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2. The importance of species addition ‘versus’ replacement varies over succession in plant communities after glacier retreat

Author

Cantera, I, Carteron, A, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Cantera I., Carteron A., Guerrieri A., Marta S., Bonin A., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., Alviz Gazitúa P., Cauvy-Fraunié S., Ceballos Lievano J. L., Chand P., Chand Sharma M., Clague J., Cochachín Rapre J. A., Compostella C., Cruz Encarnación R., Dangles O., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hågvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Thuiller W., Caccianiga M., Ficetola G. F., Cantera, I, Carteron, A, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Cantera I., Carteron A., Guerrieri A., Marta S., Bonin A., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., Alviz Gazitúa P., Cauvy-Fraunié S., Ceballos Lievano J. L., Chand P., Chand Sharma M., Clague J., Cochachín Rapre J. A., Compostella C., Cruz Encarnación R., Dangles O., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hågvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Thuiller W., Caccianiga M., and Ficetola G. F.

Published
2024

3. Effect of short-term, climate-driven sediment deposition on tectonically controlled alluvial channel incision

Author

Wang, X, Clague, J, Frattini, P, Qi, S, Lan, H, Zhang, W, Li, L, Sun, J, Crosta, G, Wang X., Clague J. J., Frattini P., Qi S., Lan H., Zhang W., Li L., Sun J., Crosta G. B., Wang, X, Clague, J, Frattini, P, Qi, S, Lan, H, Zhang, W, Li, L, Sun, J, Crosta, G, Wang X., Clague J. J., Frattini P., Qi S., Lan H., Zhang W., Li L., Sun J., and Crosta G. B.

Abstract

Debate about relations between rates of fluvial incision and time (the “Sadler effect”) continues, impeding the use of incision rates to infer tectonic and climatic processes. There is a dearth of detailed field evidence that can be used to explore the coupling between tectonics and climate in controlling alluvial channel geometry and incision rates over time scales of 102–105 yr. We present field data from the Rumei watershed of southeast Tibet, which we obtained by mapping and dating late Pleistocene (ca. 135 ka) fluvial terraces and related channels, measuring channel hydraulic geometry, and calculating channel steepness indexes and incision rates. The evidence indicates that climate forcing is the main driver of sediment production and delivery to streams in the watershed. New aggradation events altered alluvial valley and channel geometry and, coupled with tectonic uplift, affected the rate of channel incision in the catchment. We propose a conceptual model (Formula presented.) that links uplift-driven incision (II) to channel aggradation (Formula presented.)induced by climate change, which is valid in catchments and other areas. We conclude that the reduction in incision depth caused by climate-driven channel aggradation is significant on short time scales (102–105 yr), and its cumulative effect contributes to the “Sadler effect” on long time scales (>106 yr).

Published
2024

4. Local climate modulates the development of soil nematode communities after glacier retreat

Author

Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Carteron, A, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alvizgazitua, P, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Ceballoslievano, J, Chand, P, Chandsharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachinrapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruzencarnacion, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Ficetola, G, Guerrieri A., Cantera I., Marta S., Bonin A., Carteron A., Ambrosini R., Caccianiga M., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., AlvizGazitua P., Cauvy-Fraunie S., CeballosLievano J. L., Chand P., ChandSharma M., Clague J., CochachinRapre J. A., Compostella C., CruzEncarnacion R., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Proietto A., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Fontaneto D., Thuiller W., Ficetola G. F., Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Carteron, A, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alvizgazitua, P, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Ceballoslievano, J, Chand, P, Chandsharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachinrapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruzencarnacion, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Ficetola, G, Guerrieri A., Cantera I., Marta S., Bonin A., Carteron A., Ambrosini R., Caccianiga M., Anthelme F., Azzoni R. S., Almond P., AlvizGazitua P., Cauvy-Fraunie S., CeballosLievano J. L., Chand P., ChandSharma M., Clague J., CochachinRapre J. A., Compostella C., CruzEncarnacion R., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Meneses R. I., Peyre G., Pittino F., Proietto A., Rabatel A., Urseitova N., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zerboni A., Zimmer A., Taberlet P., Diolaiuti G. A., Poulenard J., Fontaneto D., Thuiller W., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

