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Resumen Objetivos Estudiar la distribucion espacio-temporal de los casos de enfermedad neumococica invasora (ENI) por serotipos resistentes a eritromicina y su relacion con el consumo comunitario de macrolidos y la cobertura vacunal infantil. Metodos Se seleccionaron los casos de ENI en mayores de 59 anos residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid (CM) notificados en el periodo de 2007 a 2016. Las variables estudiadas fueron obtenidas de los sistemas de informacion vacunal y de Prestacion Farmaceutica. Se utilizo el punto de corte (concentracion minima inhibitoria de eritromicina > 0,5 mg/L) de la clasificacion de EUCAST para definir los serotipos resistentes a eritromicina. Mediante JointPoint se estimaron las tendencias de las incidencias de casos por serotipos resistentes a eritromicina incluidos en la vacuna trecevalente (STVCN13) y no incluidos (STnoVCN13). La asociacion de esas incidencias con el consumo comunitario de macrolidos y la cobertura vacunal se hizo mediante modelos de Poisson. Para la deteccion de clusteres espacio-temporales se utilizo el estadistico Satscan. Resultados Se identificaron 1.936 casos, de ellos, se detecto que 427 serotipos eran resistentes a la eritromicina. La incidencia de todos los casos por serotipos resistentes fue descendente (AAPC: -5,40%). La incidencia de casos por STVCN13 resistentes a la eritromicina fue descendente con un porcentaje anual del cambio (APC: -13,8) y estuvo asociada inversamente a la cobertura vacunal infantil (IRR 0,641), mientras que la de casos por STnoVCN13 resistentes a eritromicina fue ascendente (APC: 4,5) y no se asocio con la cobertura. Se detecto un cluster por STnoVCN13 y ninguno por STVCN13 tras la inclusion de la trecevalente en el calendario vacunal infantil. Conclusiones El descenso de ENI por STVCN13 resistentes se asocio con el incremento de la cobertura vacunal infantil. La presencia de clusteres de casos por STnoVCN13, en el periodo posterior a la inclusion de la VCN13, indica reemplazo de serotipos. El aumento de los casos por STnoVCN13 resistentes podria estar relacionado por el reemplazo de los serotipos vacunales en la colonizacion nasofaringea, facilitada por el consumo de macrolidos todavia a niveles altos en la CM.

Pulse-like near-source ground motions were observed by the local network during the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel, Chile earthquake. Such ground motions can be quite damaging to a wide range of infrastructures. The primary objective of this study is to provide a source model that can explain such ground motions. The isolated nature of the pulses indicated that the rupture of some small isolated region on the fault contributed to the generation of the pulse. Therefore, we considered such regions and termed them as Strong Motion Pulse Generation Areas (SPGAs). We used the corrected empirical Green's function (EGF) method because this method has been successfully applied to near-source pulse-like ground motions in previous studies. We simulated synthetic waveforms using the frequency dependent quality factor Q=239f0.71 and empirical site amplification factors, which we obtained by applying a generalized inversion technique to local weak-motion data. The result indicated that the observed ground motions from the Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake can readily be explained with a source model that involves two SPGAs with dimensions of several kilometers in spite of the huge rupture zone of the earthquake. The source model can reproduce velocity waveforms, acceleration Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) and pseudoacceleration response spectra. It also reproduces the duration of strong ground motions quite accurately. No significant bias was found with respect to distance and frequency. In conclusion, the corrected EGF method is a very efficient tool to simulate near-source ground motions of a subduction earthquake when it is combined with higher stress-drop subevents whose sizes are adjusted to the observed pulse widths.

