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In this study, we provide the first field-based assessment of the seismic potential of the Te Puninga Fault, Hauraki Plains, Waikato region. Initially considered to be part of the nearby Kerepehi Fault, our new mapping and field data suggest the Te Puninga Fault is independent. A new net slip rate value of 0.25 mm/yr, based on geomorphic data and evaluations from two paleoseismic trenches, is slightly higher than previously considered. Comparisons of geomorphic expression between the two faults suggest that the slip rate currently assigned to the Kerepehi Fault could be underestimated. The earthquake magnitude estimated here for the Te Puninga Fault (Mw 6.9 ± 0.35) is based on a characteristic earthquake model. New PGA and MMI estimates here are only slightly larger than those published prior to this study. Although ruptures of the Te Puninga Fault are infrequent (derived recurrence range of 3000–11,500 years), and thus its hazard is low, with this paper we wish to enhance the community awareness to prepare for the rare large earthquake in the region. We also recommend that this new information is added to fault databases used for seismic assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by Māori oral histories that refer to past catastrophic marine inundations, multi-proxy analysis of stratigraphic records from Swamp Bay, Rangitoto ki te Tonga (D'Urville Island) shows evidence of an anomalous deposit extending some 160 m inland. The deposit includes two distinct lithofacies. The lower sand unit is inferred to have been transported from the marine environment, with corresponding increases in the percentages of benthic marine and brackish–marine diatoms, and geochemical properties indicative of sudden changes in environmental conditions. Radiocarbon dating indicates the deposit formation is less than 402 yrs BP, and pollen indicates it is unlikely to be younger than 1870 CE. Core stratigraphy age models and co-seismic chronologies point to the marine unit most likely being emplaced by tsunami transport associated with rupture of the Wairarapa Fault in 1855 CE. The overlying unit of gravel and silt is inferred to be fluvial deposit and slope-wash from the surrounding hills, loosened by ground-shaking following the earthquake. These findings indicate the 1855 CE earthquake may have been more complex than previously thought and, or, available tsunami modelling does not fully capture the local complexities in bathymetry and topography that can cause hazardous and localized tsunami amplification in embayments like Swamp Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The north-striking sinistral reverse Papatea Fault ruptured with a very large (up to 12 m) oblique slip as part of the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake in the northeastern South Island. Paleoseismic studies were undertaken at three sites along the Papatea Fault, named Murray's roadcut, Jacqui's Gully (both on the main strand), and Wharekiri trench (western strand). These sites provide evidence for up to three Late Holocene paleoearthquakes prior to 2016 (=E0) on this previously unmapped active fault, with preferred OxCal-modelled timings of 98–149 (E1), 546–645 cal yr BP (E2), and >738 cal yr BP (E3). Event correlations between the sites are generally consistent across these past events, implying that the two strands of the Papatea Fault link at depth and rupture together co-seismically as in 2016. Comparisons of its paleoseismic record with the Kekerengu Fault and uplift data from Waipapa Bay and Kaikōura, suggest that the Papatea Fault may have three distinct rupture modes: (i) Kaikōura-type multi-fault ruptures with multi-metre, anelastic block displacements and associated major landscape change; (ii) multi-fault earthquake ruptures with other regional fault combinations; and (iii) single-fault Papatea ruptures with metre-scale displacement. OxCal models offer the possibility that the E1 fault rupture occurred in 1855 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Auckland region does not have a historic record of significant tsunamis but modelling suggests the eastern coastline could be exposed to tsunamis from the Kermadec Trench with wave amplitudes of up to 10 m on Great Barrier Island/Aotea and 1–5 m on the mainland. Paleotsunami research could contribute to filling the disconnect between historic records and tsunami modelling by providing a tsunami record over a time span of thousands of years that is more likely to capture the long recurrence intervals of great subduction earthquakes at the Kermadec Trench. Here we review existing paleotsunami information and results of new field studies in the Auckland region (primarily on Great Barrier Island/Aotea). Three sites (Tāwharanui, Whangapoua Beach and Harataonga Bay) have strong evidence of Holocene paleotsunami but the dating of the inferred paleotsunamis at all sites is relatively poor. The coastline of Auckland and its neighbouring regions offer our most promising sites to better understand the size and frequency of large to great Kermadec Trench earthquakes and this information could be of critical importance for understanding tsunami risk in New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake ruptured >20 faults and caused highly variable uplift and subsidence of an ~110 km stretch of coastline. The earthquake raised questions about fault interactions in regions of oblique convergence and especially subduction to strike-slip transition zones like the Kaikōura region. We integrate 2016 coastal vertical deformation observations with new mapping and dating of Holocene marine terraces to: (1) compare spatial patterns of 2016 coseismic and longer-term vertical motions, (2) investigate possible past multi-fault ruptures or temporal clusters of earthquakes around Kaikōura, and (3) assess the relative contributions of crustal faults and the Hikurangi subduction interface to late Holocene coastal uplift. We identify possible multi-fault ruptures or loose clusters of earthquakes at ca. 850–550 yr B.P. and ca. 350–100 yr B.P. Most (and possibly all) of the Kaikōura coast has been uplifted over the late Holocene; the 25-km-long Parikawa section of coast subsided coseismically in 2016 but appears to be uplifted through reverse slip on an