The worldwide retreat of glaciers is causing a faster than ever increase in ice-free areas that are leading to the emergence of new ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these environments is critical to predicting the consequences of climate change on mountains and at high latitudes. Climatic differences between regions of the world could modulate the emergence of biodiversity and functionality after glacier retreat, yet global tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Nematodes are the most abundant soil animals, with keystone roles in ecosystem functioning, but the lack of global-scale studies limits our understanding of how the taxonomic and functional diversity of nematodes changes during the colonization of proglacial landscapes. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to characterize nematode communities of 48 glacier forelands from five continents. We assessed how different facets of biodiversity change with the age of deglaciated terrains and tested the hypothesis that colonization patterns are different across forelands with different climatic conditions. Nematodes colonized ice-free areas almost immediately. Both taxonomic and functional richness quickly increased over time, but the increase in nematode diversity was modulated by climate, so that colonization started earlier in forelands with mild summer temperatures. Colder forelands initially hosted poor communities, but the colonization rate then accelerated, eventually leveling biodiversity differences between climatic regimes in the long term. Immediately after glacier retreat, communities were dominated by colonizer taxa with short generation time and r-ecological strategy but community composition shifted through time, with increased frequency of more persister taxa with K-ecological strategy. These changes mostly occurred through the addition of new traits instead of their replacement during succession. The effects of local climate on nematode colonization led to heterogeneous but predictable patt

Published
2024

5. Methamphetamine Users Have Increased Dental Disease

Author

Shetty, V, Harrell, L, Clague, J, Murphy, DA, Dye, BA, and Belin, TR

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Dentistry, Infectious Diseases, Substance Misuse, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Methamphetamine, Clinical Research, Oral and gastrointestinal, Adult, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Case-Control Studies, DMF Index, Dental Caries, Female, Humans, Male, Nutrition Surveys, Propensity Score, Stomatognathic Diseases, methamphetamine use, high rates, distinctive patterns, propensity score matching, NHANES controls, epidemiology
Abstract

Methamphetamine (MA) users are assumed to have a high burden of tooth decay. Less clear is how the distribution and severity of dental caries in MA users differ from the general population. Using a covariate-balancing propensity score strategy, we investigated the differential effects of MA use on dental caries by comparing the patterns of decayed, missing, and filled teeth in a community sample of 571 MA users with a subset of 2,755 demographically similar control individuals selected from a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort. Recruited over a 2-y period with a stratified sampling protocol, the MA users underwent comprehensive dental examinations by 3 trained and calibrated dentists using NHANES protocols. Propensity scores were estimated with logistic regression based on background characteristics, and a subset of closely matched subjects was stratified into quintiles for comparisons. MA users were twice as likely to have untreated caries (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.55 to 2.78) and 4 times more likely to have caries experience (OR = 4.06; 95% CI: 2.24 to 7.34) than the control group of NHANES participants. Additionally, MA users were twice as likely to have 2 more decayed, missing, or filled teeth (OR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.29 to 2.79) than the NHANES participants. The differential involvement of the teeth surfaces in MA users was quite distinctive, with carious surface involvement being highest for the maxillary central incisors, followed by maxillary posterior premolars and molars. Users injecting MA had significantly higher rates of tooth decay compared with noninjectors (P = 0.04). Although MA users experienced decayed and missing dental surfaces more frequently than NHANES participants, NHANES participants had more restored surfaces, especially on molars. The high rates and distinctive patterns of dental caries observed could be used 1) to alert dentists to covert MA use in their patients and 2) as the basis for comprehensive management strategies.