(1) Background: The development of effective COVID-19 vaccines has reduced the impact of COVID-19 on the general population. Our study aims to analyze how vaccination modifies the likelihood of death and length of stay in hospitalized patients with COVID-19; (2) Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 1927 hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 was conducted. Information was gathered on vaccination status, hospitalization episode, and clinical profile of the patients. The effect of vaccination on mortality was analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model, and length of stay was analyzed using linear regression. The performance and fit of the models were evaluated; (3) Results: In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the risk of dying during admission in vaccinated patients was half that of non-vaccinated (OR: 0.45; CI 95%: 0.25 to 0.84). In patients who were discharged due to improvement, the reduction in hospital stay in vaccinated patients was 3.17 days (CI 95%: 5.88 to 0.47); (4) Conclusions: Patients who, despite having been vaccinated, acquire the infection by SARS-CoV-2, have a significant reduction of the risk of death during admission and a reduction of hospital stay compared with unvaccinated patients.

The major goals of the study were to describe the invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases due to erythromycin-resistant serotypes and to evaluate the association between these cases and recent macrolide use in individuals aged over 59 years. We selected cases of IPD reported between 2007 and 2016 in persons aged over 59 years living in the Community of Madrid (CM). We followed the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The explanatory variables (age, sex, year of onset of symptoms, clinical presentation, serotypes, vaccination status) were taken from the Mandatory Notification System for Infectious Diseases System and from the Vaccination Information System. The cases were classified as either included in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) or not (nonPCV13). Associations between cases due to erythromycin-resistant serotypes and previous macrolide use (total, long and short-term) were adjusted with a logistic regression multivariate analysis. A total of 1,831 cases were identified, of whom 408 were erythromycin-resistant serotypes. PCV13 cases were associated with previous macrolide use (OR: 5.07), particularly long-acting types (OR: 8.61). NonPCV13 cases were associated with the use of total macrolides (OR: 3.48) and long-acting macrolides (OR: 4.26) suggesting that PCV13 did not reduce the IPD cases in patients with previous use of macrolides. Our results confirmed that previous macrolide consumption was associated with the presence of IPD due to erythromycin-resistant serotypes. The risk was higher with the use of long-term macrolides.

Background: Inappropriate use of the emergency department (IEDU)—consisting of the unnecessary use of the resource by patients with no clinical need—is one of the leading causes of the loss of efficiency of the health system. Specific contexts modify routine clinical practice and usage patterns. This study aims to analyse the influence of COVID-19 on the IEDU and its causes. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted in the emergency department of a high-complexity hospital. The Hospital Emergency Suitability Protocol (HESP) was used to measure the prevalence of IEDU and its causes, comparing three pairs of periods: (1) March 2019 and 2020; (2) June 2019 and 2020; and (3) September 2019 and 2020. A bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for confounding variables, were utilized. Results: In total, 822 emergency visits were included (137 per period). A total prevalence of IEDU of 14.1% was found. There was a significant decrease in IEDU in March 2020 (OR: 0.03), with a prevalence of 0.8%. No differences were found in the other periods. A mistrust in primary care was the leading cause of IEDU (65.1%). Conclusions: The impact of COVID-19 reduced the frequency of IEDU during the period of more significant population restrictions, with IEDU returning to previous levels in subsequent months. Targeted actions in the field of population education and an improvement in primary care are positioned as strategies that could mitigate its impact.

Organic production systems have generated new technology and management tools, including the use of different nutrient sources. To support to the selection of appropriate organic N fertilisers, bas...

For an \begin{document}$N$ \end{document} -body system of linear Schrodinger equation with space dependent interaction between particles, one would expect that the corresponding one body equation, arising as a mean field approximation, would have a space dependent nonlinearity. With such motivation we consider the following model of a nonlinear reduced Schrodinger equation with space dependent nonlinearity \begin{document}$\begin{align*}-\varphi''+V(x)h'(|\varphi|^2)\varphi = λ \varphi,\end{align*}$ \end{document} where \begin{document}$V(x) = -χ_{[-1,1]} (x)$ \end{document} is minus the characteristic function of the interval \begin{document}$[-1,1]$ \end{document} and where \begin{document}$h'$ \end{document} is any continuous strictly increasing function. In this article, for any negative value of \begin{document}$λ$ \end{document} we present the construction and analysis of the infinitely many solutions of this equation, which are localized in space and hence correspond to bound-states of the associated time-dependent version of the equation.