offshore fault. Late Holocene uplift everywhere along the coastline of interest can be attributed to slip on known upper-plate faults; slip on a shallow-dipping (<20°) subduction interface cannot be ruled out but is not required to explain uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable progress in conceptualization of sense of place through multiple disciplines, there is still room for further clarification in light of its utility for planning research and practice. This discussion paper posits that sense of place can be conceptualized for planning based on two factors: 1) the type of function for using the concept (evaluative, leveraging and enhancing); and 2) the unit at which a sense occurs, or place of sense (individual-, place-level, or an interaction of individual, place, and other people). Through some illustrated examples, we demonstrate how the conceptual framework we propose can be used to better identify specific sense of place attributes and associated planning actions. While doing so, we also attempt to relate sense of place discourses with the roles of planning in environmental stewardship and promotion of health and well-being, which have previously been less articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport have just published a new framework for developing ideas about culture and heritage capital. The aim is to provide research, data, guidance and tools to help organisations make a stronger case for investment in culture and heritage assets. The model will adapt an approach used for natural capital. This review article guardedly welcomes the initiative but notes that, as with natural capital, there are major conceptual challenges to be addressed. Leaving aside core theoretical issues, these include policy challenges such as defining cultural and heritage 'assets' and mapping their condition, the need to explore the whole idea of a 'services' model for cultural and heritage assets (which already exists for natural capital), questions around the validity of monetary values as proxies for heritage values, and major questions around the application of such models to different areas of heritage and cultural policy and practice. Cultural capital is not a new idea, but what is new is the attempt to take the monetisation of values a step further. This is an important debate, but it will require proper resources, and considerable engagement from the sectors, practitioners and communities in order to close the gap between economists and non-economists, and to genuinely help us all to better make the case for investing in culture and heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civilians who bring claims against powerful states or their officials, for harm resulting from the conduct of war, face challenges that no single legal procedure can possibly overcome. Certain codified international laws outline specific protections for civilians, but this protective infrastructure stands in the shadow of two creatures of uncodified international customary law: state sovereignty and the immunity of states and their officials. The subject of this case note is a civil claim before a Dutch domestic court, against powerful officials of the state of Israel. The claimant, a Palestinian Dutch national, is attempting to sue the officials for the unlawful killing of six members of his family in the intentional bombing of their home in Gaza in 2014. In January 2020, he set out to establish the Dutch court's jurisdiction based on an exceptional provision of the Dutch Code of Civil Procedure. This contribution argues that the Dutch court erred in allowing the asserted 'functional immunity' of the foreign officials to counter its own jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand, has not produced large subduction earthquakes within the short written historic period (~180 years) and the potential of the plate interface to host large (M > 7) to great (M > 8) earthquakes and tsunamis is poorly constrained. The geological record of past subduction earthquakes offers a method for assessing the location, frequency and approximate magnitude of subduction earthquakes to underpin seismic and tsunami hazard assessments. We review evidence of Holocene coseismic coastal deformation and tsunamis at 22 locations along the margin. A consistent approach to radiocarbon age modelling is used and earthquake and tsunami evidence is ranked using a systematic assessment of the quality of age control and the certainty that the event in question is an earthquake. To identify possible subduction earthquakes, we use temporal correlation of earthquakes, combined with the type of earthquake evidence, likely primary fault source and the earthquake certainty ranking. We identify 10 past possible subduction earthquakes over the past 7000 years along the Hikurangi margin. The last subduction earthquake occurred at 520–470 years BP in the southern Hikurangi margin and the strongest evidence for a full margin rupture is at 870–815 years BP. There are no apparent persistent rupture patches, suggesting segmentation of the margin is not strong. In the southern margin, the type of geological deformation preserved generally matches that expected due to rupture of the interseismically locked portion of the subduction interface but the southern termination of past subduction ruptures remains unresolved. The pattern of geological deformation on the central margin suggests that the region of the interface that currently hosts slow slip events also undergoes rupture in large earthquakes, demonstrating different modes of slip behaviour occur on the central Hikurangi margin. Evidence for subduction earthquakes on the northern margin has not been identified because deformation signals from upper plate faults dominate the geological record. Large uncertainties remain in regard to evidence of past subduction earthquakes on the Hikurangi margin, with the greatest challenges presented by temporal correlation of earthquake evidence when working within the uncertainties of radiocarbon ages, and the presence of upper plate faults capable of producing deformation and tsunamis similar to that expected for subduction earthquakes. However, areas of priority research such as improving the paleotsunami record and integration of submarine turbidite records should produce