Published
2016

7. The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat

Author

Ficetola, G, Marta, S, Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Bonin, A, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Kaufmann, R, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Morales-Martínez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Sieron, K, Tielidze, L, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Taberlet, P, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Carteron, A, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Marta, Silvio, Guerrieri, Alessia, Cantera, Isabel, Bonin, Aurélie, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ambrosini, Roberto, Caccianiga, Marco, Anthelme, Fabien, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Almond, Peter, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge Luis, Chand, Pritam, Chand Sharma, Milap, Clague, John J., Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano Alejo, Compostella, Chiara, Encarnación, Rolando Cruz, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Hågvar, Sigmund, Kaufmann, Rüdiger, Khedim, Norine, Meneses, Rosa Isela, Morales-Martínez, Marco Aurelio, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Proietto, Angela, Rabatel, Antoine, Sieron, Katrin, Tielidze, Levan, Urseitova, Nurai, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zerboni, Andrea, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina Adele, Taberlet, Pierre, Poulenard, Jerome, Fontaneto, Diego, Thuiller, Wilfried, Carteron, Alexis, Ficetola, G, Marta, S, Guerrieri, A, Cantera, I, Bonin, A, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ambrosini, R, Caccianiga, M, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Kaufmann, R, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Morales-Martínez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Proietto, A, Rabatel, A, Sieron, K, Tielidze, L, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Taberlet, P, Poulenard, J, Fontaneto, D, Thuiller, W, Carteron, A, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Marta, Silvio, Guerrieri, Alessia, Cantera, Isabel, Bonin, Aurélie, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ambrosini, Roberto, Caccianiga, Marco, Anthelme, Fabien, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Almond, Peter, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge Luis, Chand, Pritam, Chand Sharma, Milap, Clague, John J., Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano Alejo, Compostella, Chiara, Encarnación, Rolando Cruz, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Hågvar, Sigmund, Kaufmann, Rüdiger, Khedim, Norine, Meneses, Rosa Isela, Morales-Martínez, Marco Aurelio, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Proietto, Angela, Rabatel, Antoine, Sieron, Katrin, Tielidze, Levan, Urseitova, Nurai, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zerboni, Andrea, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina Adele, Taberlet, Pierre, Poulenard, Jerome, Fontaneto, Diego, Thuiller, Wilfried, and Carteron, Alexis

Abstract

The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates1–4. The study of these emerging ecosystems is critical to understanding how climate change interacts with microhabitat and biotic communities and determines the future of ice-free terrains1,5. Here, using a comprehensive characterization of ecosystems (soil properties, microclimate, productivity and biodiversity by environmental DNA metabarcoding6) across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, we found that all the environmental properties change with time since glaciers retreated, and that temperature modulates the accumulation of soil nutrients. The richness of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals increases with time since deglaciation, but their temporal patterns differ. Microorganisms colonized most rapidly in the first decades after glacier retreat, whereas most macroorganisms took longer. Increased habitat suitability, growing complexity of biotic interactions and temporal colonization all contribute to the increase in biodiversity over time. These processes also modify community composition for all the groups of organisms. Plant communities show positive links with all other biodiversity components and have a key role in ecosystem development. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the early dynamics of deglaciated terrains and highlight the need for integrated surveillance of their multiple environmental properties5.

Published
2024

8. Dynamics and drivers of mycorrhizal fungi after glacier retreat

Author

Carteron, A, Cantera, I, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Ceballos Lievano, JL, Urseitova,N, Ficetola, GF, Carteron, A, Cantera, I, Guerrieri, A, Marta, S, Bonin, A, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Azzoni, R, Almond, P, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Ceballos Lievano, J, Chand, P, Chand Sharma, M, Clague, J, Cochachín Rapre, J, Compostella, C, Cruz Encarnación, R, Dangles, O, Eger, A, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Meneses, R, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Rabatel, A, Urseitova, N, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zerboni, A, Zimmer, A, Taberlet, P, Diolaiuti, G, Poulenard, J, Thuiller, W, Caccianiga, M, Ficetola, G, Ceballos Lievano, JL, Urseitova,N, and Ficetola, GF

Abstract

The development of terrestrial ecosystems depends greatly on plant mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi. The global retreat of glaciers exposes nutrient-poor substrates in extreme environments and provides a unique opportunity to study early successions of mycorrhizal fungi by assessing their dynamics and drivers. We combined environmental DNA metabarcoding and measurements of local conditions to assess the succession of mycorrhizal communities during soil development in 46 glacier forelands around the globe, testing whether dynamics and drivers differ between mycorrhizal types. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized deglaciated areas very quickly (< 10 yr), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tending to become more diverse through time compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both alpha- and beta-diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly related to time since glacier retreat and plant communities, while microclimate and primary productivity were more important for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The richness and composition of mycorrhizal communities were also significantly explained by soil chemistry, highlighting the importance of microhabitat for community dynamics. The acceleration of ice melt and the modifications of microclimate forecasted by climate change scenarios are expected to impact the diversity of mycorrhizal partners. These changes could alter the interactions underlying biotic colonization and belowground–aboveground linkages, with multifaceted impacts on soil development and associated ecological processes.

