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STUDY DESIGN: A modified Delphi study. OBJECTIVE: To assess current practice patterns in the management of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and develop a simplified, practical classification system which offers ease of use in the acute setting, incorporates modern diagnostic tools and provides utility in determining treatment strategies for cervical SCI. METHODS: A three-phase modified Delphi procedure was performed between April 2020 and December 2021. During the first phase, members of the AOSpine SCI Knowledge forum proposed variables of importance for classifying and treating cervical SCI. The second phase involved an international survey of spine surgeons gauging practices surrounding the role and timing of surgery for cervical SCI and opinions regarding factors which most influence these practices. For the third phase, information obtained from phases 1 and 2 were used to draft a new classification system. RESULTS: 396 surgeons responded to the survey. Neurological status, spinal stability and cord compression were the most important variables influencing decisions surrounding the role and timing of surgery. The majority (>50%) of respondents preferred to perform surgery within 24 hours post-SCI in clinical scenarios in which there was instability, severe cord compression or severe neurology. Situations in which

Background: Patient safety is a critical concern in dentistry. Adverse events (AEs) can harm patients, increase costs, and decrease satisfaction. Understanding AE types and frequencies is crucial for effective risk management and quality improvement. This study analyzes incident reports to identify preliminary incident patterns as a starting point for developing risk management strategies. However, under-reporting limits the ability to identify true incident patterns, highlighting the need for improved reporting systems and encouragement of incident reporting. Further research is underway to develop such a system and promote reporting to ensure sufficient data quality for effective risk management. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1,618 incident reports from December 2018 to August 2023 was conducted. A validated classification system, developed from a 5-year retrospective analysis and approved by 14 experts, categorized patient safety incidents, aligning with Thailand's Hospital Accreditation standards. Descriptive statistics summarized AE frequency and distribution. Results: Of the reports, 752 were patient safety, 503 personnel safety, and 363 organizational safety incidents. Top patient safety incidents included medical record errors (176), accidental damage (66), post-operative complications (65), medical emergencies (64), and communication errors (53). Personnel safety incidents involved inappropriate working conditions (135) and work-related injuries with contact transmission risk (117). Organizational safety incidents mainly concerned policy and operational processes (131). Conclusions: This study reveals the preliminary patterns of adverse events (AEs) in dental settings and underscores the limitations due to under-reporting, which affect the ability to fully understand true incident patterns. To effectively manage risks, there is a critical need for improving the existing incident reporting system and encouraging a culture of comprehensive reporting among dental professionals. Future efforts should focus on enhancing reporting systems to ensure high-quality data, enabling better identification of incident trends and supporting targeted risk management strategies to improve patient safety in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A short cervix in mid-trimester pregnancy is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth. However, there is currently a lack of predictive models and classification systems for predicting spontaneous preterm birth in these patients, especially those without additional risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study of low-risk singleton pregnant women with a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) measured by transvaginal ultrasonography between 22 and 24 weeks was conducted. A multivariate logistic regression model for spontaneous preterm birth < 32 weeks in low-risk pregnant women with a short cervix was constructed. Moreover, we developed a nomogram to visualize the prediction model and stratified patients into three risk groups (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups) based on the total score obtained from the nomogram model. Results: Between 2020 and 2022, 213 low-risk women with a short cervix in mid-trimester pregnancy were enrolled in the study. Univariate logistic analysis revealed that a high body mass index, a history of three or more miscarriages, multiparity, a short cervical length, leukocytosis, and an elevated C-reactive protein level were associated with spontaneous preterm birth < 32 weeks, but multivariate analysis revealed that multiparity (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.13–9.68), leukocytosis (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.24–12.61) and a short cervical length (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94) were independent predictors of sPTB < 32 weeks. The model incorporating these three predictors displayed good discrimination and calibration, and the area under the ROC curve of this model was as high as 0.815 (95% CI, 0.700-0.931). Patients were stratified into low- (195 patients), intermediate- (14 patients) and high-risk (4 patients) groups according to the model, corresponding to patients with scores ≤ 120, 121–146, and > 146, respectively. The predicted probabilities of spontaneous preterm birth < 32 weeks for these groups were 6.38, 40.62, and 71.88%, respectively. Conclusions: A noninvasive and efficient model to predict the occurrence of spontaneous preterm birth < 32 weeks in low-risk singleton pregnant women with a short cervix and a classification system were constructed in this study and can provide insight into the optimal management strategy for patients with different risk stratifications according to the score chart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The need for classification systems for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is population-specific is important towards understanding the clinical disease and diagnostics associated with the disease. This paper presents the form and validation results of this classification system. Method: The survey data used was captured from 778 participants, 526 persons with no prior CVD, and 252 who reported prior CVD. Binomial logistic regression and Discriminant analysis were utilised to develop classification models. This classification system provided a general measure of severity of disease by utilising scores estimated from two algorithms developed from 13 routine physiologic measurements, along with demographic information of age and ethnicity, inter alia, and previous health status. Results: For each model, specific score ranges were identified, which gave the best classification for those with a prior CVD incident (higher scores) and for others labelled as non-CVD (lower scores). The two classification models (Logistic Regression Model and Discriminant Analysis Model) developed had high area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) values (98% & 99%) and sensitivity (86 and 90%), which improved discrimination between Non-CVD and CVD participants and, more importantly, correctly classified a greater proportion of CVD participants. New to this type of research was the estimation and detailed evaluation of a range of scores, labelled non-differentiating, which fell in the middle of the spectrum and which contained the higher-end scores for the non-CVD individuals and the lower-end scores for CVD patients, all of whom were incorrectly classified, based on their prior history. Conclusion: The classification system of scores is able to differentiate the CVD status of individuals, with good predictability, and could assist physicians with recommending different treatment plans. The two models in this classification system each individually outperformed the three established models in terms of the strength of their correct classifications of individuals with or without prior reported CVD incidents. More importantly, they have smaller non-differentiating ranges than the three known models and, in that range, the two new models have lower CVD/non-CVD ratios suggesting they are more likely to misclassify non-CVD individuals compared to CVD patients, which is a more benign misclassification. Further, when used in combination, the two models increased the sensitivity, in classifying individuals of different ethnicities, beyond that of either one used independently or of any of the three standard European/North American models. These efforts will be instrumental in advancing personalised CVD management strategies and improving health outcomes across diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this classification system is to provide vascular surgeons with a simple tool that categorises disease severity by anatomical segment in aortoiliac occlusive disease and thus guide decision making and management strategies. Disease of the common femoral arteries is included as the distal extent of disease with respect to access for both open and endovascular intervention is essential to management planning. Methods: The classification system designates diseased segment letters and numbers to guide treatment planning. The degree of disease other than stenotic or occluded is not required. In a similar manner to the TNM classification, anatomy and disease severity – based on angiography, CTA, and MRA – are categorised using a simple, user-friendly method. Two clinical cases are presented to exemplify the clinical application of this classification system. Results: A simple and useful classification system is presented and ease of use exemplified by two clinical cases. Conclusions: Management strategies for peripheral artery disease in general, aortoiliac occlusive disease specifically, have evolved rapidly in recent years. Existing classification systems, such as TASC II, steer the clinician towards specific treatment approaches. However, the first step in the management decision-making process is the accurate identification of the arterial segments that require treatment. None of the existing classification systems specifically address anatomy as an entity in itself. This classification system provides an intuitive framework, based on letters and numbers, that provides specific information on arterial segments and disease severity in aortoiliac occlusive disease on which clinicians can base management decisions. It has been developed to bolster this aspect of the vascular surgery armamentarium; to be used as a decision making and management planning tool, in partnership with, not instead of, existing classification systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty, the incidence of revision shoulder arthroplasty is also increasing. The complexity of these revision procedures poses significant challenges, with bone loss being a critical factor impacting treatment outcomes. Addressing substantial humeral bone defects is crucial for ensuring implant stability and functionality. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar to identify existing classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss in the context of revision shoulder arthroplasty. The study assessed the advantages and limitations of these classifications, using this information to propose a new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Several classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss were identified. McLendon et al. classify proximal humeral bone loss based on a 5-cm bone loss threshold and suggest an allograft prosthesis composite for losses exceeding this limit. Boileau's system stratifies bone loss into four types based on the extent of loss, with specific recommendations for each category. The PHAROS classification provides a detailed anatomical assessment but lacks quantitative precision. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a novel algorithm incorporating preoperative radiographic measurements to determine the percentage of bone loss and guide treatment options. Proximal humeral bone loss presents significant challenges in revision shoulder arthroplasty, necessitating precise preoperative planning and classification to guide surgical intervention. Existing classification systems provide valuable frameworks but often rely on average population values, neglecting individual anatomical variations. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a patient-specific approach, improving the accuracy of bone loss assessment and optimizing treatment strategies. Implementing this classification in clinical practice could enhance surgical outcomes and reduce complications associated with rRSA (revision Reverse Shoulder arthroplasty). Further studies are required to validate this algorithm and explore its long-term efficacy in diverse patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The arteriovenous access stage (AVAS) classification provides evaluation of upper extremity vessels for vascular access (VA) suitability. It divides patients into classes within three main groups: suitable for native fistula (AVAS1) or prosthetic graft (AVAS2), and patients not suitable for conventional native or prosthetic VA (AVAS3). We validated this system on a prospective dataset. Methods A prospective, international observational study (NCT04796558) involved 11 centres from 8 countries. Patient recruitment was from March 2021 to January 2024. Demographic data, risk factors, vessels parameters, VA types, AVAS class and early VA failure were collected. Percentage agreement was used to assess predictive ability of AVAS (comparison of AVAS and created VA) and consistency of AVAS assessment between evaluators. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used for comparison of early failure rate of conventional (predicted by AVAS) and unconventional (not predicted by AVAS) VA. Results From 1034 enrolled patients, 935 had arteriovenous fistula or graft, 99 patients did not undergo VA creation due opting for alternative renal replacement therapies, experiencing health complications, death or non-compliance. AVAS1 had 91.2%, AVAS2 7.2% and AVAS3 1.6% of patients. Agreement between evaluators was 89%. The most frequently created VAs were radial-cephalic (46%) and brachial-cephalic (27%) fistulae. The accuracy of AVAS versus created access was 79%. In comparison, VA predicted by clinicians versus created access was 62.1%. Inaccuracy of AVAS prediction was more common with higher AVAS classes, and the most common reason for inaccuracy was creation of distal VA despite less favourable anatomy (17%). Patients with unconventional VA had higher early failure rate than patients with conventional VA (20% vs 9.3%, respectively, P  = .002) Conclusion AVAS is effective in predicting VA creation, but overall accuracy is reduced at higher AVAS classes when the complexity of decision-making increases and proximal vessels require preservation. When AVAS was followed by clinicians, early failure was significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific and logical classification is crucial for efficient information storage, management, and sharing. However, there are numerous existing classification systems for geographical entities, and the categories to which the same geographical entity belongs are often different in the business databases constructed according to different classification systems, which brings great obstacles to the management and sharing of geographical information. This study analyzes the complexities of multiple classifications of geographical entities and proposes a multi-classification model for geographical entities based on directed hypergraph theory. This model integrates and transforms different classification systems for the same geographical entity, creating a unified method for expressing multiple classifications. We also designed a data structure to support this unified expression. By implementing this model, the study enables the effective management of geographical entity data, facilitating improved sharing and the exchange of geographical information across different industries and applications. In practical, the multi-classification model proposed in this paper allows geographical entities from different classification systems to be stored and managed within a single geographical database. Data views are then used to provide tailored services to various industry sectors and business applications. This approach effectively reduces data duplication and enhances the efficiency of managing and sharing geographical information. Using land use classification as an example, this study constructs a unified expression of three different land use classification systems based on the multi-classification model. An experiment managing land use data for a specific city was conducted using this model in PostgreSQL. The results indicate that the proposed method not only reduces data redundancy but also improves the query efficiency by over 10% on average compared to the mainstream relational database management mode. This confirms the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Perianal fistuliing Crohn's disease [PFCD] is an aggressive phenotype of Crohn's disease defined by frequent relapses and disabling symptoms. A novel consensus classification system was recently outlined by the TOpCLASS consortium, which seeks to unify disease severity with patient-centred goals but has not yet been validated. We aimed to apply this to a real-world cohort and to identify factors that predict transition between classes over time. Methods We identified all patients with PFCD and at least one baseline and one follow-up pelvic MRI [pMRI]. TOpCLASS classification, disease characteristics, and imaging indices were collected retrospectively at time periods corresponding with respective MRIs. Results We identified 100 patients with PFCD, of whom 96 were assigned TOpCLASS Classes 1–2c at baseline. Most patients [78.1%] started in Class 2b, but changes in classification were observed in 52.1% of all patients. Male sex [72.0%, 46.6%, 40.0%, p  = 0.03] and prior perianal surgery [52.0% vs 44.6% vs 40.0%, p  = 0.02] were more frequently observed in those with improved class compared to unchanged and worsened class. Baseline pMRI indices were not associated with changes in classification; however, greater improvements in mVAI, MODIFI-CD, and PEMPAC were seen among those who improved. Linear mixed effect modelling identified only male sex [-0.31, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.02] with improvement in class. Conclusion The TOpCLASS classification highlights the dynamic nature of PFCD over time. However, our ability to predict transitions between classes remains limited and requires prospective assessment. Improvement in MRI index scores over time was associated with a transition to lower TOpCLASS classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The suprascapular nerve is most vulnerable to entrapment at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches, causing neuropathy. Numerous studies have examined the suprascapular notch and ligament and its relationship with suprascapular nerve entrapment, but few have examined the spinoglenoid notch and the inferior transverse scapular ligament (ITSL). This study summarizes all existing ITSL morphology studies and presents a simple and comprehensive classification system for different ITSL subtypes. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, searching the online databases PubMed and Embase. The references of each relevant article were further screened to find more eligible studies. The Anatomical Quality Assessment tool was used in order to further evaluate the quality of the records extracted. STATA MP 14 was used for the analysis in this study. Results: In total, 14 studies (995 scapulae; minimum: 1 and maximum: 268) were included in the present study. The overall ITSL prevalence was 5.8 (95% CI: 4.5–7.1) and the estimated odds for ligamentous vs. membranous type was 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3–0.7). The basic different morphological subtypes of the ITSL reported in the included studies are the band-like ligament, the fan-shaped ligament, the membranous ITSL, and the perforated membranous types. Conclusions: The ITSL represents an anatomical structure of mostly ligamentous nature. A single ITSL definition and standardization of its basic morphological subtypes along with an easy-to-remember and thus widely used classification system could greatly facilitate the comprehensive description, identification, and proper handling of this element across many surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patient safety is a critical concern in dentistry. Adverse events (AEs) can harm patients, increase costs, and decrease satisfaction. Understanding AE types and frequencies is crucial for effective risk management and quality improvement. This study analyzes incident reports to identify preliminary incident patterns as a starting point for developing risk management strategies. However, under-reporting limits the ability to identify true incident patterns, highlighting the need for improved reporting systems and encouragement of incident reporting. Further research is underway to develop such a system and promote reporting to ensure sufficient data quality for effective risk management. Methods A retrospective analysis of 1,618 incident reports from December 2018 to August 2023 was conducted. A validated classification system, developed from a 5-year retrospective analysis and approved by 14 experts, categorized patient safety incidents, aligning with Thailand’s Hospital Accreditation standards. Descriptive statistics summarized AE frequency and distribution. Results Of the reports, 752 were patient safety, 503 personnel safety, and 363 organizational safety incidents. Top patient safety incidents included medical record errors (176), accidental damage (66), post-operative complications (65), medical emergencies (64), and communication errors (53). Personnel safety incidents involved inappropriate working conditions (135) and work-related injuries with contact transmission risk (117). Organizational safety incidents mainly concerned policy and operational processes (131). Conclusions This study reveals the preliminary patterns of adverse events (AEs) in dental settings and underscores the limitations due to under-reporting, which affect the ability to fully understand true incident patterns. To effectively manage risks, there is a critical need for improving the existing incident reporting system and encouraging a culture of comprehensive reporting among dental professionals. Future efforts should focus on enhancing reporting systems to ensure high-quality data, enabling better identification of incident trends and supporting targeted risk management strategies to improve patient safety in dentistry.

