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Additional file 2: Table S2. Number of eyes per CMT increase or reduction category. Number of eyes with more than 50 μm reduction in CMT, remaining stable (increase or decrease less than 50 μm), more than 50 μm increase in CMT every trimester after the switch, up to 36 months follow-up.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Number of eyes per visual gain or loss category. Number of eyes gaining more than 10 letters, gaining 5–9 letters, remaining stable (gaining or losing less than 5 letters), losing 5–9 letters and losing more than 10 letters every trimester after the switch, up to 36 months follow-up.

Funder: Action Bladder Cancer UK, Funder: Rosetrees Trust; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000833, Funder: Urology Care Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006280, OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged ≥16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries. RESULTS: Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3-34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1-30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77-1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80-1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32-2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03-1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90-4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14-1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30-3.18; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer.

This thesis investigates the effect of bovine feeding system (pasture vs. non-pasture) on the sensory and volatile profiles of raw milk, pasteurised milk, and dairy powders, but also investigates the impact of feeding system on lipid oxidation (LO) in whole milk powder (WMP), and in commercially available WMP, skim milk powder (SMP), and infant milk formula (IMF). The thesis also highlights the benefits of using sophisticated extraction, separation, and identification gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (GCMS), including olfactometry to increase our understanding of the source and evolution of aromatic compounds in dairy products, and also how these are further influenced by processing, shelf-life and storage conditions. Chapter 1 provides an updated review of the factors influencing LO in dairy powders, focusing on the combination of instrumental and sensory techniques. A HS-SPME GCMS method was validated in Chapter 2 to quantify 13 VOC associated with LO which was subsequently employed to assess WMP, SMP, and IMF under controlled storage conditions in tandem with sensory analysis in Chapter 3. The WMP and SMP samples remained stable for up to 4 months, but the IMF had concentrations of LO VOC above their odour thresholds immediately after manufacture, which continued to increase during storage, likely related to the addition of poly-unsaturated fatty acids during processing. Hexanal, heptanal and pentanal were correlated with painty, oxidised, cooked, and caramelised odours in all samples. In Chapter 4, the same13 VOC originating from LO were again used to track the VOC profile of WMP derived from GRS, CLV, and TMR feeding systems during storage. Significant variations in the concentrations of 14 fatty acids were observed due to diet. Feeding system was shown to impact both LO stability and sensory properties of WMP. WMP derived from GRS was most susceptible to LO, likely due to increased concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid that oxidise to specific aldehydes. The onset of LO issues was off-set in WMP from TMR during the early stages of storage due to the prevalence of sweet, caramel aroma’s but it rapidly detoriated around 4 months due to increases in aldehyde concentration. Significant differences were also observed in the phytochemical profile of the milk samples derived from pasture and non-pasture-based feeding systems, with white clover enhancing isoflavone content in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 demonstrated that the odour active VOC influencing sensory perception were quite different between pasture and non-pasture feeding systems, with many VOC influencing the perception of raw milk likely present from direct transfer from feed. Heretofore this was not anticipated, as it was assumed that rumen metabolism was the biggest factor influencing the VOC profile of raw milk. Approximately a third of all VOC were aroma active in raw milk derived from GRS and TMR, respectively. Many of the key dietary-derived-odour-active VOC in raw TMR milk, likely arose during the production of the TMR as most were either derived from Maillard reactions generated by thermal treatments. This study has conclusively demonstrated the impact of bovine diet on the volatile and sensory character of milk. It also clearly demonstrates significant differences in milk and dairy products produced with pasture-based feeding systems generated in Ireland, as opposed to concentrate-based feeding systems, more widely practiced globally. The outcomes of this thesis provide insights into: (1) the effect of feeding system on the oxidative stability, aromatic and sensory properties of milk and dairy powders, (2) the identification and source of aroma active VOC in milk and dairy powders, (3) methods used to profile the aroma of milk and dairy powders, and (4) future possibilities and considerations.

Purpose: Hydration has been shown to play a pivotal role in sport. Soccer is a team sport in which the integrity of all players is vital for team performance; thus, individual player hydration status is important. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the hydration status of female collegiate soccer players during regular season. Methods: Sixteen collegiate female soccer players (age: 20.4 ± 0.8 years; height: 163.6 ± 6.9 cm; weight: 65.3 ± 12 kg) provided urine over 9 days to monitor their hydration status. Hydration was determined by urine specific gravity (Usg). Usg was analyzed in the morning (AM) and in the afternoon before practice/game (PM). Results: All 16 players were at least minimally hypohydrated (Usg > 1.010) in the AM on 5 of the 9 days tested. Players had significantly higher Usg values in the AM as compared to PM (F(1,250) = 23.09; p < 0.0001); however, there was no significant time*day interaction (F(1,250) = 1.98; p = 0.16). Conclusion: Data show a high prevalence of hypohydration occurring in this specific population. This sub-optimal hydration status could be a cause for concern in terms of overall performance. Efforts should be made to integrate hydration interventions and daily monitoring to minimize hypohydration in players. Resumen Propósito: Se ha demostrado que la hidratación juega un papel fundamental en el deporte. El fútbol es un deporte de equipo en el que la integridad de todos los jugadores es vital para su rendimiento; por lo tanto, el estado de hidratación de cada jugador es importante. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar el estado de hidratación de las jugadoras universitarias de fútbol durante la temporada regular. Métodos: Dieciséis jugadoras universitarias de fútbol (edad: 20.4 ± 0.8 años; estatura: 163.6 ± 6.9 cm; peso: 65.3 ± 12 kg) proporcionaron muestras de orina durante 9 días para controlar su estado de hidratación, la cual se determinó por la gravedad específica de la orina (Usg). La Usg se analizó en la mañana (AM) y en la tarde antes del entrenamiento o el juego (PM). Resultados: Las 16 jugadoras estaban al menos mínimamente hipohidratadas (Usg > 1.010) en la AM en 5 de los 9 días medidos. Las jugadoras tuvieron valores Usg significativamente más altos en AM en comparación con PM (F (1,250) = 23.09; p < 0.0001); sin embargo, no hubo interacción significativa de tiempo * día (F(1,250) = 1.98; p = 0.16). Conclusión: los datos muestran una alta prevalencia de hipohidratación en esta población específica. Este estado de hidratación subóptimo podría ser motivo de preocupación en términos de rendimiento general. Se deberían hacer esfuerzos para integrar las intervenciones de hidratación y el monitoreo diario para reducir al mínimo la hipohidratación en las jugadoras. Resumo Objetivo: Foi demonstrado que a hidratação desempenha um papel fundamental no esporte. O futebol é um esporte coletivo no qual a integridade de todos os jogadores é vital para o desempenho da equipe; portanto, o estado de hidratação de cada jogador é importante. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar o estado de hidratação de universitárias jogadoras de futebol do sexo feminino durante a temporada regular. Métodos: Dezesseis universitárias jogadoras de futebol (idade: 20,4 ± 0,8 anos; altura: 163,6 ± 6,9 cm; peso: 65,3 ± 12 kg) forneceram amostras de urina por 9 dias para monitorar seu estado de hidratação. A hidratação foi determinada pela gravidade específica da urina Usg. Sua Usg foi analisado pela manhã (matutino) e à tarde (vespertino) antes do treino ou jogo. Resultados: As 16 jogadoras estavam minimamente hipohidratadas (Usg > 1.010) no período matutino em 5 dos 9 dias medidos. As jogadoras apresentaram valores de Usg significativamente maiores no período matutino em comparação ao vespertino (F (1.250) = 23,09; p