulations, amendments due to the rapid development both in the studied area and the influence of European law. It is a legal branch of a relatively hybrid nature. It contains agricultural legislation that intersects with environmental law. It also affects administrative, financial, and criminal law as a branch of public law. Nor can commercial and civil law as the basis of private law be circumvented here. The legal norm has undergone a relatively interesting development, which is characterized by several amendments. During the more than 25 years of validity of this legal norm, a total of more than twenty amendments. This certainly does not contribute to the stability of the legislation, the legal certainty of the entities concerned, or its clarity and system. The article provides an overview of the development of the legal regulation of the Food Act in Slovakia from 1995 to 2021.

У статті здійснюється аналіз окремих положень Концепції оновлення Цивільного кодек- су України. Насамперед йдеться про підтримку пропозиції про скасування Господарського кодексу України. Водночас висловлено ідею про можливість прийняття поряд з оновленим Цивільним кодексом України (як кодексу приватного права) кодифікованого законодав- чого акту, в якому були б систематизовані питання державного регулювання господар- ською діяльністю (реєстрація юридичних осіб, ліцензування, дозвільна діяльність, кон- троль тощо). Розглянуто співвідношення положень оновленого Цивільного Кодексу з положеннями нового Трудового кодексу України, зокрема, щодо конкретизації в останньому тих положень оновленого Цивільного кодексу України, які можуть бути застосовані до регулювання трудо- вих відносин, зокрема щодо можливості стягувати з окремих категорій працівників упущену вигоду. У статті зазначено про дискусійний характер положення Концепції оновлення Цивільного кодексу України, згідно з яким держава визнається юридичною особою. Підтримуючи ідею про відмову від права господарського відання і права оперативного управління, звертається увага на необхідність відмови і від права постійного користування земельною ділянкою, яке передбачено у чинній редакції Земельного кодексу України. Разом з тим висловлюється теза про визначення у новому Цивільному кодексі України правових засад «здійснення» права державної та комунальної власності. У результаті проведеного аналізу автор доходить висновку про необхідність створення механізму, який би забезпечив стабільність положень оновленого ЦК та запобігання появи в ньому положень, які не відповідають загальними засадам цивільного законодавства, супер- ечать його базовим положенням та не відповідають доктрині цивільного права.

Digitalization is bringing new challenges, including the way how people used to work. The future of work is uncertain. Technology driven innovations are changing the way, how society react to such development by creating different types of jobs and workplaces. What is important today can be redundant tomorrow. Having said that the labour law and civil law will most probably need to react in certain way. The main aim of this paper is to focus on the specific types of activities – such as virtual work or crowd work as well as on relationships between digital platforms, workers, employers and clients while offering and providing services via online platforms. Further the paper will outline the responsibility of online platforms if considered to be in a position of an employer. Due to the lack of compliance with labour laws related duties the online platforms are gaining the unfair competition advantage comparing with "traditional" employer. When it comes to the virtual workers, they can potentially suffer from inadequate or limited access to the certain kind of protection (when compared to the "traditional" employees).

Artykuł dotyczy zagadnień z zakresu problematyki podmiotów prawa cywilnego i praw podmiotowych prywatnych obywateli polskich w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (Generalgovernment für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete), istniejącym w latach 1939–1945. Po ogólnym nakreśleniu koncepcji i rzeczywistości Generalnego Gubernatorstwa jako Reststaatu autor wykazuje, że odrębna sytuacja prawna poszczególnych grup narodowościowych (status narodowy, status rasowy) zamieszkujących w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, naruszająca zasadę równości wobec prawa, wpływała na wiele stosunków cywilnoprawnych. Analizie kolejno zostają poddane takie kwestie, jak: prawo do wstępowania w związki małżeńskie oraz utrzymywania stosunków seksualnych, naruszenie autonomii woli w zakresie prawa do świadczenia pracy, ograniczenia autonomii woli podmiotu prawa i pozycji prawnej w obrocie profesjonalnym, a wreszcie dyskryminacja ludności żydowskiej jako podmiotów prawa prywatnego. Autor dowodzi, że w odniesieniu do ludności polskiej, w interesującym nas tu zakresie prawa cywilnego, co prawda przed sądami polskimi stosowano polskie ustawodawstwo, jednak zostało ono w istotny sposób zmienione bądź uchylone przez ustawodawstwo Generalnego Gubernatorstwa. Ponieważ autonomia jednostki przestała być zasadniczym elementem prawa prywatnego, to tym samym nie tylko coraz wyraźniej zawężała się sfera, w której podmiot prawa swobodnie regulował sytuacje prawne stworzone aktami swojej woli, lecz także, a nawet w szczególności, zmniejszała się sfera tradycyjnie chronionych przez prawo cywilne praw podmiotowych prywatnych jednostek. Efekt dyskryminacji narodowościowej i rasowej Polaków łączył się tu nierozerwalnie z fundamentalnym dla interesów Trzeciej Rzeszy aspektem wyzysku ekonomicznego. W stosunku do ludności żydowskiej natomiast od samego początku zasadniczym celem okupanta było pozbawienie Żydów godności osobistej, ich stygmatyzacja, upokorzenie, pozbawienie woli oporu i zmuszenie do posłuszeństwa eksploatacja ekonomiczna, „wyniszczenie przez pracę”, a ostatecznie eksterminacja całego narodu.