To study the spatio-temporal distribution of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to serotypes resistant to erythromycin and its relationship with community consumption of macrolides and childhood vaccination coverage.We selected IPD cases in adults over 59 years old, residents in the Community of Madrid (MC), notified in the period 2007-2016. The variables studied were obtained from the Vaccination Information Systems and the Pharmaceutical Service. The cut-off point (minimum inhibitory erythromycin concentration0.5 mg/L) of the EUCAST classification was used to define erythromycin resistant serotypes. We used JointPoint to estimate the incidence trends by erythromycin resistant serotypes included in the 13-valent vaccine (STPCV13) and not included in it (STnoPCV13). The association of these incidences with the community consumption of macrolides and vaccination coverage was made using Poisson models. Statistical scanning was used for the detection of temporal-spaces clusters of cases.1936 cases were identified, of which 427 erythromycin resistant serotypes were identified. The incidence of all cases due to resistant serotypes was decreasing (AAPC: -5,40%). During the period studied, the incidence of cases due to erythromycin resistant STPCV13 was decreasing with an annual percentage change (APC): -13.8 and was inversely associated with childhood vaccination coverage (IRR 0.641), while that of cases due to erythromycin resistant STnoPCV13 was ascending (APC): 4.5; and was not associated with coverage. 1 cluster was detected by STnoPCV13 and none by STPCV13 after the date of inclusion of the 13-valent in the childhood vaccination calendar.The decrease in IPD due to resistant STPCV13 was associated with an increase in childhood vaccination coverage. The presence of clusters due to STnoPCV13 after the date of inclusion of the 13-valent vaccine in the childhood vaccination calendar indicates serotypes replacement. The increase in cases of resistant STnoPCV13 could be related to the replacement of vaccine serotypes in nasopharyngeal colonization, facilitated by the consumption of macrolides still at high levels in MC.

The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) continues to be the reference diagnostic method for the confirmation of COVID-19 cases; however, rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) have recently been developed. The purpose of the study is to assess the performance of rapid antigen-based COVID-19 testing in the context of hospital outbreaks. This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The study period was from October 2020 to January 2021. The “Panbio COVID-19 AG” RADT (Abbott) was performed and TaqPath COVID-19 test RT-PCR. The samples were obtained from hospitalised patients in suspected outbreak situations at the Ramón y Cajal Hospital. A hospital outbreak was defined as the presence of 3 or more epidemiologically linked cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the RADT were calculated using RT-PCR as a reference. A total of 17 hospital outbreaks were detected in 11 hospital units during the study period, in which 34 RT-PCR and RADT screenings were performed. We obtained 541 samples, which were analysed with RT-PCR and a further 541 analysed with RADT. Six RADT tests gave conflicting results with the RT-PCR, 5 of them with a negative RADT and positive RT-PCR and one with positive RADT and a negative RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RADT was 83.3% (65.3–94.4%) and the specificity was 99.8% (98.9–100%). The PPV was 96.2% (80.4–99.9%) and the NPV was 99% (97.7–99.7%). The RADT shows good diagnostic performance in patients on non-COVID-19 hospital wards, in the context of an outbreak.

Miniaturization is a key aspect for many technological applications and the use of microreactors is an excellent solution for the intensification of chemical processes for a variety of applications. However, standard microfabrication requires large facilities and intricate fabrication protocols, and consequently it is not easily available, generally resulting in high production costs. Herein, we present a very cheap, fast and easy microreactor design for photocatalytic applications based on direct fused filament 3D printing as a facilitating and widespread technology. The microreactor consists of three bodies directly printed in ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene): a main body with a serpentine microchannel pattern where the photocatalyst is placed, a top holder with a transparent polymer window, and a base to clamp the parts. Several microreactor units were coated with TiO2 doped with Cu (2.4 wt.%) nanoparticles synthesized by FSP (Flame Spray Pyrolysis) and tested for the photocatalytic degradation of two water pollutants showing excellent performance. Financial support from Gobierno de Navarra (grant PC003-004), Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) (grant RTI2018-096294-B-C31) and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant PID2019-106687RJ-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) is gratefully acknowledged. I.P. thanks Obra Social la Caixa, Fundacion Caja Navarra, and UPNA for their research contracts in the framework of the program 'Captacion del Talento 2019'. L.M.G. wishes to thank Banco de Santander and Universidad Publica de Navarra for their financial support under the 'Programa de Intensificación de la Investigación 2018' initiative.