significant advances in the future. • We review - past coseismic coastal deformation on the Hikurangi subduction margin. • Along-margin temporal correlations are used to identify past subduction earthquakes. • Upper plate faults introduce uncertainty in earthquake source interpretation. • We identify ten possible subduction earthquakes in the past 7000 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Table Cape, Mahia Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand, four marine terraces have been uplifted coseismically during the past 3500 years. Detailed facies assessment of the terrace coverbed sequence coupled with identification of modern analogues on the active shore platform were used to infer the process of marine terrace formation and to estimate the timing and amount of past uplift events (earthquakes). The modern platform can be subdivided into seven depositional zones: subtidal, outer platform, intertidal sand pockets, inner platform, high-tide, mid-storm, and storm beach. Terrace coverbeds were characterised from two trenches excavated across the full width of the uplifted terrace sequence. Off-lapping packages of high tidal, mid-storm, and storm beach sediments were most common. Outer platform sediments occurred only rarely near the base of some uplifted shore platforms. Overlying the marine sediments were near-horizontal terrestrial deposits of airfall tephra (on the two highest terraces), subsoil, topsoil, rare wedges of colluvial sediment (slopewash) shed from terrace risers, and an anomalous deposit possibly emplaced by a tsunami. Fifty-one radiocarbon ages, obtained from molluscs in the marine coverbeds, showed a general pattern of seaward-younging across the coastal plain and across each terrace and a less pronounced pattern of decreasing age upward in each coverbed sequence. The distinctive stepped geomorphology of the terraces, the facies and age structure of the terrace deposits and historical earthquake causation of similar terraces elsewhere in New Zealand provided the data to invoke an earthquake-driven model for terrace formation. Marine terrace development following an uplift event involved rapid cutting of a new intertidal shore platform and generally regressive deposition of high-tide to storm beach deposits. Following further uplift, the platform became a geomorphic terrace (above marine influence) and was then mantled by terrestrial sediments. On the two highest terraces at Table Cape, airfall tephras mantling the marine coverbeds provided a minimum age for terrace uplift. The youngest radiocarbon ages from high-tide deposits high in the stratigraphy and near the seaward edge of each terrace provided the best estimates for the timing of uplift. Based on the new radiocarbon ages and the constraining airfall tephra ages, we revised the earthquake ages to 3530–3350, 1810–1730, 1560–1300 and 300–100 cal. YBP. Associated best estimates of the coseismic uplift amounts were 2.1, 1.4, 1.8, and 3.1 m respectively, once we accounted for eustatic sea level changes through the late Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 M 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake was one of the largest earthquakes in New Zealand's historical record, and it generated the most significant local source tsunami to affect New Zealand since 1947. There are many unusual features of this earthquake from a tsunami perspective: the epicentre was well inland of the coast, multiple faults were involved in the rupture, and the greatest tsunami damage to residential property was far from the source. In this paper, we summarise the tectonic setting and the historical and geological evidence for past tsunamis on this coast, then present tsunami tide gauge and runup field observations of the tsunami that followed the Kaikōura earthquake. For the size of the tsunami, as inferred from the measured heights, the impact of this event was relatively modest, and we discuss the reasons for this which include: the state of the tide at the time of the earthquake, the degree of co-seismic uplift, and the nature of the coastal environment in the tsunami source region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altitudes and ages of fluvial terraces along the lower Awhea and Pahaoa River valleys are compared with the altitudes and ages of Holocene marine deposits and terraces in the actively uplifting southern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand. From these, we infer fluvial terrace formation processes and examine implications for controls on river behaviour and the likely mechanism of uplift. Both river valleys contain a prominent fill terrace (PgT) radiocarbon dated at 10,000–8000 cal. y BP, which formed in response to the rapid estuary infilling during the late stage of post-glacial sea-level rise. Older and younger terraces are primarily degradation terraces, with the exception of the oldest terraces mapped, which are fill terraces inferred to date from the Last Glacial Coldest Period. These results show the Awhea and Pahaoa Rivers respond to a number of competing controls including climate, tectonics, sea-level and anthropogenic (land use) changes, gradient and valley width. The influence of tectonic uplift can be isolated and Holocene marine terraces, estuarine deposits and the PgT tread altitudes are used to constrain the single-event displacement and slip rate of the submarine Palliser-Kaiwhata Fault, of 2–5 m and 2.5 ± 1 mm/y, respectively. The results also provide insight into likely future response of rivers such as the Awhea and Pahaoa to sea-level rise and tectonic uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GenPhilly is an innovative, replicable model that was developed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to inspire and engage emerging leaders from a variety of disciplines to promote and sustain an aging-in-community agenda. Administrative support is provided by the Area Agency on Aging, Philadelphia Corporation for Aging, yet it was designed by its members to be peer-led. In this way, young professionals in their 20s and 30s can capitalize on popular culture to create unique professional development opportunities and get younger generations thinking about the type of city in which they themselves want to get older. The group has benefited the field of aging