Abstract Background A short cervix in mid-trimester pregnancy is a risk factor for spontaneous preterm birth. However, there is currently a lack of predictive models and classification systems for predicting spontaneous preterm birth in these patients, especially those without additional risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study of low-risk singleton pregnant women with a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) measured by transvaginal ultrasonography between 22 and 24 weeks was conducted. A multivariate logistic regression model for spontaneous preterm birth 146, respectively. The predicted probabilities of spontaneous preterm birth

Abstract With the rising prevalence of shoulder arthroplasty, the incidence of revision shoulder arthroplasty is also increasing. The complexity of these revision procedures poses significant challenges, with bone loss being a critical factor impacting treatment outcomes. Addressing substantial humeral bone defects is crucial for ensuring implant stability and functionality. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar to identify existing classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss in the context of revision shoulder arthroplasty. The study assessed the advantages and limitations of these classifications, using this information to propose a new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Several classification systems for proximal humeral bone loss were identified. McLendon et al. classify proximal humeral bone loss based on a 5-cm bone loss threshold and suggest an allograft prosthesis composite for losses exceeding this limit. Boileau’s system stratifies bone loss into four types based on the extent of loss, with specific recommendations for each category. The PHAROS classification provides a detailed anatomical assessment but lacks quantitative precision. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a novel algorithm incorporating preoperative radiographic measurements to determine the percentage of bone loss and guide treatment options. Proximal humeral bone loss presents significant challenges in revision shoulder arthroplasty, necessitating precise preoperative planning and classification to guide surgical intervention. Existing classification systems provide valuable frameworks but often rely on average population values, neglecting individual anatomical variations. The proposed PHBL-SCORe system offers a patient-specific approach, improving the accuracy of bone loss assessment and optimizing treatment strategies. Implementing this classification in clinical practice could enhance surgical outcomes and reduce complications associated with rRSA (revision Reverse Shoulder arthroplasty). Further studies are required to validate this algorithm and explore its long-term efficacy in diverse patient populations.