Shear keys are elements in bridges designed to prevent or limit transverse unseating, rotation, and/or collapse of the superstructure responding to strong-intensity earthquake input ground motion, as well as to absorb breaking and various self equilibrating forces. During the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile's highway infrastructure was seriously impacted. Shear key failures were endemic and did not function as intended. As a result, some bridges experienced partial or complete collapse. Even when the shear keys appeared to have worked, the superstructure exhibited large offsets, which required expensive repairs. An expensive retrofit of undamaged bridges was also carried out as a result of the inadequate response of the bridge infrastructure. This paper addresses the behavioral issues of bridges designed incorporating conventional shear keys and proposes an innovative self-centering concept that eliminates residual displacements in the superstructure. The self-centering shear key concept, as it will be termed here, makes use of the bridge self-weight as a restoring force to ensure self-centering. This concept proposal takes advantage of the kinematics of the bridge. The self-centering shear key concept was validated for a typical Chilean bridge via an extensive study that made use of nonlinear time history analyses. The results indicate that the increase in seismic demand on the substructure is small enough to maintain the bridge base structure in the elastic range while eliminating any residual displacements in the superstructure.

Resumen Introduccion Streptococcus pneumoniae es una causa importante de morbilidad, y la vacuna es la medida mas eficaz para prevenirla. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la evolucion de la enfermedad neumococica invasora (ENI). Material y metodos Estudio observacional de los casos de ENI residentes en la Comunidad de Madrid notificados a la Red de Vigilancia Epidemiologica entre los anos 2008 y 2015. El caso de ENI se definio como la enfermedad producida por Streptococcus pneumoniae, con aislamiento, deteccion de ADN o deteccion de antigeno, en muestras procedentes de sitios normalmente esteriles. Las cepas aisladas se enviaron al Laboratorio Regional de Salud Publica para la identificacion del serotipo. Los serotipos se clasificaron segun su inclusion en la vacuna heptavalente (VCN7), en la vacuna trecevalente pero no en la heptavalente (VCN13 adicional) y no incluidos en la VCN13 (no VCN). Se calcularon las razones de incidencia (RI) comparando los periodos 2011-2012 y 2013-2015 con el periodo 2008-2010. Resultados Se notificaron 4.307 casos. El 86,6% fueron serotipados. La RI de ENI para todos los serotipos fue de 0,67 y de 0,67; la RI para los serotipos VCN7 fue de 0,43 y de 0,45; la RI para los VCN13 adicional fue de 0,46 y de 0,25, y la RI para los no VCN fue de 1,01 y de 1,32 en los periodos 2011-2012 y 2013-2015. Los serotipos 8, 9 N, 10A, 23B, 24F y el serogrupo 33 incrementaron su incidencia de manera significativa en el periodo 2013-2015. Los serotipos 15B y 24F supusieron el 24% de los casos no VCN13 en menores de 5 anos, los serotipos 8 y 9 N el 51% en poblacion de 5 a 59 anos y los serotipos 8 y 22F el 25% en mayores de 59 anos. Conclusiones La incidencia de serotipos no incluidos en vacunas conjugadas ha aumentado, especialmente en menores de 5 anos, pero la incidencia total de ENI ha disminuido. Es imprescindible continuar con los programas de vigilancia epidemiologica y microbiologica para valorar el efecto de la vacunacion sobre la incidencia de la ENI.