This article examines how contemporary analyses of vulnerability theory are reflected in legal approaches to undue influence and captation in the Canadian common law of wills and estates and in the Civil Code of Québec in the law of succession. Critical theorists point to the risks of assuming that vulnerability lies exclusively with the elderly and persons with disabilities. The equation risks oversimplifying matters, which could compromise the equality and dignity of members of these groups. There is also a risk of overlooking the harm that may be suffered by those who are victims of social or economic oppression. A more nuanced approach posits that vulnerability is a common human trait that cuts across social identities and experiences.Due to prevailing assumptions about vulnerability, this article hypothesizes that challenges to wills based on undue influence and captation will most often occur when the testator is elderly and/or has a disability at the time of execution of the will. Canadian common law and Quebec civil law jurisprudence are examined to assess this hypothesis. This analysis reveals that certain conditions do give rise to triggers heightened judicial scrutiny of wills, but that they do not in and of themselves determine legal outcomes. The case law thus suggests a moderate—but tempered—risk that courts will draw presumptions about age and capacity when assessing the presence of undue influence or captation. Perhaps more significant is the absence of challenges to wills involving young and healthy testators. Jurists might therefore wonder whether we are at risk of overlooking some cases of untoward conduct due to the conceptual associations we make between age, incapacity and vulnerability., Le présent article examine comment les analyses contemporaines de la théorie de la vulnérabilité transparaissent dans les approches juridiques en cas d’influence indue et de captation, respectivement, dans la common law du Canada en matière de testaments et de successions et dans le Code civil du Québec quant au droit des successions. Les théoriciens critiques mettent en évidence les risques de présumer que la vulnérabilité est exclusivement associée aux personnes âgées et aux personnes en situation de handicap. Cette équation risque de simplifier les choses à l’extrême, ce qui pourrait compromettre l’égalité et la dignité des personnes appartenant à ces groupes. Il y a également un risque de négliger les préjudices que peuvent subir ceux qui sont victimes d’oppressions sociales ou économiques. Une approche plus nuancée postule que la vulnérabilité est une caractéristique commune à tous les humains, qui transcendent les identités et les expériences sociales.En raison des postulats qui existent au sujet de la vulnérabilité, cet article émet l’hypothèse que les contestations de testaments fondées sur l’influence indue et la captation se produiront le plus souvent lorsque le testateur est âgé ou en situation de handicap au moment de l’exécution des volontés testamentaires. Nous examinerons la jurisprudence de la common law du Canada et du droit civil québécois afin d’évaluer cette hypothèse. Cette analyse révèle que les conditions présumées donnent lieu à une vulnérabilité qui déclenche effectivement un examen judiciaire accru des testaments, mais qu’elles ne déterminent pas en soi les résultats juridiques. La jurisprudence propose donc un risque modéré — mais tempéré — que les tribunaux tirent des présomptions sur l’âge et la capacité lorsqu’ils évaluent la présence d’une influence indue ou d’une captation. Ce qui est peut-être plus significatif, c’est l’absence de contestations de testaments rédigés par des testateurs jeunes et en bonne santé. Les juristes pourraient donc se demander si nous ne risquons pas de négliger certains cas de conduite fâcheuse et indésirable en raison des associations conceptuelles que nous établissons entre l’âge, l’incapacité et la vulnérabilité.