Chinese ancient book catalogs have persisted for over two millennia, serving as ancient knowledge organization systems and cultural heritage of great academic value. This article introduces the concept of "book cluster," a novel approach to studying catalog classification evolution, offering a meso-level perspective that bridges books and categories. Drawing from computational methods, we identify clusters of books with similar categorization trajectories, enabling more efficient and intuitive exploration of knowledge organization trends. We review existing research on catalog classification, highlighting the traditional qualitative analysis and emerging computational methods. We then present our data source and processing methods. The concept of book cluster is defined, along with the algorithm for cluster identification and feature extraction. A case study demonstrates the potential of the book cluster concept in analyzing classification changes and knowledge inheritance. Additionally, we introduce an online analytical platform for further exploration. Through computational analysis of book clusters, we gain insights into the evolution of ancient book recording, circulation, and academic contexts. Book clusters offer clues about the content of lost books. This research lays the groundwork for future iterations. By pioneering the study of knowledge organization evolution using book clusters, we enhance our understanding of Chinese history's academic culture and knowledge preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFFs) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) present a significant clinical challenge due to their increasing incidence with an aging population and evolving surgical practices. Historically, classifications were primarily based on anatomical fracture location, the stability of the implant, and bone quality surrounding the implant. We critically analyzed 25 classification systems, highlighting the emergence and adaptations of key systems such as the Vancouver classification system (VCS) and the Unified classification system (UCS), which are lauded for their simplicity and effectiveness yet require further refinement. VCS, developed in 1995, categorizes fractures based on the site, implant stability, and bone quality, and remains widely used due to its robust applicability across different clinical settings. Introduced in 2014, UCS expands the VCS to encompass all periprosthetic fractures with additional fracture types, aiming for a universal application. Despite their widespread adoption, these systems exhibit shortcomings, including the incomplete inclusion of all PPFF types and the imprecise assessment of implant stability and surrounding bone loss. These gaps can result in misclassification and suboptimal treatment outcomes. This paper suggests the necessity for ongoing improvements in classification systems to include emerging fracture types and refined diagnostic criteria, ensuring that they remain relevant to contemporary orthopedic practices and continue to facilitate the precise tailoring of treatment to patient‐specific circumstances. This comprehensive historical review serves as a foundation for future innovations in classification systems, ultimately aiming to standardize PPFF treatment and improve patient prognosis.

Background Congenital lumbar facet joint defect is a rare congenital developmental disorder with only a few reported cases in the literature, primarily affecting the L5‐S1 segments. This study reports the first case of a defect in the left L3 inferior articular process; and presents a review of the existing literature on the subject, proposes a classification system, and validates the inter‐observer and intra‐observer reliability of this classification system. Case Presentation A 14‐year‐old boy presented to our orthopedic clinic with persistent lower back pain for 1 month. Imaging analysis, including CT scans, 3D reconstruction, and MRI, revealed a congenital lumbar facet joint defect at the L3 level, which has not been reported. Conservative treatment resulted in a significant improvement in his symptoms, and he is currently under follow‐up care. Conclusion Congenital defect of the lumbar facet joint is a rare spinal condition. This article reports the first patient with a defect in the left L3 inferior articular process and conducts a comprehensive literature review, proposing a classification of articular process defects into five types. The two most common types are Types B and C. We have demonstrated that this system is reliable and reproducible and have described the treatment of each type.

Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFFs) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) present a significant clinical challenge due to their increasing incidence with an aging population and evolving surgical practices. Historically, classifications were primarily based on anatomical fracture location, the stability of the implant, and bone quality surrounding the implant. We critically analyzed 25 classification systems, highlighting the emergence and adaptations of key systems such as the Vancouver classification system (VCS) and the Unified classification system (UCS), which are lauded for their simplicity and effectiveness yet require further refinement. VCS, developed in 1995, categorizes fractures based on the site, implant stability, and bone quality, and remains widely used due to its robust applicability across different clinical settings. Introduced in 2014, UCS expands the VCS to encompass all periprosthetic fractures with additional fracture types, aiming for a universal application. Despite their widespread adoption, these systems exhibit shortcomings, including the incomplete inclusion of all PPFF types and the imprecise assessment of implant stability and surrounding bone loss. These gaps can result in misclassification and suboptimal treatment outcomes. This paper suggests the necessity for ongoing improvements in classification systems to include emerging fracture types and refined diagnostic criteria, ensuring that they remain relevant to contemporary orthopedic practices and continue to facilitate the precise tailoring of treatment to patient‐specific circumstances. This comprehensive historical review serves as a foundation for future innovations in classification systems, ultimately aiming to standardize PPFF treatment and improve patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital lumbar facet joint defect is a rare congenital developmental disorder with only a few reported cases in the literature, primarily affecting the L5‐S1 segments. This study reports the first case of a defect in the left L3 inferior articular process; and presents a review of the existing literature on the subject, proposes a classification system, and validates the inter‐observer and intra‐observer reliability of this classification system. Case Presentation: A 14‐year‐old boy presented to our orthopedic clinic with persistent lower back pain for 1 month. Imaging analysis, including CT scans, 3D reconstruction, and MRI, revealed a congenital lumbar facet joint defect at the L3 level, which has not been reported. Conservative treatment resulted in a significant improvement in his symptoms, and he is currently under follow‐up care. Conclusion: Congenital defect of the lumbar facet joint is a rare spinal condition. This article reports the first patient with a defect in the left L3 inferior articular process and conducts a comprehensive literature review, proposing a classification of articular process defects into five types. The two most common types are Types B and C. We have demonstrated that this system is reliable and reproducible and have described the treatment of each type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral palsy is, by definition, a static encephalopathy which eventually becomes a progressive myoskeletopathy, as a consequence of muscular contractures and osteoarticular deformities that manifest with time and growth of the child. This musculoskeletal aspect of cerebral palsy led to the need to develop a four-stage classification system of lower limb musculoskeletal pathology for ambulant children with cerebral palsy from infancy to adult life. This new classification system of cerebral palsy attempts to fill the existing gap in the classification of such a heterogeneous and multisymptomatic condition, with the aim of contributing to the clinical research and therapeutic management of lower-limb dysfunction. This article presents the official Greek version of the Musculoskeletal Pathology Classification System (MSPCS) of cerebral palsy to inform and educate the Greek scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The road’s infrastructure is crucial for growth, development, and forming the backbone of any country's economy. The accurate detection and classification of road defects for optimal road maintenance is a challenging task due to the varied types of road defects of different severity. This paper presents a transfer learning model for the detection and classification of road defects based on types of defects (cracks and potholes) and severity. A new local dataset was introduced consisting of road surface images (defects and non-defects) of Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The types and severity of the defects were grouped as non-defect, low-pothole, low-crack, moderate-pothole, moderate-crack, highpothole, and high-crack. The model was developed by extracting the features using pretrained VGG19 and EfficientNetB3. The extracted features were concatenated and evaluated on the locally gathered datasets. The pretrained EfficientNetB3 achieved an accuracy 98.1% higher than the 97.9% accuracy of VGG19. The concatenated model (VGG19+EfficientNetB3) achieved 98.5% accuracy, which outperformed the two pretrained models, VGG19 and EfficientNetB3. This study demonstrated the benefit of combining the strengths of VGG19 and EfficientNetB3, for improved performance and efficiency in road defect detection and classification tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To define objective and readily applied diagnostic criteria for Y-shaped uteri using 3-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVUS) volume recordings. A retrospective case-control diagnostic measurements study. A tertiary university hospital's reproductive health and research center. Two hundred thirteen patients who presented with infertility between January 2020 and December 2022. Two blinded physicians re-evaluated the 3D-TVUS images of all patients for the presence of a uterine abnormality. The images of patients with a Y-shaped uterus were re-evaluated, and descriptive measurements were done. The most common uterine abnormality in this cohort was the Y-shaped uterus with a prevalence of 12.2%, followed by the arcuate, T-shaped, and septate uteri, respectively. Reviewers identified 26 and 28 Y-shaped uteri, respectively, and came to a consensus on 25 images. Diagnostic criteria for the Y-shaped uterus based on 3D-TVUS findings have been specified as: lateral indentation depths between 4 and 7 mm, fundal indentation depth between 5 and 9 mm, lateral indentation angles between 121° and 149°, fundal indentation angle between 121° and 145°, and Y-angles 25° to 46°. Some subtypes of dysmorphic uteri, such as the Y-shaped uterus, whose clinical significance is unknown and may be variants of the normal, may actually be more common than thought. Determining objective diagnostic criteria with 3D-TVUS will allow standard research on these anomalies and their clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon exhibits significant anatomical variability, which is crucial for understanding its clinical implications in surgeries involving the thumb. While several studies have documented these variations in different populations, a systematic classification providing insights for surgical interventions targeting the thumb and its associated anatomical structures is rare. Methods: This cadaveric study involved the dissection of 87 upper extremities from 44 embalmed cadavers (22 males, 22 females). The APL tendons were meticulously dissected, and the number of tendons slips and their insertion sites were recorded. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess differences in insertion sites between sexes and sides. Results: The number of APL tendon slips distal to the first extensor compartment ranged from 1 to 5, with double slips being the most common configuration. The primary insertion site was consistently the base of the first metacarpal bone, observed in all specimens. Secondary insertion sites included the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (67.82 %), trapezium (17.24 %), opponens pollicis muscle (5.75 %), and proximal phalanx (2.30 %). Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the insertion sites between sides and sexes. A new classification system for APL tendon slips was developed, categorizing them into three main types (Type I, II, III), and two minor types (Type IV and V), based on the number and insertion sites of the tendons. Type II with double tendon slips was the most prevalent (48.28 %). Symmetrical findings were found in 21 cases (48.84 %), with subtype IIb being the most common pattern. Conclusion: This study highlights significant anatomical variations of the APL tendon in the Thai population, with important clinical implications for surgical planning and treatment of thumb-related conditions. The proposed classification system provides a structured framework for understanding these variations, aiding in the diagnosis and surgical management.