Published
2024

11. New Pieces to the Flims-Tamins Rockslide Puzzle

Author

Calhoun, N., Poschinger, A. V., Clague, J. J., Giardino, M., Masera, D., Perotti, L., Lollino, Giorgio, editor, Giordan, Daniele, editor, Crosta, Giovanni B., editor, Corominas, Jordi, editor, Azzam, Rafig, editor, Wasowski, Janusz, editor, and Sciarra, Nicola, editor

Published
2015
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14. Fault controls on spatial variation of fracture density and rock mass strength within the Yarlung Tsangpo Fault damage zone (southeastern Tibet)

Author

Wang, X, Crosta, G, Clague, J, Stead, D, Sun, J, Qi, S, Liu, H, Wang X., Crosta G. B., Clague J. J., Stead D., Sun J., Qi S., Liu H., Wang, X, Crosta, G, Clague, J, Stead, D, Sun, J, Qi, S, Liu, H, Wang X., Crosta G. B., Clague J. J., Stead D., Sun J., Qi S., and Liu H.

Abstract

Recent technological developments including Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry and point cloud analysis software tools greatly enhance our ability to investigate the relationship between faulting and the spatial geometrical and mechanical characteristics of a rock mass controlled by faulting. Using the Yarlung Tsangpo (YLTP) Fault of southeastern Tibet as a case study, we propose the procedures, investigation approaches, evidence and criteria for quantitatively defining the threshold distance for damage zones combining the spatial variations of fracture density, rock mass strength and rockfall inventory in this study. Based on the study, the extent of threshold distance of damage zone of the YLTP Fault is estimated as 5.9 ± 0.6 km, which has been compared with published data from the evidence of thermal effects related to exactly the same fault and shows a good match. Five predominant joint sets were identified in the study area. Influenced by tectonics, the relationship between mean spacing of the joint sets with distance from the fault core shows a strong positive power relationship. It is consistent with the result of the exponential relation between the mean size of fallen blocks and distance from the fault core that is obtained independently. We conclude that fracture density (the joint volumetric count, Jv) and cohesion of the rock mass show power curve relations with distance within the damage zone. The fault first affects the characteristics of rock mass structures, and then the characteristics of the rock structures influence the stability of slope leading to rockfall.

Published
2021

15. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the little ice age: A spatially explicit database

Author

Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., Ficetola G. F., Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).

Published
2021

16. Relationship between the spatial distribution of landslides and rock mass strength, and implications for the driving mechanism of landslides in tectonically active mountain ranges

Author

Wang, X, Clague, J, Crosta, G, Sun, J, Stead, D, Qi, S, Zhang, L, Wang X., Clague J. J., Crosta G. B., Sun J., Stead D., Qi S., Zhang L., Wang, X, Clague, J, Crosta, G, Sun, J, Stead, D, Qi, S, Zhang, L, Wang X., Clague J. J., Crosta G. B., Sun J., Stead D., Qi S., and Zhang L.

Abstract

The relationship between landslides and rock mass strength is fundamental for assessing landslide hazards. Some researchers have proposed that there is an inverse relationship between the number of landslides and rock mass strength. However, in some tectonically active mountain ranges, higher rates of landsliding appear to be associated with greater rock mass strength. We investigated the relation between landslides and rock mass strength in the Langxian (LX), Lulang (LL), and Tongmai (TM) regions in southeastern Tibet by identifying and mapping 294 large bedrock landslides using 10-m resolution lidar bare-earth imagery. An inverse relationship between topographic relief and the slope angle of historical landslides demonstrates that rock mass strength is an important factor controlling relief in the study area. Applying Culmann's method, we back-calculated rock mass strengths ranging from 60 to 770 kPa at the landscape scale. Our data show that, at the landscape scale, more landslides have occurred on the hillslopes with greater rock mass strength than on those with lower rock mass strength. We conclude that the stability of slopes in our study areas is controlled by rock mass strength, but the dominant drivers of failure are rock uplift and river incision, rather than a reduction in rock strength as has been proposed in some tectonically passive regions.