by building awareness of aging services in the wider community; facilitating cross-disciplinary learning and innovation around aging issues; stressing the competitive advantage for emerging leaders from all fields to know about aging issues; strengthening the aging network workforce; breaking down stereotypes about working with older adults; and introducing expertise from outside the aging network to benefit older adults. Encouraging the development of similar groups will not only benefit the field of aging, it will assist the next generation of leaders in many fields to plan better for their communities and for themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article describes an innovative model for integrating research into a policy and planning agenda aimed to help neighborhoods become more supportive of older adults. Philadelphia Corporation for Aging (PCA) established Age-Friendly Philadelphia (AFP) to catalyze efforts to improve the physical and social environments for seniors. The Research Program at PCA became an important part of this effort by providing multiple types of supports to PCA staff and other stakeholders. Most notably, the research program worked with planners to adopt the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Aging Initiative model for Philadelphia. That model focuses on (1) staying active, connected, and engaged; (2) development and housing; (3) transportation and mobility; and (4) staying healthy. Examples of practice efforts actualized using this research are also presented. By developing a new approach to the way research can support practice initiatives, AFP has been able to increase its effectiveness, and researchers have found better ways to work collaboratively with professionals in policy, planning, and practice. The PCA model should be considered as a framework for similar efforts aimed at creating age-friendly communities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the highlights of the public debate on "The Future Care of Our Nation's Heritage". Topics covered include protecting cultural heritage in Great Britain with legislation, the definition of archaeology, heritage and history of a nation, and the agency responsible for safeguarding heritage assets. Also mentioned are members of the debate panel including National Trust Chairman Simon Thurley, cultural historian Robert Hewison, and English Heritage Simon Jenkins,

Stratigraphic investigations of three coastal waterbodies in southeastern Tasmania reveal major paleoenvironmental phases related to sea level change and anomalous deposits consistent with tsunami inundation. Twenty-two short sediment cores were examined for their sedimentology and fossil diatom, foraminifera and macrofossil assemblages; nine radiocarbon ages were obtained. Despite diverse Holocene histories at each site, four common phases of Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution can be distinguished. In Phase I (pre-8000 yr BP) terrestrial environments existed. During Phase II (8000–6500 yr BP) ponded freshwater environments formed behind transgressive coastal barriers. In Phase III (6500–2000 yr BP) the sites were subject to varying degrees of marine influence, resulting in environments ranging from current-swept tidal inlets to sheltered brackish-marine lagoons. In Phase IV (2000 yr BP to present) there was a decrease in marine influence, one site changed to a freshwater wetland environment while the other two changed to ephemeral salt pans. This study suggests that postglacial sea level rise culminated after c. 7300 cal. yr BP in southeastern Tasmania and that there was probably a late-Holocene fall in sea level. These paleoenvironmental histories provide a framework within which to identify anomalous deposits and assess them for likely causes. Five anomalous deposits are identified, three of which are considered likely to have been deposited by tsunami occurring at c. 4000 cal. yr BP, c. 2000 cal. yr BP and <2000 cal. yr BP, although deposition by large storms cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga, lies at the northern end of the Tongan trench, approximately 190km east of the epicentre of the earthquake that produced the 29th September, 2009, South Pacific tsunami. The tsunami inundated 46% of the land area of Niuatoputapu, maximum inundation of 1100m occurred along the southeastern coastline of the island while inundation distances in the villages were typically 200–500m. Flow direction indicators show that the strongest flow of the tsunami came from a northeast to east direction; the tsunami refracted around the northern and southern points of the island and inundated the west coast from variable directions. Maximum runup of 4.7m above mean sea level was recorded at the village of Falehau in the northwest of Niuatoputapu. The flow height of the tsunami reached a maximum of 16.9m above mean sea level at Toma, on the southeast coast of Niuatoputapu. Flow heights were typically between 8 and 15m along the eastern, uninhabited coastline of Niuatoputapu and decreased by about half, to between 4 and 7m above mean sea level along the western, inhabited coastline. With no prior knowledge or education to prompt self-evacuation, its remote location hampering recovery efforts, and high tsunami flow heights, Niuatoputapu suffered severe tsunami impacts in the social, economic and physical realms. We discuss aspects of the tsunami impacts and the implications of the event on our understanding of South Pacific tsunami hazard and how tsunami hazards can be managed on small, remote islands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Heritage Lottery Fund has, over the past 13 years, given £4billion to heritage projects of all kinds. As the Fund has matured a greater emphasis has been placed on the evaluation of the social and economic outcomes of this funding. In 2004 we reported on progress with evaluation of the programmes targeted at particular types of heritage (Clark, 2004). The greater challenge has been to evaluate the outcomes from the Fund's generic programmes, which can fund any type of heritage and which between them account for over two-thirds of total funding. This article reviews the Fund's experience over the last 3 years in developing and implementing an evaluation system using the Public (or Cultural) Value