Background The need for classification systems for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that is population-specific is important towards understanding the clinical disease and diagnostics associated with the disease. This paper presents the form and validation results of this classification system. Method The survey data used was captured from 778 participants, 526 persons with no prior CVD, and 252 who reported prior CVD. Binomial logistic regression and Discriminant analysis were utilised to develop classification models. This classification system provided a general measure of severity of disease by utilising scores estimated from two algorithms developed from 13 routine physiologic measurements, along with demographic information of age and ethnicity, inter alia, and previous health status. Results For each model, specific score ranges were identified, which gave the best classification for those with a prior CVD incident (higher scores) and for others labelled as non-CVD (lower scores). The two classification models (Logistic Regression Model and Discriminant Analysis Model) developed had high area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) values (98% & 99%) and sensitivity (86 and 90%), which improved discrimination between Non-CVD and CVD participants and, more importantly, correctly classified a greater proportion of CVD participants. New to this type of research was the estimation and detailed evaluation of a range of scores, labelled non-differentiating, which fell in the middle of the spectrum and which contained the higher-end scores for the non-CVD individuals and the lower-end scores for CVD patients, all of whom were incorrectly classified, based on their prior history. Conclusion The classification system of scores is able to differentiate the CVD status of individuals, with good predictability, and could assist physicians with recommending different treatment plans. The two models in this classification system each individually outperformed the three established models in terms of the strength of their correct classifications of individuals with or without prior reported CVD incidents. More importantly, they have smaller non-differentiating ranges than the three known models and, in that range, the two new models have lower CVD/non-CVD ratios suggesting they are more likely to misclassify non-CVD individuals compared to CVD patients, which is a more benign misclassification. Further, when used in combination, the two models increased the sensitivity, in classifying individuals of different ethnicities, beyond that of either one used independently or of any of the three standard European/North American models. These efforts will be instrumental in advancing personalised CVD management strategies and improving health outcomes across diverse populations.

Many science, technology and innovation (STI) resources are attached with several different labels. To assign automatically the resulting labels to an interested instance, many approaches with good performance on the benchmark datasets have been proposed for multilabel classification task in the literature. Furthermore, several open-source tools implementing these approaches have also been developed. However, the characteristics of real-world multilabel patent and publication datasets are not completely in line with those of benchmark ones. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate comprehensively seven multi-label classification methods on real-world datasets.