Los sistemas de monocultivo degradan el suelo afectando sus propiedades físicas y químicas, y su regeneración es muy lenta. Con el objetivo de conocer cambios en las propiedades físicas del suelo de la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue, por efecto del uso, se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones, en los suelos de bosque nativo y monocultivos de maíz (30 años), cacao (50 años), pasto (4 años) y palma aceitera (26 años) en diferentes profundidades cada 0,10 m hasta los 0,6 m. Se evaluaron propiedades físicas como conductividad hidráulica, densidad aparente, densidad real, porosidad total, porosidad de aireación, humedad volumétrica, textura, arcilla dispersa en agua, grado de floculación, materia orgánica e índice de materia orgánica/ limo+arcilla. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente y se realizó la prueba de Tuckey (P≤0,05). Se encontró que maíz, palma aceitera y pasto provocaron incrementos estadísticos significativos en la densidad aparente del suelo sin llegar a sobrepasar los niveles críticos de 1390 kg m-3 y no significativos en reducción de la porosidad total en la profundidad de 0,1-0,2 m. También, hubo alta concentración de arcillas en las primeras profundidades de los suelos cultivados, que provocó susceptibilidad a los procesos de erosión hídrica, concluyendo que el suelo bajo cultivo de palma aceitera mostró mayores diferencias estadísticas debido a la textura, afectando negativamente la densidad aparente del suelo, conductividad hidráulica, arcilla dispersa en agua, que en suma contribuyen a disminuir la estabilidad de agregados.

Technology selection is a major issue in nuclear power since it restrains further options. Once generally accepted by society, a methodology is needed to analyze and synthetize multidimensional parameters for an optimum selection. The International Atomic Energy Agency has developed Comparison criteria for innovative reactors and fuel cycles. Our task was to develop an extension of the Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MULTIMOORA) for advanced nuclear reactor prioritization in developing countries. The objective of this work was to apply such multi-criteria analysis technique for decision making to a Chilean nuclear power programme based on policy recommendations. We selected a list of conceptual designs recognized by the Agency that were compatible with Chilean energy needs, applying the IAEA's INPRO methodology and proposing three priority sets, and we obtained Performance Rankings for those. Based on anticipated parameters, NuScale and EC6 reactors stood high based on their performance opposed by the ACP100 and VVER600 reactors. The SMART and SVBR100 reactors were sensitive to the priority set, as devised. Our model performed reasonably and needs further proofs for extended scenarios and conditions.

El banano, principal producto de exportación en Colombia, presenta muchos retos técnicos como el control de la tortuguilla (Colaspis sp.), causante del 33% de pérdidas económicas; dado que los estándares de calidad no permiten la presencia de residuos químicos presentes en los frutos, se evaluó en un cultivo comercial, del municipio de los Córdobas, el efecto de extractos vegetales en el manejo de la tortuguilla. Se evaluó la severidad del ataque a partir del número de roeduras en frutos y la incidencia en racimos y frutos tratados. Los extractos utilizados fueron salvia Salvia officinalis L., anamú Petiveria alliacea L., albahaca Ocimum basilicum L., ajo Allium sativum L. y ají picante Capsicum annuum asperjados con una bomba tipo jardinera sobre bolsas comerciales de polietileno; dejándose expuestas durante una hora para asegurar la adherencia del producto. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar con siete tratamientos, tres repeticiones, un testigo relativo (bolsa sin extracto vegetal) y un testigo absoluto (racimos sin embolsar); registrando la severidad del daño causado. Los resultados mostraron que los frutos provenientes de racimos embolsados presentaron menor severidad que los frutos no embolsados y los tratamientos constituidos por bolsas impregnadas con extracto de ajo presentaron menor incidencia y grado de severidad, mostrando una disminución del daño en un 98%. Concluyendo que el extracto de ajó fue el producto repelente que mejor acción mostro al daño de fruto. Los tratamientos donde se aplicó Albaca, Ají, Salvia y Anamú se pudieron determinar una mayor incidencia y daño de fruto.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos El empleo de doble mamaria se ha asociado con un aumento de complicaciones esternales, especialmente en pacientes diabeticos y obesos. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los factores de riesgo de aquellos pacientes en los que se ha usado doble mamaria y la tasa de complicacion esternal en este grupo. Metodos De nuestra base de datos se ha seleccionado a 526 pacientes revascularizados quirurgicamente con uso de doble arteria mamaria. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 59 anos, con un EuroScore logistico-1 medio de 2,7%. Resultados Presentaron dehiscencia esternal 3 pacientes (0,57%), no se correlaciono con ningun factor de riesgo. Problemas de herida tanto superficial como profunda 31 pacientes (5.9%), (2 mediastinitis-0.38%). Con respecto a los pacientes que presentaron infeccion superficial de la herida quirurgica (29 pacientes, 5,513%), se obtuvo mayor incidencia en mujeres, pacientes con insuficiencia renal y aquellos a los que se les realizo transfusion de concentrado de hematies en quirofano, Siendo estas diferencias estadisticamente significativas (p Tambien hubo mayor incidencia de infeccion superficial en pacientes diabeticos, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica, obesos, fumadores y a aquellos a los que se les realizo revascularizacion miocardica incompleta, siendo estas diferencias no significativas. Conclusiones En nuestra experiencia, la utilizacion de doble mamaria no se acompano de mayor incidencia de dehiscencia esternal, pero si con problemas de infeccion superficial de la herida, sobre todo en el grupo de pacientes mujeres, con insuficiencia renal y transfundidos en quirofano. Para mantener el beneficio de la doble mamaria en estos pacientes, deberiamos ser especialmente cuidadosos e implementar nuevas estrategias de cierre esternal.