The paper substantiates the author’s proposal to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which is explained by the gradual creation of a digital economy in the Russian Federation. In particular, the author has examined and solved the following problems of the legal regulation of civil law relations in the context of digitalization: the problem of identifying the object of digital rights, the problem of legal qualification of the electronic form of the transaction, the problem of using a smart contract in civil transactions, the problem of using blockchain technology to create mixed payment systems. The paper proposes a non-standard solution to each of these problems—the author has prepared a draft federal law "On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in terms of legal relations arising in cyberspace." In particular, the author proposes to define digital rights as the absolute and relative rights to digital property named in this capacity, the content and conditions of implementation of which are determined by the law and the rules of the information system (protocol) that meets the characteristics established by the law. In the author’s opinion, an electronic document can exist in the form of a machine information file of any format or a computer program that meets the characteristics of an electronic document.

espanolEl autor intenta aislar un concepto interdisciplinar de Empresa Familiar, valido y util para los distintos segmentos del ordenamiento juridico que confluyen en su regulacion. Para ello, parte de la identificacion del objeto de estudio como una realidad compleja, en la que convergen el Derecho Mercantil, el Derecho Tributario y el Derecho Civil, y en el que existen tambien espacios de autorregulacion a traves del Protocolo Familiar. Constata que no existe un concepto juridico preciso de Familia, ni de Empresa y, por tanto, tampoco de Empresa Familiar. Repasa el frustrado enfoque global del soft law comunitario y su deficiente absorcion por nuestro Derecho interno, para concluir que el unico concepto legal de Empresa Familiar es el acunado por el Derecho Tributario que, desborda su naturaleza adjetiva fiscal, para esbozar un concepto sustantivo. Sobre la base de ese concepto juridico-tributario, y de su imprescindible adaptacion a la pauta interpretativa de la Union Europea, puede disenarse no solo su privativo regimen fiscal, sino tambien un autentico estatuto juridico de la Empresa Familiar que aborde su compleja problematica. EnglishThe author tries to isolate an interdisciplinary concept of Family Business, valid and useful for the different segments of the legal system that converge in its regulation. For this, it starts from the identification of the object of study as a complex reality, in which Commercial Law, Tax Law and Civil Law converge, and in which there are also spaces for self-regulation through the Family Constitution. It confirms that there is no precise legal concept of Family, nor of Business and, therefore, neither of Family Business. It reviews the frustrated global approach of European soft law and its deficient absorption by our domestic law, to conclude that the only legal concept of Family Business is the one coined by Tax Law that, overflows its legal adjective nature, to outline a substantive concept. Based on this legal-tax concept, and its essential adaptation to the recommendations of the European Union, not only its exclusive tax regime can be designed, but also an authentic legal status of the Family Business.

A kellékszavatosság és a jótállás a polgári jog klasszikus jogintézményei, és a fogyasztóvédelmi jog területén is kiemelkedő jelentőséggel bírnak. Jelen tanulmány alapvetően ezen jogintézmények magyarországi szabályozási rendszerét tekinti át. A vizsgálat a 20. század elején kidolgozott, de hatályba nem lépett magánjogi kódextervezetekkel veszi kezdetét, majd a Polgári Törvénykönyvről szóló 1959. évi IV. és 2013. évi V. törvények releváns rendelkezéseit veszi górcső alá, ugyanakkor nem terjed ki az alacsonyabb szintű jogszabályok, például a „kötelező jótállásról” szóló kormányrendeletek rendelkezéseinek vizsgálatára sem. A tanulmány alapvetően a hazánkban alkalmazott szabályozási modellek sajátosságainak, esetleges hiányosságainak, hibáinak a feltárására koncentrál, illetve igyekszik megtalálni azokat a fordulópontokat, és a fordulópontokhoz kapcsolódó jogpolitikai indokokat, amelyek jelentős változásokat hoztak a jogintézmények életében. Ezen gondolatmenet alapján a dolgozatban a következő tematika figyelhető meg. Az első nagy szerkezeti elemet az 1900-as, 1913-as és 1928-as magánjogi kódextervezetek ismertetése teszi ki, mely tervezetek jelentős hasonlóságot mutattak a „dolog hiányaiért való felelősség” és a jótállás tekintetében. Ezt követően az 1959. évi IV. törvény bemutatás következik, mely jogszabály – hosszan fennálló hatálya alatt - mindössze kétszer - 1977-ben és az uniós jogharmonizáció nyomán 2003-ban – esett át a jogintézmények szempontjából lényeges változásokon. Végezetül a jelenleg hatályos törvénykönyvünk szabályrendszerének áttekintésére kerül sor, mely jogszabály hozott ugyan néhány újdonságot a vizsgált téma szempontjából, ugyanakkor mivel a jogharmonizáció alapját képező uniós jogszabályok a törvénykönyv hatályba lépése előtt nem változtak, így a jogintézmények nagy mértékű, jelentős változásokat igénylő reformja sem volt indokolt.