framework. It presents some initial results from the research so far completed and reviews how far the framework has been useful in suggesting research priorities and organizing findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) distributes money from the National Lottery to heritage. Since 1995 the HLF has given some £3 billion to 15,000 projects. As a small organization with a relatively large remit, applied research has been critical to the work of the HLF, helping it set priorities, make decisions and evaluate its programmes. Key research issues include: defining the needs of the heritage, the best means of evaluating projects and programmes, and capturing the economic and social benefits of heritage. Young people can be a difficult audience for heritage funders to reach, and it is shown how evaluation informed a dedicated new programme. The example of its support of parks shows how a need identified through research became a priority for the HLF, and has since been taken up by government. Finally, the HLF has developed a distinctive approach based on a very open concept of what heritage is and means to people. Research into public attitudes to heritage has been central to this. The Lottery will be reviewed in the lead up to the licence review in 2009 and inevitably questions will be asked about the future of funding. In another context, the Secretary of State has asked how it is possible to capture the value of culture. In common with organizations who deal with sports, art and culture, the HLF needs to capture the benefits of funding in a way that makes sense to both politicians and the public. Doing this depends upon robust research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter provides an overview of current data on the resources available for local authority conservation staff in England. These staff deal with archaeology, historic buildings, conservation areas, parks end gardens and many other aspects of the historic environment. Their work usually forms part of the local authority's wider role in development control and land-use planning, although it may also be linked to other activities such as museums, regeneration, urban design or natural environmental management. in general, resources for conservation are static or falling, while public expectations of conservation are rising and staff are being asked to deal with a growing range of activities, it is in this context that the government has announced its intention to review policies for the historic environment and to modernise the planning system. This will create new challenges for an already stretched system. The study on which this chapter is based has shown that there is an urgent need for better quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide a solid evidence base for developing better models of policy and practice in heritage conservation as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tokomaru Fault extends along the west side of the southern North Island of New Zealand. Given the fault’s proximity to major and expanding population centres, new work was undertaken to understand its contribution to seismic hazard in the Wellington-Levin corridor. Two paleoseismic trenches excavated across the southern end of the Tokomaru Fault, close to its junction with the Northern Ōhāriu Fault, show that it and the Northern Ōhāriu Fault are more active than previously thought. Ages of the two youngest events on the Tokomaru Fault are 93–220 and 1179–1254 cal yr BP, and result in a recurrence interval of 470–2300 years. These ages agree with the two youngest events on the Ōhāriu Fault and the timing of some events on the Wellington Fault. This suggests that the Tokomaru, Northern Ōhāriu, Ōhāriu, and Wellington faults may have ruptured together in the past, have triggered earthquakes on each other, or host slip that is triggered by larger nearby earthquakes. The results of this work illustrate the importance of fault interactions in the southern North Island and show that even if faults here do not rupture together, they likely play a key role in influencing the earthquake behaviour of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing robust chronologies to understand landscape evolution and tectonic activity in New Zealand have been the focus of a number of studies over the past years. The use of optically stimulated luminescence has often been hampered by the change in the sensitivity of the quartz grains during the measuring process. A set of ten samples from a sedimentary sequence which shows deformation caused by the activity of the Te Puninga fault, in New Zealand, have been the target of this study. Analysis of the tephra and peat layers within the sequence suggest that the latter should cover, at least, 25 ka of activity. Coarse quartz grains extracted from the sediment shows a severe sensitity change between the natural OSL and the test dose derived-OSL used for normalization. Attempts to monitor and correct this change in sensitivity did not lead to plausible equivalent doses, which do not increase at increasing depth, as expected, but instead, they show a saturation around 4 Gy, equivalent to 1.5 ka. These poor luminescence properties of quartz from New Zealand was also observed by other authors [1] who related it to the young sedimentary history of the quartz grains and concluded that this material was unsuitable for use as a natural dosimeter for luminescence dating. Coarse K-feldspar grains have a dim and unstable IR50 signal and no postIR-IR signal was detected at any temperature. limiting the use of coarse feldspar for dating also. In contrast, the polymineral fine grain fraction showed a reproducible response. A very different response between the coarse and fine grain quartz fractions from New Zealand was reported by other authors [2]. Artificially given doses have been recovered succesfully using the postIR-IRSL225 signal. Estimated equivalent doses for the studied samples are within the plausible dose range. Residual doses around 2 Gy, not significant compared to the natural doses, were measured after 24h of artificial exposure to light in a solar simulator. The quality control of the postIR-IR225 response indicates that reliable ages could be estimated using this signal from the polymineral fine grain fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic ash (tephra) horizons are an essential tool for the spatial and temporal correlation of many natural archives. However, tephrochronology is accompanied by age uncertainties that often limit its capacity to effectively constrain age models. This is particularly problematic for paleoseismology in complex tectonic settings such as New Zealand, where the accuracy and precision of earthquake ages is important for interpreting past fault interactions and earthquake sequences. We use the widespread Waimihia tephra, erupted at ∼3.4 ka from Taupō volcano, as a case study for generating improved age constraints for Holocene tephra isochrons. Our dating strategy minimizes uncertainties by (i) conducting detailed assessments to identify the most reliable dateable material, (ii) using precise AMS dating techniques, and (iii) constructing Bayesian age models. By applying consistent procedures to date tephra deposits at proximal, onshore distal and offshore distal locations, we also facilitate the detection of any geographic radiocarbon bias. Based on high agreement between the independently derived tephra ages from each location, we demonstrate no offsets in radiocarbon results between proximal and distal deposits, precluding bias from near-vent magmatic degassing. Our integrated age model exploits the benefits of each individual dating approach and uses the full suite of 42 new radiocarbon dates to yield an age of 3574–3478 cal yr BP (highest 95% range) for the Waimihia eruption. Compared to previous estimates, this older and more precise age has implications for refining existing paleoearthquake correlations and other chronologies that rely on the Waimihia isochron to provide age control. We recommend applying this multi-location approach to existing tephrochronologies where possible, to achieve more accurate and precise eruption age estimates that allow for the detection of radiocarbon bias. • Multi-location method for reducing age uncertainties of tephrochronology. • 42 new AMS-derived radiocarbon dates for an important Holocene isochron in New Zealand. • Proximal, distal and offshore tephra deposits show consistent ages and no geographic bias. • Integrating Bayesian age models from each location yields a more precise and accurate age. • Our Waimihia tephra age offers improved temporal constraints for disciplines including paleoseismology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights on the Manpower Services Commission programme at Ironbridge LLP. The author says that the programme taught her that archaeology is about space and time. She mentions that Ironbridge showed her the line between landscapes, buildings, and archaeology which gave her aversion to the idea of the "site." She adds that written guidance was less use than working with people.

Investigations of modern coseismic ground surface deformation where fault rupture is absent typically rely on remote sensing techniques. We used monitoring of salt marsh vegetation and substrate for 3 years after the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake (MW 6.2) to document the biological response to vertical deformation, to provide estimates of the amount of uplift and subsidence and ground-truth remote sensing data. Comparison of vegetation-derived vertical deformation with estimates from remote-sensing techniques (Light Detection and Ranging, Global Positioning System and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) shows good agreement at sites where several decimetres of vertical movement occurred, and less agreement where smaller amounts of vertical movement occurred and/or where vegetation-monitoring sites were affected by differential movement of artificial structures such as roads and breakwaters. Biological and sedimentological changes observed in salt marshes around the Avon–Heathcote Estuary/Ihutai (AHEI) as a result of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake are likely to be preserved as subtle geological signatures in restricted locations around the AHEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coasts in tectonically active regions face varying threat levels as land subsides or uplifts relative to rising sea levels. We review the processes influencing relative sea-level change in New Zealand, and the geological context behind ongoing land movements, focussing on major population centres. Whilst Holocene sea levels have been reconstructed using a variety of techniques, recent work uses salt-marsh microfossil assemblages to reconstruct relative sea-level changes over the past few centuries. For the twentieth century, these proxy-based studies often show enhanced rates of sea-level rise relative to tide-gauge observations. The effects of tectonic subsidence must be considered, alongside vertical and dating uncertainties in the sea-level reconstructions. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) observations for the past few decades show that vertical land movement (VLM) may be influencing rates of relative sea-level rise. However, the short period of GPS observations, during which trends and rates have varied at some localities, raises questions over the longer-term contribution of VLM to sea-level change over the past few centuries and for future projections. We argue that high-resolution palaeo-sea-level reconstructions from salt-marsh sedimentary sequences can help to answer these questions regarding the interplay between sea-level change and VLM at key locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sea-level rise threat to New Zealand's coastal cities is regionally exacerbated due to spatially varying vertical land movement (VLM). At Wellington, the capital city, situated adjacent to a major active plate boundary, strong regional spatial and temporal variability of VLM is indicated by the relatively short (∼25 year-long) continuous Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network, but until now longer records of VLM have been lacking. Here, a ∼ 200-year-long relative sea-level reconstruction is presented from Pāuatahanui salt marsh in the northern Wellington region. The foraminifera-based relative sea-level reconstruction indicates that ∼1 ± 0.45 m of sudden uplift occurred during the 1855CE Mw 8.2 Wairarapa earthquake. Following this, Pāuatahanui has experienced