In thermoelectric industry, synthetic gypsum and coal ash are generated as industrial by-products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different mixtures of synthetic gypsum and coal ash on N mineralization in an Alfisol. Nitrogen mineralization was evaluated by soil incubations under controlled conditions and potential mineralization using the nonlinear first order kinetics model Nmt = N0 [1 - ℮(-k t )] , where Nmt is the mineral N accumulated at a specific time, N0 is the potentially mineralizable N, k is the mineralization rate, and finally t is the incubation time. Treatments consisted of different mixtures of synthetic gypsum, coal ash and urea (M1: 50% synthetic gypsum, 50% coal ash, M2: 50% synthetic gypsum, 35% coal ash, 15% urea, M3: 45% synthetic gypsum; 40% coal ash, 15% urea, M4: 65% synthetic gypsum, 20% coal ash, 15% urea, M5: 55% synthetic gypsum, 30% coal ash, 15% urea). Each mixture was applied to the soil at 2 t ha-1. The results shown the highest concentration (p < 0.05) of net mineral N (NMN) applying M3 (166.14 mg kg-1), while the lowest NMN (p < 0.05) was found applying M5 (98.30 mg kg-1). Treatment M1 presented the highest N0 value (579.0 mg kg-1) respect to treatments with urea in its composition, with exception of M3 (523.4 mg kg-1). Where the highest and lowest k were determined in M5 (k = 0.44990) and M3 (k = 0.04470), respectively. Mixtures of synthetic gypsum, coal ash and urea increased N mineralization over mixtures without urea. Respect N potential mineralization, in some cases N0 and k values would respond more to the fit of the mathematical model employed than to the biological process.

Organic food production has increased the demand for organic supplies in agriculture. Organic fertilizers are known to have an effect on crop and soil properties, but this effect has been little studied. This research evaluated the effect of seven nitrogen fertilizers allowed for use in organic production and one conventional fertilization treatment adjusted to a similar dose of total nitrogen (N), on chemical properties of two soils of contrasting physicochemical properties (sandy loam Mollisol and silty loam Andisol) incubated under aerobic conditions and controlled 6 times over 112 d. Treatments were: Compost (CO), Fertil (F), Purely Grow (PG), Purely Lysine (PL), Blood meal (BM), Lupine meal (LM), Sodium nitrate (SN), conventional fertilization (CF), and a control without fertilization (CT). The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design for each soil. The results showed that the fertilizers affected soil pH, salinity (electrical conductivity, EC), and the concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S). In general, the highest values of pH, available P, and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were obtained using CO in both soils, whereas PL reported the lowest values for most parameters evaluated. The evolution of each parameter over time showed interactions with the fertilization treatment, with a steady decrease in pH and an increase in EC in both soils. Differences in the average values of chemical properties during incubation with respect to their initial values were related to the physicochemical and organic characteristics of each soil.