Published
2021

17. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world

Author

Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., Ficetola G. F., Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice-cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build-up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic (13C, 15N) and carbon functional groups (C-H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build-up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contributio

Published
2021

18. The 28 November 2020 Landslide, Tsunami, and Outburst Flood – A Hazard Cascade Associated With Rapid Deglaciation at Elliot Creek, British Columbia, Canada

Author

Geertsema, M., primary, Menounos, B., additional, Bullard, G., additional, Carrivick, J. L., additional, Clague, J. J., additional, Dai, C., additional, Donati, D., additional, Ekstrom, G., additional, Jackson, J. M., additional, Lynett, P., additional, Pichierri, M., additional, Pon, A., additional, Shugar, D. H., additional, Stead, D., additional, Del Bel Belluz, J., additional, Friele, P., additional, Giesbrecht, I., additional, Heathfield, D., additional, Millard, T., additional, Nasonova, S., additional, Schaeffer, A. J., additional, Ward, B. C., additional, Blaney, D., additional, Blaney, E., additional, Brillon, C., additional, Bunn, C., additional, Floyd, W., additional, Higman, B., additional, Hughes, K. E., additional, McInnes, W., additional, Mukherjee, K., additional, and Sharp, M. A., additional

Published
2022
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19. A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya

Author

Shugar, D. H., primary, Jacquemart, M., additional, Shean, D., additional, Bhushan, S., additional, Upadhyay, K., additional, Sattar, A., additional, Schwanghart, W., additional, McBride, S., additional, de Vries, M. Van Wyk, additional, Mergili, M., additional, Emmer, A., additional, Deschamps-Berger, C., additional, McDonnell, M., additional, Bhambri, R., additional, Allen, S., additional, Berthier, E., additional, Carrivick, J. L., additional, Clague, J. J., additional, Dokukin, M., additional, Dunning, S. A., additional, Frey, H., additional, Gascoin, S., additional, Haritashya, U. K., additional, Huggel, C., additional, Kääb, A., additional, Kargel, J. S., additional, Kavanaugh, J. L., additional, Lacroix, P., additional, Petley, D., additional, Rupper, S., additional, Azam, M. F., additional, Cook, S. J., additional, Dimri, A. P., additional, Eriksson, M., additional, Farinotti, D., additional, Fiddes, J., additional, Gnyawali, K. R., additional, Harrison, S., additional, Jha, M., additional, Koppes, M., additional, Kumar, A., additional, Leinss, S., additional, Majeed, U., additional, Mal, S., additional, Muhuri, A., additional, Noetzli, J., additional, Paul, F., additional, Rashid, I., additional, Sain, K., additional, Steiner, J., additional, Ugalde, F., additional, Watson, C. S., additional, and Westoby, M. J., additional

Published
2021
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21. Structural Control of Bedrock Canyon Alignment and Morphology along the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada

Author

Curran, M., Venditti, J. G., Menounos, B., Clague, J. J., Kwoll, E., Donati, D., Stead, D., Morell, K. D., Curran, M., Venditti, J. G., Menounos, B., Clague, J. J., Kwoll, E., Donati, D., Stead, D., and Morell, K. D.

Subjects
Structural geology, Rock mass quality, River bed
Abstract

Bedrock rivers work to incise terrain down to base level. Their geomorphic work is accomplished by the transfer of momentum from flow to particles that strike the bed and walls, or, more effectively, to pluck fracture-bound blocks from the boundary. Through this latter process, bedrock fractures can control bedrock river morphology at the reach scale by dictating local vertical and lateral incision rates. At the watershed scale, regional structure patterns partly control channel alignment by providing fractured rock along discontinuities where incision rates are enhanced. We investigated the structural controls on the alignment of bedrock canyons along the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, and controls on the reach-scale morphology of one of its major canyons. We used topographic data and optical imagery derived from multibeam echo-soundings, drones, airborne LiDAR, and satellite sensors. We produced a digital elevation model that includes bedrock walls both above and below the water surface. Our analysis of these data shows that the canyon geometry of the Fraser River is controlled by a combination of large landslides and faults and reveals that epigenetic gorges created by landslides have distinct geometries and morphologies from those canyons associated with faults. Kinematic rock slope analysis of the walls of one major canyon reveals that reach-scale geometry is partly controlled by the orientation of the major joint sets. Vertical and horizontal joints appear to dictate the style of rock erosion and the propensity for abrasion, undercutting, and plucking, and through this control the spatial distribution of constrictions and pools.