Jelen dolgozatban a Polgári Törvénykönyben felvázolt új dologi jogintézmény, a jogcímes elbirtoklás egyes aspektusainak bemutatására szándékozom. Ezen fiatal tulajdonszerzési mód a jogalkalmazás és a jogtudomány számára merőben szokatlannak hatott, és a jogalanyok vonatkozásában is novumnak számít. A dologi jog a magánjog legfontosabb, leglényegeseb szabályait tartalmazza, ezért mindig égetően fontos, hogy a jogalkotó, továbbá a jogszabály egzakt célját sikerüljön feltárni a lehető legpontosabb módon, hiszen ez szolgálja a vagyoni forgalom biztonságát, és ez garantálja az egyik legősibb társadalmi intézmény, a tulajdon szabadságát és védelmét. Az elbirtoklás sajátos természeténél fogva mindig jogviták kereszttüzében állt, így a fenti szempontok esetében halmozottan érvényesülnek. Jelen dolgozat célja, hogy bemutassa a jogcímes elbirtoklás szabályozását, dogmatikai sajátosságait, magyar jogtörténeti előzményével, valamint egy szokatlan külföldi példával párhuzamot vonjon, a bírói gyakorlat egyes releváns mozzanatait megvizsgálja, és kísérletet tegyen egy alternatív szabályozási technika felvázolására.

In this article the author considers the concept of restriction of individual rights in civil law, as well as the re-lationship between the concepts of restriction and encumbrance of civil rights. First of all, the lack of a legislative definition of the concept of restriction of individual rights in civil law, as well as the ambiguity of the position of the legislator on the use of the term restriction and its place among related conceptsIn writing this work, first of all, attention was paid to the Constitution of Ukraine, which is the Basic Law, which serves as a guide that establishes the general boundaries of human and civil rights. The connection of the provisions of the Constitution with the norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine within the framework of the chosen topic was presented. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental principle according to which the national legal system is built, namely: “everything is allowed that is not expressly prohibited by law.”The views of some scholars who adhere to their vision of the concepts under study are given. In addition, in this study, the relationship between the concepts of restriction and encumbrance of individual rights in civil law. In the process of writing this work, the positions of legal scholars who had relatively similar positions were given. They distinguish between the above concepts, and provide the relevant features. However, outside the scope of this study were many works of scientists who do not see a difference in these concepts.None of this was left out of the regulatory framework for the definition of the above concepts at the legislative level. In particular, it was found that in contrast to the concept of restriction of individual rights, including in civil law, the current legislation contains a definition of encumbrance. There are several acts that provide this definition. And in all cases, the definition is different.Based on the analysis of regulations, it was found that the legislator does not consistently approach the definition of encumbrance. In particular, in some cases the latter includes the encumbrancer’s right to the debtor’s movable property or restriction of such right, in others - prohibition or restriction of disposal and / or use of real estate, and in some cases the legislator identifies encumbrances and restrictions.According to the results of the study, the conclusions on the failure to define in national law the concept of re-strictions on the rights of persons in civil law, as well as the lack of a clear distinction between the concept of restric-tion of the right of person and encumbrance, in particular under civil law. There is a position on the need for further research on relevant topics, which will ensure clarity and clarity of the law, and promote its effective application, as well as consensus on this issue among scholars.

In modern conditions of development and reforming the sources of legal regulation of private law relations, questions of their research have become especially actual. Approaches aimed to consolidate new, more appropriate mechanisms for regulating well-known legal institutions in the civil law of Ukraine have emerged. Article 9 of the Civil Code of Ukraine stipulates that its provisions are subject to application for the settlement of relations that may arise in the fields of environmental protection, use of natural resources, family, labor relations, if they are not regulated by other legislative acts. The above determines the study, including the features of notarial protection of corporate rights of both legal entities and comparison with the rules of such protection of the rights of other partic-ipants in civil relations. Corporate rights are the rights of a person whose share is defined in the authorized capital (property) of a busi-ness organization, including the authority to participate in the management of such business organization, receiving dividends (a certain share of profits) and assets in case of liquidation, as well as other laws and statutory documents. Corporate rights may belong to individuals and legal entities, the state of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and territorial communities. Taking into account the legal nature of corporate rights, their definition, in par-ticular, through the possibility of receiving dividends and part of the property as a result of liquidation, corporate rights may belong to legal entities, including, for example, companies, cooperatives, farms, private enterprises and more. At the same time, in the article it has been substantiated the approach according to which the consolidation of provisions on the state, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and territorial communities as legal entities under public law is inexpedient and premature.

