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While the imaging of arteries and veins by CT, MRI, and angiography is standard practice in large and small hospitals as well as in outpatient practices in developed countries, the diverse and sophisticated radiological procedures for imaging lymph ducts are often unknown and available only in a few specialized institutions [...]

Objectives To find simple imaging-based features on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) that are associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Methods Patients with TTS referred for CMR between 2007 and 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Besides standard CMR analysis, commonly known complications of TTS based on expert knowledge were assessed and summarised via a newly developed PE2RT score (one point each for pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, right ventricular involvement, and ventricular thrombus). Clinical follow-up data was reviewed up to three years after discharge. The relationship between PE2RT features and the occurrence of MACE (cardiovascular death or new hospitalisation due to acute myocardial injury, arrhythmia, or chronic heart failure) was examined using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier estimator. Results Seventy-nine patients (mean age, 68 ± 14 years; 72 women) with TTS were included. CMR was performed in a median of 4 days (IQR, 2–6) after symptom onset. Over a median follow-up of 13.3 months (IQR, 0.4–36.0), MACE occurred in 14/79 (18%) patients: re-hospitalisation due to acute symptoms (9/79, 11%) or chronic heart failure symptoms (4/79, 5%), and cardiac death (1/79, 1%). Patients with MACE had a higher PE2RT score (median [IQR], 2 [2–3] vs 1 [0–1]; p 2RT score was associated with MACE on Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio per PE2RT feature, 2.44; 95%CI: 1.62–3.68; p 2RT complications were strongly associated with the occurrence of MACE (log-rank p Conclusions The introduced PE2RT complication score might enable an easy-to-assess outcome evaluation of TTS patients by CMR. Key Points • Complications like pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, right ventricular involvement, and ventricular thrombus (summarised as PE2RT features) are relatively common in takotsubo syndrome. • The proposed PE2RT score (one point per complication) was associated with the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events on follow-up. • Complications easily detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can help clinicians derive long-term prognostic information on patients with takotsubo syndrome.

Background The diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) employing the 2018 Lake Louise criteria in pediatric and adolescent patients with acute myocarditis is undefined. Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of the Lake Louise criteria in pediatric and adolescent patients with suspected acute myocarditis and to show the utility of cardiac MRI for follow-up in this patient cohort. Materials and methods Forty-three patients (age range: 8–21 years) with suspected acute myocarditis and 13 control patients who underwent cardiac MRI were retrospectively analyzed. T2-weighted and late gadolinium enhancement imaging were performed in all patients. T1 and T2 mapping were available in 26/43 patients (60%). The Lake Louise criteria were assessed. In 27/43 patients (63%), cardiac MRI follow-up was available. Receiver operating characteristic analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and paired Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results In the total cohort, the Lake Louise criteria achieved a sensitivity of 86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72–95%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 79–100%) for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. In the subgroup of patients with available mapping parameters, the diagnostic performance of the Lake Louise criteria was higher when mapping parameters were implemented into the score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.944 vs. 0.870; P=0.033). T2 relaxation times were higher in patients with admission to the intermediate care unit and were associated with the length of intermediate care unit stay (r=0.879, P=0.049). Cardiac MRI markers of active inflammation decreased on follow-up examinations (e.g., T1 relaxation times: 1,032±39 ms vs. 975±33 ms, PP=0.003). Conclusion The Lake Louise criteria have a high diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis and are a valuable tool for follow-up in pediatric and adolescent patients. The mapping techniques enhance the diagnostic performance of the 2018 Lake Louise criteria.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems with a field strength of 3 T have been offered by all leading manufacturers for approximately 2 decades and are increasingly used in clinical diagnostics despite higher costs. Technologically, MRI systems operating at 3 T have reached a high standard in recent years, as well as the 1.5-T devices that have been in use for a longer time. For modern MRI systems with 3 T, more complexity is required, especially for the magnet and the radiofrequency (RF) system (with multichannel transmission). Many clinical applications benefit greatly from the higher field strength due to the higher signal yield (eg, imaging of the brain or extremities), but there are also applications where the disadvantages of 3 T might outweigh the advantages (eg, lung imaging or examinations in the presence of implants). This review describes some technical features of modern 1.5-T and 3-T whole-body MRI systems, and reports on the experience of using both types of devices in different clinical settings, with all sections written by specialist radiologists in the respective fields.This first part of the review includes an overview of the general physicotechnical aspects of both field strengths and elaborates the special conditions of diffusion imaging. Many relevant aspects in the application areas of musculoskeletal imaging, abdominal imaging, and prostate diagnostics are discussed.