The patient safety culture (PSC) in health institutions depends on various organizational and human factors. Our aim was to evaluate, as a teaching strategy, the knowledge in patient safety and perceptions about the PSC.A convenience sample, with 122 health professionals from Regional Minister of Health's patient safety courses attendees in 2015. Be- fore each course, were delivered a knowledge questionnaire about patient safety (own elaboration) and a validated PSC questionnaire (estimating 3 dimensions: managerial support, perception of safety and expectations / actions). Valuations on CSP were recategorized in positive, negative and neutral, identifying strengths (greater than or equal to 75% of positive evaluations) and opportunities for improvement (greater than or equal to 50% of negative evaluations). At the end of each course an anonymous satisfaction questionnaire was delivered.60% responded correctly to questions about knowledge in patient safety, identifying areas for improvement in safe practices (hand hygiene and microorganisms resistant to antibiotics, with 66% and 61% of incorrect answers, respectively), and in management of health risks (investigation and identification of adverse events, with 62% and 56% of incorrect answers, respectively). 80% considered the institutional PSC positive, and the perception of safety as an opportunity for improvement (63.9% of negative evaluations). Thus, 88% admitted worrying about patient safety only after adverse incidents, and 65% felt afraid to talk about them. The satisfaction with the teaching methodology was 9.3 points out of 10.The overall assessment of PSC was mostly positive, identifying specific areas for improvement that allowed orienting the training in patient safety, motivating the participants and suggesting intervention strategies to improve patient safety in our organizations.La cultura de seguridad del paciente (CSP) en las instituciones sanitarias depende de diversos factores organizativos y humanos. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar, como estrategia docente, los conocimientos y percepciones sobre la CSP.Muestra de conveniencia, con 122 profesionales sanitarios y no sanitarios, que asistieron en 2015 a cursos sobre seguridad del paciente organizados por la Consejería de Sanidad de Madrid. Antes de cada curso, autocompletaron un cuestionario de conocimientos sobre seguridad del paciente (elaboración propia) y otro cuestionario validado sobre CSP (estimando 3 dimensiones: apoyo directivo, percepción de seguridad y expectativas/ acciones). Las valoraciones sobre la CSP se recategorizaron en positivas, negativas y neutras, identificando fortalezas (mayor o igual al 75% de valoraciones positivas) y oportunidades de mejora (mayor o igual al 50% de valoraciones negativas). Al finalizar cada curso, cumplimentaron un cuestionario anónimo de satisfacción.El 60% respondió correctamente a las preguntas sobre conocimientos en seguridad del paciente, identificando áreas de mejora en prácticas seguras (higiene de manos y microorganismos resistentes a antibióticos, con 66% y 61% de respuestas incorrectas, respectivamente), y en gestión de riesgos sanitarios (investigación e identificación de eventos adversos, con el 62% y 56% de respuestas incorrectas, respectivamente). El 80% consideró positiva la CSP institucional, y la percepción de seguridad como oportunidad de mejora (63,9% de valoraciones negativas). Así, el 88% reconocía preocuparse por la seguridad del paciente sólo tras incidentes adversos, y el 65% sentía miedo a hablar sobre estos. La satisfacción con la metodología docente fue de 9,3 puntos sobre 10.La valoración global de la CSP fue mayoritariamente positiva, identificándose áreas de mejora específicas utilizadas como estrategia docente para ilustrar conceptos, motivar a los participantes y sugerir estrategias de intervención para mejorar la cultura de seguridad del paciente en nuestras organizaciones.