The article is devoted to the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation in Ukraine of the legal status of cryptocurrency (cryptoassets), primarily in terms of the need to clearly define its place in the system of objects of civil rights. The author emphasizes on the current uncertainty at the national and international level about the legal nature of cryptocurrency that causes gaps in the legal regulation of this phenomenon, which on the one hand allows its free and accelerated development, but on the other - creates significant legal risks for participants of the relevant legal relationships. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the approaches of different countries to the qualification of the legal essence of cryptocurrency, as well as the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption", "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime, Financing Terrorism and Financing Spread of the Weapon of Mass Destruction”, the draft Law of Ukraine“ On Virtual Assets ”№3637 of 11.06.2020 adopted as a basis and prepared for the second reading by the Parliament and opinions of national regulators of financial market and securities market the author considers as a debatable approach of Ukrainian authorities to regulation circulation of virtual assets and, in particular, such their type as a cryptocurrency, as an intangible asset (other intangible goods). There is a contradiction of such a qualification in terms of traditional features of intangible assets (pronounced personal nature, the impossibility of the existence of such goods in isolation from the subject of law without his consent, lack of property and economic content) and the economic purpose of cryptocurrency as a mean of payment. In this regard, the author concludes that there should be an expediency of classifying this object of civil rights as a special (private) form of money, for which he proposes to carry out a more detailed civil law classification with a division into fiat (cash, non-cash, digital) and private (cryptocurrencies and electronic money).

In 2011 our research group published a pilot study—the Case of "Anna"—employing the Panel of Psychological Inquiry (PPI) Clinical Case Study Method. The present study—the Case of "Ronan"—is a second example of the PPI method in action. The Case of Ronan has a number of modifications in method compared to the Case of Anna. First, the Case of Ronan involves the evaluation of a more complex and controversial written case study of a 20-month old boy who was diagnosed with moderate to severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and who was treated in a comprehensive therapeutic daycare center program where the core approach was based upon Greenspan’s (2009) "Developmental, Individual-differences, Relationship-based" ("DIR"/ "Floortime") model. DIR/Floortime was originally developed for use by parents in their own homes, and the Case of Ronan demonstrates how a therapeutic pre-school environment can use DIR/Floortime as a model for most adult-child interactions in a pre-school therapeutic environment. In addition to the application of the PPI model to a radically different clinical diagnosis, there were modifications to the methodology itself including: (a) reduction in the number of judges from five to three; (b) having a key witness in the case testify remotely before the Panel; (c) the writing of a much more detailed judges’ opinion on the aspects of the case that most influenced their decisions; and (d) a further development of the logic of a quasi-judicial approach to clinical case studies in psychology. By examining how the civil law’s basic framework for proving causality in cases of personal injury (who did what harm to whom), the process by which knowledge claims that emerge out of clinical practice (who provided what benefit to whom) is further explicated.

If the modern concept of codification is seen as a Code, Myanmar experienced for long time official and various codifications in a broad interpretation of the term. Indeed, Dhammathat has been used in the Ancient Burma. Moreover, a Burma Code related to the codification of Indian Common Law has been established in the country through the British colonisation. Since the independence of the country, the government continues to compile statutes law and case law on a year-by-year basis. Nowadays, codification can be used to solve legal uncertainty and conflict of laws in civil law such as family law, contract law and property law. Hence, Myanmar needs to modernise its civil law and could do it through a Civil Code. Therefore, this modernisation can be a great opportunity to achieve the legal, social and political unity in the country.

Theoretical, methodological and practical aspects in cases of invalidating a transaction concluded by a legal person are outlined. Peculiarities of forensic psychological analysis in cases of invalidating a transaction concluded by a legal entity are studied. Referring to forensic expert practice, the object, subject, tasks of this subject type of forensic psychological analysis are determined. Issues which are solved by forensic psychologicalanalysis in cases on invaliding transaction are indicated. Boundaries of a forensic psychologist competence are outlined. Recommendations are provided as to the reference list of source data required for conducting forensic psychological analysis. Based on forensic expert practice, an algorithm for analyzing source data when conducting a forensic psychological analysis in cases of invalidating a transaction concluded by a legal entity is outlined. The main components that should be identified when conducting a forensic examination of this subject type of forensic psychological analysis are indicated. The experience of scientists and practitioners demonstrates that a problem of will is inseparable from problems of personality, consciousness, self-awareness, motives, needs, emotions, cognitive activity of a person. Considering that intellectual, volitional and emotional processes, states and personality traits act in interconnection, this type of research (as one of the complex subject types of forensic psychological analysis) requires further theoretical analysis of the objective and subjective factors of a person wrong actions (entity of civil law relations) in legally significant circumstances to solve methodological and practical tasks of expertology.

