Search

Introduction: the lungs are organs that supply gas exchange, existing in both sides of the human body. The left lung has an oblique fissure separating the superior lobe from the inferior lobe, whereas the right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures separating it into superior, middle and inferior lobes. Anatomical variations may occur in the lungs and the left lung can have three lobes and the right lung can have four or only two lobes. The aim of this study was to report a case of a cadaver with an anatomic variation of the left lung with an accessory lobe. Case report: during a routine Anatomy dissection of a female adult cadaver, a three-lobed left lung was found. The left lung had an upper lobe, a middle lobe and a lower lobe. The upper and middle lobes were separated by a complete horizontal fissure. The middle and lower lobes were separated by a complete fissure with an oblique appearance (inferior to superior direction). Conclusion: pneumatologists and surgeons must be aware of the lung anatomical variations. This knowledge can make the surgeon more prepared for adverse situations and may decrease the occurrence of intraoperative difficulties and post-surgery complications when performing lung transplantation or surgical management of lung pathology, lobectomies and segmental resection and for interpreting computed tomography scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The hypoglossal nerve (XII cranial nerve) is the tongue's motor supply. The hypoglossal nerve trajectory can be separated into two main parts: intracranial and extracranial. Objective: Considering the rarity of hypoglossus nerve injury, and that when it occurs it results in clinical implications that should be known by the Medical and Dentistry professionals, the aim of this study was to carry out a literature review on the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve and possible causes of injuries and ways to treat this type of complication. Material and methods: A literature review was carried out in the international Pubmed database. The literature review included 19 articles from 1965 to 2021. The keywords used were: "hypoglossus nerve", "injury". Of the 19 articles, 10 were used for this literature review. Among the 9 articles that were discarded, 5 did not address the objective of this work and 4 did not present the available text. All types of articles were considered (1 literature review, 6 case reports and 3 original articles). Conclusion: The knowledge of the hypoglossal nerve anatomy is for surgical interventions, partial resections, and tongue reconstructions. The causes listed in the present literature review are intubation, the covid-19, procedures performed in the carotid area and occipital condyle fracture. In relation to treatment approaches, no specific protocol has been invented until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the aim of this study was to evaluate the alignment of the supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramina in relation to the midline according to the sex, the side and the dentition in a sample of CT skulls of a Brazilian sample by 3D morphometric analysis. Methods: A total of 116 CT scans from adults dried human skulls and mandibles were selected at random ranging in age from 19 to 100 years (±57.31), both sexes. Measurements were performed in Rhinoceros 5 software from the median sagittal plane referenced. Continuous outcomes underwent the Shapiro-Wilk's normality test followed by Student's paired t test or Wilcoxon's test to check for differences. To correct the p-value for multiple comparisons, the Tukey's or Dunn's multiple comparisons post-hoc tests were also performed for One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively. The significance and confidence levels were set, respectively, at 5% and 95%. Results: when the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina of the same side were compared, a statistically significant result occurred for all comparisons for both sides regarding male and female individuals (p<0.0001). Conclusion: the present work showed in 3-D morphometric analysis that we did not find foramina alignment in any of those studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the internal morphology of mastoid emissary canals and to classify them according to the number of external openings and the complexity of its morphology. In addition, we discussed the importance of the findings for surgical procedures performed in the retroauricular region. Materials and Methods: An in silico anatomical study was performed using ninety-six dry human skulls, which were processed by computed tomography (CT) and underwent a segmentation process and construction of three-dimensional surfaces. The criteria used for classification of mastoid emissary canals was based on its morphological complexity and on the number of external openings. Results: Canals were identified and initially classified into 4 groups. Groups were named after the number of external openings using numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4, which refer, respectively, to 1, 2, 3, or 4 foramens. Then, groups were divided into subgroups using up to the first three letters of the alphabet (a, b, and c) according to the morphological complexity of mastoid emissary canals. Finally, 10 types of mastoid emissary canals were established, as follows: 1a, 1b; 2a, 2b, 2c; 3a, 3b, 3c; 4a, 4b. We proposed a decreasing order of canals with potential to cause intracranial intercurrences and a decreasing order of canals with potential to cause moderate to severe hemorrhage. Conclusion: A novel classification regarding the morphology of mastoid emissary canals was presented. In addition to the contributions in anatomical literature, it mainly represents new data to aid surgeons of various areas in the proper knowledge of important anatomical structures and planning of surgical procedures to reduce the occurrence of accidents and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this study aimed to evaluate the volume of the mandibular canal in computerized tomography and to investigate if this anatomical structure presents sexual dimorphism and the probability to determine the sex from the mandibular canal volume by regression analysis. Methods: Were used 125 computed tomography from adults dried human mandibles selected at random ranging in age from 19 to 100 years (48 females and 77 males). Software Mimics 18.0 