Purpose: To review existing classification systems for degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS), propose a novel classification designed to better address clinically relevant radiographic and clinical features of disease, and determine the inter- and intraobserver reliability of this new system for classifying DS. Methods: The proposed classification system includes four components: 1) segmental dynamic instability, 2) location of spinal stenosis, 3) sagittal alignment, and 4) primary clinical presentation. To establish the reliability of this system, 12 observers graded 10 premarked test cases twice each. Kappa values were calculated to assess the inter- and intraobserver reliability for each of the four components separately. Results: Interobserver reliability for dynamic instability, location of stenosis, sagittal alignment, and clinical presentation was 0.94, 0.80, 0.87, and 1.00, respectively. Intraobserver reliability for dynamic instability, location of stenosis, sagittal alignment, and clinical presentation were 0.91, 0.88, 0.87, and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion: The UCSF DS classification system provides a novel framework for assessing DS based on radiographic and clinical parameters with established implications for surgical treatment. The almost perfect interobserver and intraobserver reliability observed for all components of this system demonstrates that it is simple and easy to use. In clinical practice, this classification may allow subclassification of similar patients into groups that may benefit from distinct treatment strategies, leading to the development of algorithms to help guide selection of an optimal surgical approach. Future work will focus on the clinical validation of this system, with the goal of providing for more evidence-based, standardized approaches to treatment and improved outcomes for patients with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dislocation following total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains a significant clinical problem and can occur even with optimal implant alignment. We hypothesized that different patterns of pelvic flexion/extension (PFE) during daily activities may influence acetabular alignment and contribute to impingement and instability following THA. Recently, there has been an increased interest in spinopelvic alignment and its impact on THA. Therefore, this study aimed to identify different patterns of PFE that could be predictive of instability following THA. Methods: A range of motion (ROM) simulator was used to demonstrate the effects of different patterns of PFE on ROM and impingement. The findings were applied to PFE measurements obtained from 84 patients in standing and sitting positions. Results: Three different categories of PFE were identified: normal, hypermobile, and stiff. ROM simulator revealed that changes in PFE had affected ROM and impingement significantly. Patients in the stiff pelvis category, even with "optimal" implant alignment, were more susceptible to implant impingement. Conclusions: The different patterns of PFE during daily activities could affect acetabular alignment and stability following THA. We propose a classification system that can identify different types of PFE and predict their effects on the stability of prostheses following THA. Hence, we believe that patients with unfavorable PFE may require modified cup alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Uniformly classifying long bone open fractures is challenging. The purpose of this study was to propose a modified Orthopaedic Trauma Society (OTS) Open Fracture Classification System, developed in a setting with a high incidence of civilian gunshot fractures. Methods: From our prospectively collected database, we identified all patients with open tibia and femur fractures treated with intramedullary nailing over a 4 year period. All open fractures were retrospectively reclassified from the Gustilo-Anderson Classification system to the OTS Open Fracture Classification System. Results: One hundred and thirty-seven cases were identified. Ninety per cent of subjects were males. Their mean age was 34 years. The most common mechanism of injury was low-velocity civilian gunshot wounds (GSW) in 54.7% of cases. Soft tissue management was primary closure in 23.4% and soft tissue reconstruction in 24.1%. In 52.6% of cases (these all being secondary to civilian GSW), soft tissue management was healing via secondary intention. This is not included as a soft tissue management option in the OTS classification system. Fracture reclassification using the OTS Open Fracture Classification System was only possible in 47.5% of cases (Simple in 23.4%, Complex B in 24.1%). Conclusion: We conclude that the OTS Open Fracture Classification System is not inclusive of all open tibia and femur fractures as it does not cater for gunshot fractures. We propose a modification as follows: alter 'wound debridement' to 'appropriate wound care' and to subcategorise 'Simple' into type A and B: healing via secondary intention and primary closure, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hamstring muscle injuries (HMI) are a common and recurrent issue in the sport of athletics, particularly in sprinting and jumping disciplines. This review summarizes the latest literature on hamstring muscle injuries in athletics from a clinical perspective. The considerable heterogeneity in injury definitions and reporting methodologies among studies still needs to be addressed for greater clarity. Expert teams have recently developed evidence-based muscle injury classification systems whose application could guide clinical decision-making; however, no system has been adopted universally in clinical practice, yet. The most common risk factor for HMI is a previously sustained injury, particularly early after return-to-sport. Other modifiable (e.g. weakness of thigh muscles, high-speed running exposure) and non-modifiable (e.g. older age) risk factors have limited evidence linking them to injury. Reducing injury may be achieved through exercise-based programs, but their specific components and their practical applicability remain unclear. Post-injury management follows similar recommendations to other soft tissue injuries, with a graded progression through stages of rehabilitation to full return to training and then competition, based on symptoms and clinical signs to guide the individual speed of the recovery journey. Evidence favoring surgical repair is conflicting and limited to specific injury sub-types (e.g. proximal avulsions). Further research is needed on specific rehabilitation components and progression criteria, where more individualized approaches could address the high rates of recurrent HMI. Prognostically, a combination of physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) seems superior to imaging alone when predicting 'recovery duration,' particularly at the individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation theory classification systems have been developed since the field's early stages of theory development. Many have been published with the goal of promoting further understanding of the ways in which theoretical ideas relate both philosophically and in practice. This article intends to promote a better understanding of the development and evolution of one of the classification systems, the evaluation theory tree, first developed by Alkin and Christie in the late 1990s and published in its most recent version in 2023. Purpose: This paper shares the primary purpose for developing the evaluation theory tree, our analytic process for developing the categorization system presented as a tree, and how and why the tree has evolved over the years since its first publication. Setting: Not applicable. Intervention: Not applicable. Research Design: Not applicable. Data Collection and Analysis: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neck pain is a prevalent and disabling condition. Conservative management of this condition has shown only moderate effects. A solution to improve treatment effectiveness is to sub‐group patients into a classification system (CS) that allows for more personalised care. However, current stratification methods have only shown short‐term efficacy for pain. Given the limitations of these tools, it is pertinent to understand how these CSs are composed to be able to propose alternative patient management solutions. Objective: To identify and examine the different components of classification systems specific to patients with neck‐related conditions. Method: A systematic literature search was performed on 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL). Only systematic reviews, with or without meta‐analysis, and scoping reviews reporting CS with associated treatment for neck pain were included. Bias evaluation was performed through risk of bias in systematic review tools. Results: From the search strategy, 741 citations were retrieved, and seven studies were included. From these studies, 37 CS with associated treatments were extracted. Mobilisations showed that 64% were constructed using physical findings, 61% of CS were guided by symptom modulation, 25% used results of self‐reported questionnaire, 14% used individual characteristics, 14% incorporated cognitive findings, 8% used neurological findings, 3% used results of medical diagnostic test, and 3% incorporated environmental findings. Fear‐avoidance beliefs was the only cognitive parameter considered among CS. Conclusion: This study shows that existing classification systems for neck pain are limited and lack coverage of all potential drivers of pain and disability. The lack of recognition of psychosocial and pain neuroscience parameters may partly explain the limited effectiveness of these tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evaluation theory classification systems have been developed since the field’s early stages of theory development. Many have been published with the goal of promoting further understanding of the ways in which theoretical ideas relate both philosophically and in practice. This intends to promote a better understanding of the development and evolution of one of the classification systems, the Evaluation Theory, developed by Alkin and Christie first in the late 1990s and is in its most recent version, published in 2023. Purpose: This paper shares the primary purpose for developing the Evaluation Theory Tree, our analytic process for developing the categorization system presented as a tree, and how and why the tree has evolved over the years since its first publication.