The aim of the research is to analyses and, using analogy, to examine exhaustively the areas of legal uncertainty in the mechanism of social capital formation of commercial entities, while at the same time checking the coherence of the statutory analogy and the analogy in law as a universal means of protecting and combating gaps in the business sphere. A combination of general logical methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and generalization, characteristic of works dealing with civil law, were applied. At the same time, the analogy method was used as a research tool and as a research tool. The conclusions of the work include the identification of specific gaps in the legal regulation of the procedure, methods, and terms of payment of share capital, the identification of ways to overcome these gaps casually and the formulation of proposals for the legislative updating of the regulatory structure of the share capital of commercial companies.

In modern conditions, the reform of legal structures arises the need to unify the notion of the right to use another's land for agricultural needs. The article investigates the concepts and characteristic features of emphytes, analyzes the preconditions and grounds for the emergence of such real law by the civil law of Ukraine, the right to use another's land for agricultural needs (emphytes) in terms of belonging to the real rights to someone else's property. The author analyzes the characteristic features of the emphytes agreement, essential conditions for its conclusion, subject and actual composition of this agreement. It is emphasized that the definition that the rights of the land user defined in the emphasis agreement shall correspond to the duties of the land owner. The signs of protection of the rights of the owner and the user of the land are specified, namely: the purpose of the method of protection may consist in changing the subjective law and subjective duty of the subjects; the direction of the method of protection is due to a direct relationship between the complication (impossibility) to meet the interest of one person and legally significant behaviour of another person, between which the existing legal communication. It is found out that the basis of termination of contractual relations of emphytes can be the removal of a land plot on the motives of public necessity. In this case, the legal regime of the land plot is determined, which is an object of emphytes’ relations. The rejection of the contract or its termination is possible in a unilateral order in cases established by law or agreement. The termination of contractual relations can also be considered as a way of protecting in case of non-fulfilment or inappropriate execution by the counterparty of its contractual duties. The termination of emphytes is due to termination or refusal of the contract as a basis for the emergence of relations between the owner of the land and the user.

The article raises the following topical problems currently inherent in the institution of real estate in theRussian Federation: the unsuccessful legal definition of a real estate object, enshrined in Art. 131 of the CivilCode of the Russian Federation; qualification of objects as immovable and, accordingly, delimitation of themfrom movable ones; the emergence of objects with a controversial legal regime; the need to move from themodel of “plurality” to the model of “unity” of real estate objects. Also, the authors of this article analyzea number of approaches aimed at resolving the above problems and the possible consequences (both positiveand negative) of their implementation in practice, put forward their views and offer their own solutionto these problems. A variant of the legalization of “disputable” objects is proposed by introducing the rightof construction into the civil law of the Russian Federation as a limited property right to use a land plot withthe extension of this right to everything that is being built on such a land plot. The examples of legislativeregulation of the right to build in the civil law of pre-revolutionary Russia are considered, the elements of theright to build in the current law of the Russian Federation are revealed.

Con la realización del presente trabajo, nuestra intención es reparar en la importancia actual de aplicar el método del caso en la enseñanza online del Derecho Civil, frente a las tradicionales clases teóricas y magistrales que han caracterizado la Carrera de Derecho. Examinando, muy especialmente, el alcance de las exi gencias metodológicas surgidas con los planes del estudio Grado en Derecho en el marco del EEES y con la necesidad de una docencia universitaria online por la pandemia mundial que estamos sufriendo desde comienzos de 2020 a causa del coronavirus. Por tanto, con la puesta en práctica de este supuesto que versa sobre doble matrimonio, nasciturus e hijo póstumo y herencia desde Roma hasta nuestros días, intentamos acercar al alumnado al casuismo jurisprudencial aplicado al Derecho Civil español; de este modo, comprenderán que lo importante no es dar la solución al supuesto planteado, sino razonar jurídicamente consiguiendo, a través de debates online y en grupos, un conocimiento más profundo de las reglas e instituciones aplicables.