a mean rate of relative sea-level rise (1855CE to present) of 1.5 ± 0.6 mm/yr, or 2.4 ± 0.8 mm/yr since the start of the twentieth century, consistent with ongoing subsidence in concert with climate-driven sea-level rise. Further acceleration to >3 mm/yr since the 1990s (with 4 mm/yr also possible if the full 95% confidence range is taken into consideration) is consistent with the globally documented acceleration in sea-level rise, although low model precision hampers confidence in this interpretation. This record is the first of its kind from a tectonically complex setting in New Zealand, shedding light on the effects of the historically significant 1855 earthquake, and fills a gap between millennial-scale and contemporary records of VLM with important implications for future sea-level projections in the region. • Sea-level record in tectonically active Wellington region shows varying role of vertical land movement • Saltmarsh foraminiferal assemblages reveal ∼1 metre local uplift during the 1855 Mw 8.2 earthquake. • Subsequent rates of sea-level rise exceeded global climate-driven averages, consistent with ongoing subsidence • Recent increase in relative sea-level rise is consistent with global records of sea-level acceleration since 1990s [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoseismology has been making an important contribution to understanding the Alpine Fault and the hazard it poses to society. However, evidence of past earthquakes comes from a wide variety of sources and publication of the evidence has been somewhat fragmented. Here, we review physical evidence for past large to great earthquakes on the Alpine Fault to summarise current understanding, illustrate progress and highlight future directions. Paleoseismic evidence has been derived from tree disturbance, landscape features and trenches across the fault. These records have been supplemented and extended back in time with sedimentary evidence of Alpine Fault earthquakes from fault-proximal lakes and wetlands. In this review, we update radiocarbon analyses using recent calibration curves and modern Bayesian statistical methods where necessary to enable comparison between on-fault, fault-proximal and off-fault earthquake records. Over recent decades, Alpine Fault paleoseismology has progressed from playing an important role in demonstrating that large surface-rupturing earthquakes occur, to enabling estimates of earthquake recurrence behaviour, shaking intensities, rupture extents, landscape response durations and likelihood of the next earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several earthquakes during the past decade, differencing of LiDAR point clouds has been used to map 3D co-seismic deformation. Point-cloud differencing is a very effective tool for mapping near-fault deformation, but its use is often restricted by an absence of pre-earthquake LiDAR data. We use point clouds generated from pre- and post-earthquake aerial photographs (rather than LiDAR) to estimate co-seismic slip on three faults that slipped during the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake: the Kekerengu and Papatea faults and the Jordan Thrust. First, we validate our approach using: (1) differential LiDAR; (2) field observations of surface slip; (3) offsets from differential InSAR; and (4) sub-pixel correlation of satellite imagery. Second, we present detailed measurements of slip along the Jordan Thrust, Kekerengu fault and the Snowflake Spur fault, which was previously not mapped.Our results demonstrate that point clouds generated from photogrammetry can be an effective tool for mapping near-fault co-seismic slip, particularly for hard-to-access ruptures like the Jordan thrust. Since almost all of New Zealand is covered by high-resolution aerial imagery, detailed mapping of surface deformation should be possible for future large earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden changes in microfossils and lithologies in Holocene sediments of a former tidal inlet on the Hikurangi subduction margin provide evidence of 10 large earthquakes. Studies were focused in three former embayments where intertidal shelly sediment interfingers with freshwater and salt-marsh peat. Paleoelevation histories were reconstructed using the modern analogue technique with foraminiferal assemblages. Land elevation record analysis indicates 8-9 m of mid- to late Holocene tectonic subsidence occurred prior to 1.5 m of uplift during the A.D. 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake. Chronologies of displacement events were constrained using 50 radiocarbon dates and three widespread air-fall tephras. We infer the following earthquakes: earthquake 1: 7.3-7.0 ka (-1.1 ± 0.3 m), earthquake 2: 5.6-5.1 ka (+0.4 ± 0.4 m), earthquake 3: 5.2-4.9 ka (-0.5 ± 0.5 m), earthquake 4: 4.4-3.8 ka (-0.6 ± 0.5 m), earthquake 5: 2.8-2.4 ka (-0.9 ± 0.5 m), earthquake 6: 1.73-1.70 ka (-1.0 ± 0.3 m), earthquake 7: 1.5-1.3 ka (-0.7 ± 0.5 m), earthquake 8: 1.04-0.89 ka (-1.2 ± 0.4 m), earthquake 9: 0.60-0.44 ka (-0.8 ± 0.6 m), and earthquake 10: A.D. 1931 (+1.5 ± 0.3 m). A further 1.6-2.6 m of subsidence could have occurred by gradual aseismic slip or in smaller earthquakes. The age ranges of four of the recognized earthquakes (earthquakes 1, 6, 8, and 9) overlap with other documented displacement events onshore along 250-600 km of the Hikurangi subduction margin, and with turbidites offshore 100-300 km to the north. These four are considered strong candidates for large subduction-interface earthquakes. The other five inferred earthquakes are less strongly correlated with along-margin displacement events and offshore turbidites. These could have been caused by upper-plate fault ruptures (like historic earthquake 10), but subduction-interface sources cannot be ruled out. This evidence for repeated coseismic vertical deformation suggests large coseismic slip on a part of the subduction interface beneath Hawkes Bay that is currently dominated by aseismic creep processes, such as transient slow-slip events. This clearly indicates multiple slip processes are possible in a single location on a subduction interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three paleo-embayments on the southwest side of the uplifted Ahuriri Inlet, Hawkes Bay, contain complex interfingering sequences