Background Precise and unequivocal specification of intervention content is key to facilitating the accumulation and implementation of knowledge. The Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1 (BCTTv1) is the most widely used classification of behaviour change techniques (BCTs), providing a shared, standardized vocabulary to identify the active ingredients of behavioural interventions. However, the BCTTv1 is only available in English and this hampers its broad use and adoption. The aim of the present article is to report the process of translation of the BCTTv1 into Spanish. Methods A bilingual team led the translation of the BCTTv1, involving seven iterative steps: (i) establish a Committee, (ii) forward translation from English to Spanish, (iii) back translation from Spanish to English, (iv) comparison of original BCTTv1 and back translation, (v) opportunistic comparison against an independent BCTTv1 translation, (vi) empirical testing, and (vii) final Committee review. Results Changes as a result of the translation process included relabelling BCTs, amending definitions, and fixing conceptual and grammatical inconsistencies, yielding the final version. Very satisfactory inter-coder reliability in BCT identification was observed as part of the empirical testing (i.e., prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa scores > 0.8). Conclusions This work provides the Spanish-speaking population with a rigorous and validated BCTTv1 translation which can be used in both research and practice to provide a greater level of intervention detail for evidence synthesis, comparison, and replication of behaviour change interventions. The translation process described here may prove helpful to guide future translation efforts in behavioural science and beyond.

This scientific paper explores several aspects related to damage catalogue software while also highlighting the importance of including accurate architecture when analyzing structural damage. With modern architecture continuously evolving in complexity, employing specialized tools that can efficiently evaluate damages has become increasingly necessary. We investigate various available solutions while stressing the need for incorporating precise references from building designs within these systems as a means to ensure credible documentation. Our research findings demonstrate that integrating these references within such software aids data interpretation while creating bridges between experts working on diverse areas related to structural analysis/design.

Present-day endodontic treatments make an effort to eliminate up microorganisms from the cavity while also removing bacteria, infected tissue, and dentin. Endodontists think about preendodontic restoration for the most effective rubber dam isolation and increased irrigation space before commencing root canal treatments. This procedure makes postendodontic restoration easier by preventing fractures in poor tooth structure. In addition, it facilitates effective interappointment execution, minimizing medication seepage, gingival ingrowth, and bacterial microleakage. The article evaluates and suggests an innovative preendodontic buildup categorization system that can help with treatment planning for teeth with numerous walls that are structurally damaged.

Background:Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of the development and posture, causing activity limitation. More than half of the children with CP experience various upper extremity problems with varying severity. Considering the importance of knowing the ability of children under 4 years old the aim of this study was to determine prepare Persian version mini-Manual Ability Classification System (mini-MACS) and evaluating its validity and reliability.Methods In a methodological study, after translation procedures, the face validity, content validity, test–retest reliability and interrater reliability of the Persian version of mini-MACS were evaluated. In total, 100 parents of children with cerebral palsy, 12 occupational therapists and a researcher participated in the evaluation of the scale’s reliability. Fifty six boys and 44 girls with cerebral palsy with an average age of 33.21 (SD=11.37) month participated in the study.Results The overall results indicated that the words and sentences used in mini-MACS were simple, clear, understandable, relevant and necessary. The ICC for test–retest reliability for parents, occupational therapists and researchers were 0.955, 0.979 and 0.943, respectively. The interrater reliability coefficient between parents and occupational therapists was 0.939, between parents and researcher was 0.954, and between occupational therapists and researcher was 0.922.Conclusion:The Persian version of mini-MACS seems to be valid and reliable. This system could be used to evaluate children with cerebral palsy.

Background/Objectives: The suprascapular nerve is most vulnerable to entrapment at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches, causing neuropathy. Numerous studies have examined the suprascapular notch and ligament and its relationship with suprascapular nerve entrapment, but few have examined the spinoglenoid notch and the inferior transverse scapular ligament (ITSL). This study summarizes all existing ITSL morphology studies and presents a simple and comprehensive classification system for different ITSL subtypes. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, searching the online databases PubMed and Embase. The references of each relevant article were further screened to find more eligible studies. The Anatomical Quality Assessment tool was used in order to further evaluate the quality of the records extracted. STATA MP 14 was used for the analysis in this study. Results: In total, 14 studies (995 scapulae; minimum: 1 and maximum: 268) were included in the present study. The overall ITSL prevalence was 5.8 (95% CI: 4.5–7.1) and the estimated odds for ligamentous vs. membranous type was 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3–0.7). The basic different morphological subtypes of the ITSL reported in the included studies are the band-like ligament, the fan-shaped ligament, the membranous ITSL, and the perforated membranous types. Conclusions: The ITSL represents an anatomical structure of mostly ligamentous nature. A single ITSL definition and standardization of its basic morphological subtypes along with an easy-to-remember and thus widely used classification system could greatly facilitate the comprehensive description, identification, and proper handling of this element across many surgical procedures.

Scientific and logical classification is crucial for efficient information storage, management, and sharing. However, there are numerous existing classification systems for geographical entities, and the categories to which the same geographical entity belongs are often different in the business databases constructed according to different classification systems, which brings great obstacles to the management and sharing of geographical information. This study analyzes the complexities of multiple classifications of geographical entities and proposes a multi-classification model for geographical entities based on directed hypergraph theory. This model integrates and transforms different classification systems for the same geographical entity, creating a unified method for expressing multiple classifications. We also designed a data structure to support this unified expression. By implementing this model, the study enables the effective management of geographical entity data, facilitating improved sharing and the exchange of geographical information across different industries and applications. In practical, the multi-classification model proposed in this paper allows geographical entities from different classification systems to be stored and managed within a single geographical database. Data views are then used to provide tailored services to various industry sectors and business applications. This approach effectively reduces data duplication and enhances the efficiency of managing and sharing geographical information. Using land use classification as an example, this study constructs a unified expression of three different land use classification systems based on the multi-classification model. An experiment managing land use data for a specific city was conducted using this model in PostgreSQL. The results indicate that the proposed method not only reduces data redundancy but also improves the query efficiency by over 10% on average compared to the mainstream relational database management mode. This confirms the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method.