Purpose Calculation of extracellular volume fraction (ECV) currently receives increasing interest as a potential biomarker for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. ECV calculation requires hematocrit (Hct) sampling, which might be difficult to obtain in a high-throughput radiology department. The aim of this study was to generate synthetic ECV for hepatic applications without the need for Hct sampling. Methods In this prospective study participants underwent liver MRI. T1 mapping was performed before and after contrast administration. Blood Hct was obtained prior to MRI. We hypothesized that the relationship between Hct and longitudinal relaxation rate of blood (R1 = 1/T1blood) could be calibrated and used to generate the equation for synthetic Htc and ECV calculation. Conventional and synthetic ECV were calculated. Pearson correlation, linear regression and Bland–Altman method were used for statistical analysis. Results 180 consecutive patients were divided into derivation (n = 90) and validation (n = 90) cohorts. In the derivation cohort, native R1blood and Hct showed a linear relationship (HctMOLLI = 98.04 × (1/T1blood) − 33.17, R2 = 0.75, P r = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.99, respectively, P Conclusion Synthetic ECV seems to offer an alternative method for non-invasive quantification of the hepatic ECV. It may potentially overcome an important barrier to clinical implementation of ECV and thus, enable broader use of hepatic ECV in routine clinical practice.

Postoperative lymphorrhea can occur after different surgical procedures and may prolong the hospital stay due to the need for specific treatment. In this work, the therapeutic significance of the radiological management of postoperative lymphorrhea was assessed and illustrated. A standardized search of the literature was performed in PubMed applying the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) term “lymphangiography.” For the review, the inclusion criterion was “studies with original data on Lipiodol-based Conventional Lymphangiography (CL) with subsequent Percutaneous Lymphatic Intervention (PLI).” Different exclusion criteria were defined (e.g., studies with

ZusammenfassungNeue Methoden der Lymphgefäßbildgebung werden zunehmend in Diagnostik und Therapie von Lymphgefäßerkrankungen eingesetzt. Die Magnetresonanz-Lymphangiografie nimmt dabei als strahlungsfreies und non- bzw. minimalinvasives Verfahren eine zentrale Rolle ein. Es stehen verschiedene Techniken zur Verfügung, die Informationen sowohl über Anatomie als auch Funktion des peripheren und zentralen Lymphgefäßsystems liefern können. Damit trägt die Magnetresonanz-Lymphangiografie insbesondere in der Differenzialdiagnostik und in der Therapieplanung von Patienten mit Lymphödemen, Lymphgefäßleckagen und komplexen Lymphgefäßanomalien zur Ermöglichung einer zielgerichteten, minimalinvasiven und insbesondere individualisierten Therapie betroffener Patienten bei. Im Folgenden soll ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der MR-Lymphangiografie als neue Methode zur Untersuchung von Patienten mit Lymphgefäßerkrankungen gegeben werden, diese in das Spektrum anderer verfügbarer Bildgebungsmethoden eingeordnet und mögliche klinische Indikationen aufgezeigt werden.