Published
2019

27. The response of glaciers to climate change: observations and impacts

Author

James, Allan, Harden, Carol, Clague, John, James, A ( Allan ), Harden, C ( Carol ), Clague, J ( John ), Haeberli, Wilfried, Huggel, Christian, Paul, Frank, Zemp, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-7877, James, Allan, Harden, Carol, Clague, John, James, A ( Allan ), Harden, C ( Carol ), Clague, J ( John ), Haeberli, Wilfried, Huggel, Christian, Paul, Frank, and Zemp, Michael; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-7877

Published
2020

39. Submarine landslides offshore yamba, nsw, australia: An analysis of their timing, downslope motion and possible causes

Author

Lintern, DG, Mosher, DC, Moscardelli, LG, Bobrowsky, PT, Campbell, C, Chaytor, J, Clague, J, Georgiopoulou, A, Lajeunesse, P, Normandeau, A, Piper, D, Scherwath, M, Stacey, C, Turmel, D, Hubble, T, Yeung, S, Clarke, S, Baxter, A, De Blasio, F, Lintern, DG, Mosher, DC, Moscardelli, LG, Bobrowsky, PT, Campbell, C, Chaytor, J, Clague, J, Georgiopoulou, A, Lajeunesse, P, Normandeau, A, Piper, D, Scherwath, M, Stacey, C, Turmel, D, Hubble, T, Yeung, S, Clarke, S, Baxter, A, and De Blasio, F

Abstract

Radiocarbon isotopic ages and sedimentological data are presented for material recovered from three adjacent translational submarine landslides (YS1, YS2 and YS3) identified on the upper-continental slope offshore Yamba, New South Wales, Australia. The age data indicate that these three co-located upper-slope slides probably occurred independently of each other and not in a single, widespread regional-scale failure event. Numerical estimates of the likely runout distances for slide blocks corresponding to the entire landslide scar volumes range between 10 and 27 km, and represent a ‘runout zone’ in which landslide blocks or debris might reasonably be expected to be located. There is no morphological evidence for large blocks or debris fields derived from two of the Yamba landslide scars within their identified runout zones (YS1 and YS2), suggesting these two failures involved complete disintegration of large slide blocks after failure or the removal of sediment from the landslide sites as grainflows or turbidites. In contrast, the third runout zone (YS3) presents good evidence of at least 12 slide blocks between 100 and 200 m in diameter, suggesting that they were shed as relatively small individual blocks or they were generated due to the dismemberment of a larger slab.

Published
2019

44. Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice

Author

Huss, Matthias, Bookhagen, B, Huggel, Christian, Jacobsen, Dean, Bradley, R S, Clague, J J, Vuille, Mathias, Buytaert, Wouter, Cayan, D R, Greenwood, G, Mark, B G, Milner, A M, Weingartner, R, Winder, Monika, University of Zurich, and Huss, Matthias

Subjects
2300 General Environmental Science, 10122 Institute of Geography, 1901 Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), ddc:550, Institut für Umweltwissenschaften und Geographie, 910 Geography & travel
Abstract

The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade of effects will result, extending from mountains to lowlands with associated impacts on human livelihood, economy, and ecosystems. With rising air temperatures and increased radiative forcing, glaciers will become smaller and, in some cases, disappear, the area of frozen ground will diminish, the ratio of snow to rainfall will decrease, and the timing and magnitude of both maximum and minimum streamflow will change. These changes will affect erosion rates, sediment, and nutrient flux, and the biogeochemistry of rivers and proglacial lakes, all of which influence water quality, aquatic habitat, and biotic communities. Changes in the length of the growing season will allow low-elevation plants and animals to expand their ranges upward. Slope failures due to thawing alpine permafrost, and outburst floods from glacier- and moraine-dammed lakes will threaten downstream populations. Societies even well beyond the mountains depend on meltwater from glaciers and snow for drinking water supplies, irrigation, mining, hydropower, agriculture, and recreation. Here, we review and, where possible, quantify the impacts of anticipated climate change on the alpine cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and consider the implications for adaptation to a future of mountains without permanent snow and ice., Earth's Future, 5 (5), ISSN:2328-4277

Published
2017
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45. Application of structure from motion to digitized historical airphotos to document geomorphic change over the past century

Author

Roberti, G., Ward, B., van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin, Perotti, L., Giardino, M., Friele, P., Clague, J., Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Jouhannel, Sylvaine

Subjects
[SDU.STU.VO] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

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