was used to image segmentation and to create 3D reconstruction to obtain the volume of the mandibular canal. Statistical tests used were unpaired Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney comparative test, considering the right and left mandibular canals separately. Regression analysis test was performed to verify the probability to determine the sex. Results showed no significant difference between the sides, p>0,05. Results: The male distribution of the mandibular canal data was not parametric, considering the right canal separately. Mandibular canal volume presented statistical significance for sexual differentiation. Conclusion: Our study presented the accuracy over 85% of the regression analysis show a great result to determined sex using the MC volume, should apply the formula in a different sample for best results. It is useful in forensic scenarios for systematic reassessment of cases and improvement of anthropologic methods used secularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: to evaluate the incidence of accessory and double mental foramina in human mandibles from a Brazilian sample. Material and Methods: 100 dried human mandibles (29 females and 71 males) were analyzed, aged 18 to 60 years. The mandibles were evaluated on their right and left sides. The foramens were evaluated being accessory mental foramen or double mental foramen. All data were analyzed using the GraphPAD Prism v.8 software (San Diego, CA, USA). Descriptive statistics (in %) and the chi-square test (X2) were performed to compare the incidence of each foramen between the sexes and the sides. The probability value = 0.05 was defined as the level of significance. Results: of the 71 male mandibles, the incidence was 16.9% for the accessory mental foramen, and 22.53% for the double mental foramen. Of the 29 female mandibles, the incidence was 10.34% for the accessory mental foramen, and 24.13% for the double mental foramen. There were 12% of the accessory mental foramen on the right side and 3% on the left side. And 11% of the double mental foramen on the right side and 12% on the left side. The chi-square test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference for both sex (P value: 0.7066) and for the side (P value: 0.0818). Conclusion: the incidence of accessory and double mental foramen in the studied sample must be considered given the importance of knowledge of the anatomy of these foramina during the execution of anaesthetic and surgical procedures in Dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: clinical applications of the buccal fat pad have been reported more frequently in recent years, mainly in Dentistry area. The aim of this study was to review the literature identifying the anatomy of the buccal fat pad, including its development, functional importance and some of its applications in different clinical procedures. Review: one electronic research database, PubMed, was investigated using the following restricted keywords: "buccal fat pad", "anatomy" and "clinical procedures". Forty-nine articles were found. The final review included thirty-three of them. Publications identified were considered between February 1989 and December 2020. Conclusion: this review showed that the buccal fat pad is a complex anatomical structure that has essential functions and can be applied to different clinical approaches. It is indispensable for the professionals who work with this structure to know it in detail so to obtain success on the procedures involving the buccal fat pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista. Revista de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human identification involving mutilation, advanced decomposition, and skeletonized materials is a challenge for professionals in forensic medicine and dentistry. This study was aimed at a morphometric analysis of the mastoid and bimastoid triangles to determine sex in a Brazilian population. The sample included 80 human skulls (34 females and 46 males; age: 18 to 60 years) from individuals with death certificates. Linear measurements (mm) of the mastoid process -- right (n=3) and left (n=3) -- and the opisthionbimastoid (n=3) triangles were taken (digital caliper) by two previously trained researchers. Three cranial points -- asterion, porion and process -- were determined for the right and left mastoid triangle and three others -- (1) opisthion and (2) right and (3) left mastoid -- for the bimastoid triangle. Heron's formula was used to calculate the area of the triangles assessed. Data were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by the unpaired Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test, depending on the data distribution verified in the normality test (GraphPad Prism 5.01; p<0.05). The ROC curve was used to measure the accuracy of the variables toward sex determination. The opisthion-bimastoid triangle showed high accuracy and significant differences in all the variables assessed and thus was considered a potential element for sex determination in the Brazilian population assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. Here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite-element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars and buttresses. Available bone material properties data do not support the existence of pillars and buttresses in humans or Sapajus apella. Deformation regimes in the zygomatic complex emphasize bending and shear, therefore conceptualizing the zygomatic complex of humans or nonhuman primates as a pillar obscures its patterns of stress, strain, and deformation. Human fossil relatives and chimpanzees exhibit strain regimes corroborating the existence of a canine-frontal pillar, but the notion of a zygomatic pillar has no support. The emerging consensus on patterns of strain and deformation in finite element models (FEMs) of the human facial skeleton corroborates hypotheses in the clinical literature regarding zygomatic complex function, and provide new insights into patterns of failure of titanium and resorbable plates in experimental studies. It is suggested that the "pillar and buttress" model of human craniofacial skeleton function be replaced with FEMs that more accurately and precisely represent in vivo function, and which can serve as the basis for future research into implants used in restoration of occlusal function and fracture repair. Anat Rec, 299:1753-1778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)