Background Cardiac involvement in liver cirrhosis in the absence of underlying cardiac disease is termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of this condition is still poorly understood. Purpose To investigate the extent of subclinical imaging changes in terms of fibrosis and inflammation and to explore the relationship between the severity of liver disease and the degree of myocardial involvement. Materials and Methods In this prospective study from November 2018 to December 2019, participants with liver cirrhosis and healthy control participants underwent hepatic and cardiac MRI. The multiparametric scan protocol assessed hepatic (T1 and T2 relaxation times, extracellular volume [ECV], and MR elastography-based liver stiffness) and cardiac (T1 and T2 relaxation times, ECV, myocardial edema, late gadolinium enhancement [LGE], and myocardial strain) parameters. Student t tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and multivariable binary regression analysis were used for statistical analyses. Results A total of 42 participants with liver cirrhosis (mean age ± standard deviation, 57 years ± 11; 23 men) and 18 control participants (mean age, 54 years ± 19; 11 men) were evaluated. Compared with control participants, the participants with liver cirrhosis displayed reduced longitudinal strain and elevated markers of myocardial disease (T1 and T2 relaxation times, ECV, and qualitative and quantitative LGE). Myocardial T1 (978 msec ± 23 vs 1006 msec ± 29 vs 1044 msec ± 14; P < .001) and T2 relaxation times (56 msec ± 4 vs 59 msec ± 3 vs 62 msec ± 8; P = .04) and ECV (30% ± 5 vs 33% ± 5 vs 38% ± 7; P = .009) were higher depending on Child-Pugh class (A vs B vs C). Positive LGE lesions (three of 11 [27%] vs 10 of 19 [53%] vs nine of 11 [82%]; P = .04) were more prevalent in advanced Child-Pugh classes. MR elastography-based liver stiffness was an independent predictor for LGE (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.2%, 2.1%; P = .004) and correlated with quantitative LGE (r = 0.67; P < .001), myocardial T1 relaxation times (r = 0.55; P < .001), and ECV (r = 0.39; P = .01). Conclusion In participants with liver cirrhosis, systolic dysfunction and elevated parameters of myocardial edema and fibrosis were observed at MRI, which were more abnormal with greater severity of liver disease. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by de Roos and Lamb in this issue.

Purpose Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated chronic liver disease that leads to severe fibrosis and cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of T1 and T2 mapping as well as extracellular volume fraction (ECV) for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in AIH patients. Methods In this prospective study, 27 patients (age range: 19–77 years) with AIH underwent liver MRI. T1 and T2 relaxation times as well as ECV were quantified by mapping techniques. The presence of significant fibrosis (≥ F2) was defined as magnetic resonance elastography (MRE)-based liver stiffness ≥ 3.66 kPa. MRE was used as reference standard, against which the diagnostic performance of MRI-derived mapping parameters was tested. Diagnostic performance was compared by utilizing receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results MRE-based liver stiffness correlated with both, hepatic native T1 (r = 0.69; P r = 0.80; P P > 0.05 for each comparison)). Conclusion Quantitative mapping parameters such as T1 and ECV can identify significant fibrosis in AIH patients. Future studies are needed to explore the value of parametric mapping for the evaluation of different disease stages.

Background Diagnosis of chylous effusions normally requires invasive paracentesis. Purpose To assess whether MRI with multipoint Dixon fat quantification allows for noninvasive differentiation of chylous and nonchylous ascites and pleural effusions. Materials and Methods Phantom, ex vivo, and in vivo MRI examinations were performed by using a commercially available multipoint Dixon pulse sequence with a 1.5-T MRI system. Fat fraction values were measured with a region of interest-based approach on reconstructed maps. For phantom evaluation, eight titrated fatty fluid solutions (nonhuman samples) with varying triglyceride content (145-19 000 mg/dL [1.64-214.7 mmol/L]) were examined. For ex vivo evaluation, 15 chylous and five nonchylous study participant fluid samples were examined. In a prospective study performed from June 2016 to February 2018, 29 study participants with known chylous (