The views of Russian lawyers of the second half of the 19th century regarding the political and legal concepts of Catherine II are considered. Attention is paid to educational and scientific works on the history of Russian law and Russian state law, published in the second half of the 19th century. The author proceeds from the fact that professional and class factors influenced the assessment of the empress’s political and legal ideas by Russian lawyers. It is shown that the professional one consisted in the official introduction by Catherine II into the Russian political and legal turn of the achievements of European educators, contributing to the formation of a tendency towards the prevalence of the law over the will of the monarch. Particular attention is paid to the fact that most of the representatives of the legal profession were of noble origin, the 18th century was a relatively recent past for them, and family traditions and class identity formed a positive idea of Catherine’s rule and the empress herself. At the same time, it is shown that researchers associated with the merchants paid attention to the fact that the empress’s selective acquaintance with the works of European thinkers left her without attention to branches of law, for example, civil law, which was of fundamental importance for the estate employed in commerce and industry. The author notes that historians of law paid maximum attention to the state-legal concepts of the empress. It is proved that the conclusions made in the study correlate with the ambiguous assessments of Catherine II both among historians and Russian society as a whole.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene por propósito abordar lo que algunas sentencias de nuestros tribunales han denominado publicidad errónea con el objetivo de dilucidar si, efectivamente, nos encontramos ante una nueva categoría publicitaria o, por el contrario, ella constituye la faz negativa de la publicidad engañosa. El método utilizado ha consistido en revisar las sentencias de las Cortes de Apelaciones de Santiago que han aludido a ella entre los años 2015 al 2018, analizándolas desde una perspectiva crítica, a partir de la excusabilidad del error del proveedor y de la recognoscibilidad de este por parte del consumidor, constatando que no nos encontramos ante una especie de publicidad distinta de la engañosa y que el recurso a ella es innecesario, cuestión que incide en el ámbito de aplicación de la Ley n.° 19496 sobre Protección de Derechos de los Consumidores, toda vez que existiendo error del proveedor, reconocido por el consumidor, no hay confianza que proteger, debiendo retornarse al derecho civil.

Republika Hrvatska nema zakonski okvir za regulaciju djelatnosti lobiranja. Usvajanjem propisa koji regulira lobiranje ova neformalna aktivnost se iz „sive zone“ prevodi u aktivnost pod „budnim okom“ nadležnih tijela. Iako o pojmu i djelatnosti lobiranja postoji brojna stručna i znanstvena literatura, može se primijetiti da se akademska zajednica u puno manjoj mjeri bavi pravnim institutom ugovora o lobiranju, njegovom klasifikacijom, obilježjima i sadržajem. Promatramo li ugovor o lobiranju, u hrvatskoj znanosti građanskog prava i pravnoj praksi, u širem kontekstu, možemo u njemu uočiti obilježja određenih pravnih poslova, prije svega, ugovora o djelu i/ili ugovora o nalogu. Objekt činidbe ugovora o lobiranju izvršenje je posla lobiranja, u pravilu uz naknadu, i u tom smislu predstavlja specifičan oblik ugovora o djelu. Naglasit će se i karakteristike ugovora o nalogu koje nalazimo u konstrukciji ugovora o lobiranju. U ovom radu nastojalo se dati temeljna obilježja ugovora o lobiranju i naglasiti određena otvorena pitanja koja će se pojaviti pri eventualnoj zakonskoj regulaciji ovog pravnog posla u Republici Hrvatskoj. Komparativnim pristupom u radu se ukazuje na zakonska rješenja koja su primijenili pravni sustavi koji imaju dugu tradiciju djelatnosti lobiranja kao legitimnog dijela zakonodavnog procesa. Također, ukazuje se i na plauzibilna rješenja koja su iznjedrili pravni sustavi pretežno bivših komunističkih i tranzicijskih zemalja i koja su tim prije adekvatna eventualnoj hrvatskoj regulaciji ugovora o lobiranju., The Republic of Croatia does not have a legal framework for regulating lobbying activities. With the adoption of regulations governing lobbying, this informal activity is translated from the “grey zone” into an activity under the “watchful eye” of the competent authorities. Although there is a large amount of professional and scientific literature on the concept and activity of lobbying, it can be noticed that the academic community is much less concerned with the legal institute of lobbying contract, its classification, characteristics and content. The lobbying contract in the wider context of the Croatian science of civil law and legal practice, comprises the features of certain legal transactions, primarily a contract for services / or a mandate contract. The object of performing a lobbying contract is the execution of a lobbying activity, as a rule for a consideration, and in that sense, it represents a specific form of a contract for services. The mandate contract features found in the formation of the lobbying contract will also be emphasized. The paper aims at presenting the basic features of the lobbying contract and emphasizing certain outstanding issues that may arise in any legal regulation of this legal act in the Republic of Croatia. The comparative approach in the paper points to legal solutions applied by legal systems with a long lobbying tradition as a legitimate part of the legislative process. It also points out the plausible solutions that have emerged from the legal systems of predominantly former communist and transition countries, and which are all the more adequate to possible Croatian lobbying contract regulation.