PurposeTo develop a classification system of visual field (VF) abnormalities in highly myopic eyes with and without glaucoma.DesignSecondary analysis of VF data from a longitudinal cohort study.ParticipantsOne thousand eight hundred ninety-three VF tests from 1302 eyes (825 individuals).MethodsAll participants underwent VF testing (Humphrey 24-2 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard program; Carl Zeiss Meditec) and detailed ophthalmic examination. A comprehensive set of VF defect patterns was defined via observation of the 1893 VF reports, literature review, and consensus meetings. The classification system comprised 4 major types of VF patterns, including normal type, glaucoma-like defects (paracentral defect, nasal step, partial arcuate defect, arcuate defect), high myopia-related defects (enlarged blind spot, vertical step, partial peripheral rim, nonspecific defect), and combined defects (nasal step with enlarged blind spot). A subset (n = 1000) of the VFs was used to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver agreement and weighted κ values of the classification system by 2 trained readers. The prevalence of various VF patterns and their associated factors were determined.Main outcome measuresThe classification of VF in highly myopic eyes and its associated risk factors.ResultsWe found that normal type, glaucoma-like defects, high myopia-related defects, and combined defects accounted for 74.1%, 10.8%, 15.0%, and 0.1% of all unique VF tests, respectively. The interobserver and intraobserver agreements were > 89%, and the corresponding κ values were 0.86 or more between readers. Both glaucoma-like and high myopia-related VF defects were associated with older age (odds ratios [ORs], 1.07 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.10; P < 0.001] and 1.06 [95% CI, 1.04-1.10; P < 0.001]) and longer axial length (ORs, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.32-2.07; P < 0.001] and 1.37 [95% CI, 1.11-1.68; P = 0.003]). Longer axial length showed a stronger effect on the prevalence of glaucoma-like VF defects than on the prevalence of high myopia-related VF defects (P = 0.036).ConclusionsWe propose a new and reproducible classification system of VF abnormalities for nonpathologic high myopia. Applying a comprehensive classification system will facilitate communication and comparison of findings among studies.

Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term "elite" subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural arsonists are responsible for a significant part of fires that cause environmental and community damage. Despite its prevalence in several countries, few studies have examined the characteristics and typologies of rural arsonists, contributing to the continuing lack of awareness of rural crime. Therefore, this study identifies the discriminant characteristics of rural arsonists and develops a typology of the criminal patterns associated with this rural crime. For this purpose, the sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics, criminal behaviour and crime scene information of 450 rural arsonists’ criminal records were analysed. Findings indicate that 61% of rural arsonists had mental health and alcohol problems. However, compared to previous literature, most were older adults (M = 45.64; SD = 16.02), had no criminal record (66%) and were employed (54%). By focusing on overcoming the limitations of previous typologies, the current one has been improved conceptually and methodologically, resulting in the classification of rural arsonists into three groups: Expressive – Mental Health Problems (39%), Expressive – Alcohol Consumption (38%), and Instrumental – Socially Adjusted (23%). This study enhances the comprehension of rural crime and establishes the groundwork for future research in the field by increasing knowledge of the characteristics of Portuguese rural arsonists and assisting criminal investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural language processing (NLP) can be used to process and structure free text, such as (free text) radiological reports. In radiology, it is important that reports are complete and accurate for clinical staging of, for instance, pulmonary oncology. A computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan is of great importance in tumor staging, and NLP may be of additional value to the radiological report when used in the staging process as it may be able to extract the T and N stage of the 8th tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) classification system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a new TN algorithm (TN-PET-CT) by adding a layer of metabolic activity to an already existing rule-based NLP algorithm (TN-CT). This new TN-PET-CT algorithm is capable of staging chest CT examinations as well as PET-CT scans. The study design made it possible to perform a subgroup analysis to test the external validation of the prior TN-CT algorithm. For information extraction and matching, pyContextNLP, SpaCy, and regular expressions were used. Overall TN accuracy score of the TN-PET-CT algorithm was 0.73 and 0.62 in the training and validation set (N = 63, N = 100). The external validation of the TN-CT classifier (N = 65) was 0.72. Overall, it is possible to adjust the TN-CT algorithm into a TN-PET-CT algorithm. However, outcomes highly depend on the accuracy of the report, the used vocabulary, and its context to express, for example, uncertainty. This is true for both the adjusted PET-CT algorithm and for the CT algorithm when applied in another hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Documentation of drug related problems (DRPs) and pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) is essential for an objective evaluation of the pharmacist's contribution to pharmacotherapy. However, in Belgium, a nationally used classification system is not available, prohibiting structured and uniform documentation of DRPs and PIs. Aim: To develop and validate a national classification system for in-hospital clinical pharmacy activities, based on literature and field experience, specifically intended for routine registration. Method: Based on a literature review, a survey among Belgian hospital pharmacists and a stakeholder focus group, a first version of Be-CLIPSS (Belgian CLInical Pharmacy claSsification System) was developed. Inter-rater reliability of the DRPs and PIs was assessed. Additionally, its usability was reviewed. The system was further refined, followed by a second validation. Results: Both the survey and focus group discussion revealed little use of validated DRP and PI classification systems in Belgium, although these were considered highly desirable if practical and minimally time-consuming. The final classification system encompassed seven clinical pharmacy activities, grouped into four activity classes. The inter-rater reliability for the second activity class was substantial for the DRPs (κ = 0.737) and almost perfect for the PIs (κ = 0.872). The interpretability (86.4%), user-friendliness (61.4%), user satisfaction (84.1%), interest for use in daily practice (68.2%) and difficulty in correctly classifying the DRP and PI (31.8%) were assessed. Conclusion: Be-CLIPSS, a newly developed and partially validated classification system for DRPs and PIs, was found to be user-friendly, with a good interpretability and user satisfaction, resulting in a high interest for use in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]