of Holocene terrestrial and saltmarsh peat and intertidal shelly sand and mud. We use 295 foraminiferal samples from 45 short cores (up to 8 m deep) to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental history of the bays. We infer that the strongest influence on their paleoenvironmental history was 8–10 m of net tectonic subsidence since 7.3 ka, which provided the accommodation space for sediment deposition prior to the c. 1.5 m of uplift in the AD 1931 Hawkes Bay Earthquake. Much of the subsidence appears to have occurred in eight large co-seismic events (0.4–2 kyr recurrence time) which caused marine transgressions of varying amounts into each bay. Sea-level changes (eustatic and isostatic) have been a secondary driver over the middle–late Holocene with an interval (c. 2.6–1.7 ka) of widespread erosion or slow sedimentation, caused by a sea-level fall of c. 1 m following the middle Holocene highstand. The interval of fastest sedimentation and maximum marine transgression occurred within the last 1 kyr and was driven by increased tectonic subsidence, rising sea level and enhanced compaction of thicker sequences of Holocene sediment, particularly peat. The supply of fluvial mud and cliff-eroded sand was the main, relatively constant source of clastic sediment. Airfall and reworking of three pumiceous tephras had a minimal impact on the paleoenvironments of the bays. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Manawahe Fault is located at the boundary between the tectonic Whakatane and the magmatic Okataina segments of the Taupō Rift. We investigate prehistoric ground surface fault ruptures and their timing in association with volcanic eruptions of the Okataina Volcanic Centre (OVC), using geomorphic fault mapping, paleoseismic trenching, ground penetrating radar and shallow drillcores. Paleoseismic trench data across the major strand shows that the Manawahe Fault ruptured at least seven times in the last c. 9.5 cal. ka (with a possible rupture 8 just prior to c. 9.5 cal. ka). At least four of these surface fault ruptures occurred during, or immediately prior to, volcanic eruptions. These eruptions, named Whakatane (c. 5.5 cal. ka – 1 fault rupture), Mamaku c.8 cal. ka −1 fault rupture), and the Rotoma (c. 9.5 cal. ka - 2-3 fault ruptures), were all sourced from the nearby Haroharo Volcanic Complex nested within the OVC, one of the two currently active volcanic lineaments within the OVC. Ground penetrating radar and drillcore data show that the Manawahe Fault has a slip rate of c. 3 mm/yr and that it only formed recently (< 26.5 ka ago), much more recently than the last caldera forming eruption, the c. 61 ka Rotoiti eruption. Fault rupture recurrence is 1580–2000 years. We discuss possible modes of ruptures of the Manawahe Fault in association with modes of volcanic unrest and magmatic processes; whether these prehistoric ruptures were seismogenic or not, and what the implications are for volcanic and seismic hazard. • Paleoseismic studies identify large prehistoric fault ruptures occur with volcanic eruptions. • Stress triggering between faults and volcanos is the most likely mode of interaction. • Fault slip rate in volcanic environments vary with evolution of nearby magmatic systems. • Large earthquakes triggered by volcanic eruptions need more consideration in seismic hazard. • Large earthquakes on nearby faults are underappreciated in volcanic hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foraminiferal faunas in 29 short cores (maximum depth 7 m) of estuarine and coastal wetland sediment were used to reconstruct the middle–late Holocene (last 7 ka) elevational history on the southern shores of Poverty Bay, North Island, New Zealand. This coast is on the southwest side of a rapidly subsiding area beneath western Poverty Bay. Modern Analogue Technique paleo-elevation estimates based on fossil foraminiferal faunas indicate that the four study areas have gradual late Holocene (<3.5 ka) subsidence rates that increase from the southwest (mean c. 0.5 m ka–1) to northeast (mean c. 1.0 m ka–1). Only two rapid, possibly co-seismic, vertical displacement events are recognised: (1) c. 1.2 m of subsidence at 5.7 ± 0.4 ka (cal yr BP), which may have been generated by a subduction interface earthquake centred offshore and recorded in other published studies in northern Hawkes Bay, c. 35 km to the south; and (2) c. 1 m of uplift (relative sea-level fall) at c. 4.5 ± 0.3 ka, which might have been generated by rupture on an offshore upper plate fault that also uplifted coastal terraces at Pakarae and Mahia, 40 km to the north and south of the study area, or by rupture on the subduction interface penetrating beneath Poverty Bay. No sudden displacement events are recognised during the last 4 ka although subsidence, possibly aseismic, has continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hikurangi subduction margin, where the Pacific Plate subducts beneath the North Island of New Zealand, poses a major seismic and tsunami hazard to the New Zealand region, but its seismic and tsunami potential is largely unknown because of New Zealand's short (< 170 years) historical record of seismicity. This article discusses the implications of results from GPS, paleoseismology, and tsunami modeling studies for understanding Hikurangi subduction earthquake and tsunami potential. Paleoseismic and geodetic data indicate that earthquakes of MW 8.0 and larger are certainly plausible at the Hikurangi margin. Paleoseismic evidence for large megathrust earthquakes beneath Hawke Bay in central Hikurangi demonstrates that large seismic slip may occur within an area that currently slips in episodic slow slip events. This result has important implications for seismic hazards at subduction margins elsewhere. Strong similarities between the subduction zones of the Hikurangi margin and the Japan Trench suggest that a giant MW 9.0 earthquake similar to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake may be possible for the Hikurangi margin. Such an event would generate a large tsunami that would inundate much of the east coast of the North Island. Understanding of the earthquake potential of the Hikurangi megathrust is only in its infancy, and we recommend a number of studies to increase knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]