“I would prefer not” HERMAN MELVILLE, BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER: A STORY OF WALL STREET (1853), reprinted in THE PIAZZA TALES 32, 48 (London, Sampson Low, Son & Co. 1856). Scholars have recently challenged the claim in classical deterrence theory that law influences behavior only through the expected sanction imposed. Some go further and argue that law may also “shape preferences,” changing people’s wants and values. In this Article, we analyze existing claims that criminal and civil law alter preferences and conclude that none suggest that the law shapes preferences. We first clarify this preference-shaping claim by elaborating the structure of rational choice theory generally and “preference” in particular. We then investigate three mechanisms of legal influence suggested by the preference-shaping literature: (1) the “serious harm” mechanism; (2) the “social norm” mechanism; and (3) the “self-improvement” mechanism. We then show that each of these mechanisms operates by changing the agent’s beliefs about the attributes or consequences of her choice options rather than by changing her preferences.

Resume [*] : Pour saisir l'ancien droit anglais dans une approche comparative, le ius commune constitue une tete de pont inefficace. Au depart, l'historien du droit francais est mal prepare, principalement en raison des carences de son historiographie nationale, laquelle, trop exclusivement axee sur les specificites francaises, ignore largement les caracteristiques europeennes de la tradition romaniste et son evolution aux Temps Modernes. Mais meme en supposant que cette defaillance puisse etre surmontee, la civil law anglaise ne permet d'apprehender ni le genie de la common law, ni meme l'esprit dans lequel l'Equity s'est developpee a l'epoque moderne. L'interface que constitue dans l'orbis exiguus du ius commune la methode moderne – l'usus modernus systematisant ratione materiae et operant une fusion substantielle du ius commune et des iura propria d'un territoire – a ete trop peu developpee par les juristes anglais du XVIe au XVIIIe siecle, qu'il furent des civil lawyers comme John Cowell ou Thomas Wood, ou, exceptionnellement, un common lawyer comme Sir William Jones. Mots-cles : ius commune – usus modernus anglais – historiographie francaise – John Cowell – Thomas Wood – Sir William Jones Abstract : In order to understand the late-medieval or early-modern English law in a comparative perspective, an approach based on ius commune only leads to a dead end. The French legal historian is handicapped from the start because his national historiography focuses too exclusively on specific French developments and fails to grasp the essential and changing features of the early-modern European civil law tradition. Even supposing that these constraints could be overcome, the English civil law does not pave the way to a proper understanding of the character of the English common law or early-modern Equity. In the small world of European ius commune, the early-modern method (i.e. the usus modernus, which merged ius commune and territorial iura propria in a systematisation by subject-matter) maintained an interface between continental legal systems, but the English usus modernus literature of early-modern English writers such as the civilians John Cowell and Thomas Wood or (exceptionally) a common lawyer such as Sir William Jones was too peripheral to have any major impact on English law. Keywords : ius commune – English usus modernus – French historiography – John Cowell – Thomas Wood – Sir William Jones

Dalam hubungannya antara tenaga medis, rumah sakit dan pasien dikenal dengan perjanjian terapeutik, dimana perjanjian ini merupakan hubungan hukum yang menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban dalam bidang kesehatan. Hubungan terapeutik ini diawali dengan adanya persetujuan pasien dalam memberikan tindakan medik terhadap pasien setelah mendapatkan informasi yang jelas dari tenaga medis yang dikenal dengan informed consent. Hubungan hukum yang mendasari antara tenaga medis, pasien dan rumah sakit berdasarkan Pasal 1367 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Hubungan hukum yang timbul ini menyebabkan adanya asas vicarious liability, dimana setiap kelalaian atau kesalahan tindakan medis yang dilakukan oleh tenaga medis di rumah sakit menjadi tanggungjawab Rumah Sakit. Berdasarkan Pasal 46 Undang-Undang Nomor 44 tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit menentukan bahwa adanya tanggung jawab hukum yang terpusat untuk setiap kelalaian yang dilakukan oleh tenaga medis di Rumah Sakit