We study resonances generated by rank-one perturbations of self-adjoint operators with eigenvalues embedded in the continuous spectrum. Instability of these eigenvalues is analyzed and almost exponential decay for the associated resonant states is exhibited. We show how these results can be applied to Sturm-Liouville operators. Main tools are the Aronszajn-Donoghue theory for rank-one perturbations, a reduction process of the resolvent based on the Feshbach-Livsic formula, the Fermi golden rule, and a careful analysis of the Fourier transform of quasi-Lorentzian functions. We relate these results to sojourn time estimates and spectral concentration phenomena.

En 1943 una ley creó consejos con integración tripartita para fijar salarios mínimos por categoría ocupacional y por grupo de actividad económica. Esta fuente no había sido explorada y sus resoluciones permitieron construir 4 índices de salarios de obreros y empleados. De acuerdo con los mismos, los salarios alcanzaron un máximo en 1952, que se ubica por encima del nivel de 1946: entre un 33% cuando se pondera por el número de ocupados y un 40% cuando se pondera por la masa salarial. Durante los años siguientes hasta el fin del período en 1955 los 4 índices presentan leves caídas y se ubicaron este último año entre un 30 y 37% por encima del nivel inicial. Estimados en dólares de 2011, el salario promedio mínimo en 1955 correspondía a los obreros sin calificación, con aproximadamente 1.000 $, y el máximo a los técnicos de nivel medio, con 1.597 $. KEY Classification-JEL: J3. J5. N3. N6

ResumenIntroducción y objetivosLa reparación mitral es adecuada cuando en el control ecocardiográfico poscirculación extracorpórea no hay insuficiencia mitral residual o es ligera. Poco se conoce de la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica de esta insuficiencia mitral ligera residual. El objetivo del estudio era valorar la evolución clínica y ecocardiográfica de los enfermos según la presencia o no de insuficiencia mitral residual ligera poscirugía.MétodosEstudio prospectivo de pacientes con reparación mitral por regurgitación mitral severa degenerativa operados durante el período comprendido entre 2002–2010.ResultadosFueron intervenidos 105 pacientes con afectación de 1 o 2 segmentos según la clasificación de Carpentier (edad media 67±12 años, hombres 61%). En 102 casos (97,1%), la reparación mitral fue adecuada, y en 3 (2,9%) no, sustituyéndose la válvula. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 2,9% (EuroSCORE logístico 5±5,5%). En el ecocardiograma transesofágico en quirófano, de los 102 pacientes reparados satisfactoriamente, 69 no presentaban insuficiencia mitral residual (grupo A) y 33 presentaban una regurgitación leve (grupo B). Durante el seguimiento [mediana 37 meses (1–105)], la evolución clínica fue correcta, aunque los pacientes del grupo B evolucionaron peor desde el punto de vista ecocardiográfico por recidiva más precoz de la insuficiencia mitral.ConclusionesLa reparación valvular mitral se ha mostrado como una técnica segura y eficaz. La ausencia de insuficiencia mitral al final de la reparación determina una mejor evolución con mínima recidiva durante un seguimiento a medio plazo.AbstractIntroduction and objectivesA successful mitral valve repair is considered when no or mild residual regurgitation is determined in the echocardiography after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Little is known about the clinical and echocardiographic outcome, in the medium term, of the patients with mild residual regurgitation post-repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcome depending on the presence or absence of mild residual regurgitation after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypassMethodsA prospective study was conducted on patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation, who underwent mitral valve repair in our hospital during the period 2002–2010.ResultsMitral valve repair was performed on 105 patients (66%males, mean age 67±12 years-old) with prolapse of 1 or 2 scallops/segments according to the Carpentier classification. In three patients the repair was not adequate and the valve was replaced. The successful repair rate was 97.1%. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, 69 patients had no residual regurgitation (group A), and in 33 it was mild (group B). The postoperative mortality was 2.9% (logistic EuroSCORE 5±5.5%). During a median follow-up period of 37 months (1–105) both groups had improved their clinical condition, but group B patients suffered an earlier II or III mitral regurgitation recurrence.ConclusionsMitral valve repair proved to be a safe and effective technique. Absence of mitral regurgitation post-repair determines a better outcome with minimal recurrence in the medium term.