Background Abnormalities of the central lymphatic system (CLS) are increasingly treated by interventional radiology approaches. Planning of these procedures, however, is challenging because of the lack of clinical imaging tools. Purpose To evaluate the clinical usefulness of contrast agent-enhanced interstitial transpedal MR lymphangiography in the preinterventional workup of lymphatic interventions in patients with thoracic chylous effusions. Materials and Methods Patients with chylous effusions evaluated from January 2014 and December 2017 were included in this retrospective analysis of transpedal MR lymphangiography. Indications were chylothorax (n = 19; 76%), cervical lymphatic fistula (n = 2; 8%), and combined chylothorax and chylous ascites (n = 4; 16%). Patients underwent transpedal MR lymphangiography at 1.5 T with T1-weighted imaging after interstitial pedal of gadolinium-based contrast medium under local anesthesia. Contrast-enhanced MRI was evaluated for technical success, depiction of pathologic abnormalities of the CLS, and access site for lymphatic interventions (ie, clinically useful examination). Reader agreement for image quality and overall degree of visualization was assessed with weighted κ. Interrelations between overall image quality and degree of visualization of CLS structures were assessed by Spearman ρ. Efficacy of transpedal MR lymphangiography was calculated by using radiographic lymphangiography as the reference standard. Results Twenty-five patients (mean age, 54 years ± 18 [standard deviation]; 13 men) were evaluated. Eight percent (two of 25) of examinations failed (lymphoma in one patient and technical failure in one patient). Contrast agent injection was well tolerated without complications. Interrater agreement of image quality was excellent (κ = 0.96). The degree of CLS visualization correlated with overall image quality (ρ = 0.71; P < .001). Retroperitoneal lymphatics, cisterna chyli, and thoracic duct were viewed with an accuracy of 23 of 25 (92%), 24 of 25 (96%), and 23 of 25 (92%), respectively. Anatomic variations, a lymphatic pathologic abnormality, and interventional access routes were identified with an accuracy of 22 of 25 (88%), 23 of 25 (92%), and 24 of 25 (96%), respectively. Overall, 23 of 25 (92%) transpedal MR lymphangiograms provided clinically useful information. Conclusion Transpedal interstitial MR lymphangiography was well tolerated by the patient and identified specific pathologic abnormalities causing thoracic chylous leakages before lymphatic intervention. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Maki and Itkin in this issue.

To evaluate cardiac MRI characteristics in patients with suspected hypersensitivity myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.Patients clinically suspected of acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination were retrospectively analyzed and compared against a healthy control group. Cardiac MRI protocol included parameters such as T1 and T2 relaxation times, extracellular volume (ECV), T2 signal intensity ratio, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Lymph node size was assessed in the patient group on the injection side. Student t-test, analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc test, and χ20 patients with clinically suspected post-vaccine myocarditis (28 ± 12 years; 12 men) and 40 controls (31 ± 11 years; 25 men) were evaluated. According to the 2018 Lake Louise criteria (LLC), patients with clinically suspected myocarditis were further subdivided into an LLC-positive group (n = 9) and an LLC-negative group (n = 11). The mean time of symptom onset after vaccination was 1.1 ± 1.2 days (LLC-positive) and 6.5 ± 9.2 days (LLC-negative). Group differences in inflammatory variables between myocarditis patients and control subjects were more pronounced in the LLC-positive group (e. g., T1 relaxation time: 1041 ± 61 ms [LLC positive] vs. 1008 ± 79 ms [LLC-negative] vs. 970 ± 25 ms [control]; p .001; or T2 signal intensity ratio 2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 [LLC-negative] and vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 [control], p = .012). LLC-positive patients were significantly faster in receiving an MRI after initial symptom onset (8.8 ± 6.1 days vs. 52.7 ± 33.4 days; p = .001) and had higher troponin T levels (3938 ± 5850 ng/l vs. 9 ± 11 ng/l; p .001). LGE lesions were predominantly located at the subepicardium of the lateral wall. Axillary lymphadenopathy was more frequent in the LLC-positive group compared to the LLC-negative group (8/9 [89 %] vs. 0/11 [0 %], p 0.001).Vaccine-induced myocarditis should be considered in patients with acute symptom onset after mRNA vaccination, especially if elevated serum troponin T is observed. Imaging findings of vaccine-induced myocarditis are similar to virus-induced myocarditis, allowing for the use of the Lake Louise Criteria for diagnostic purposes.· Vaccine-induced hypersensitivity myocarditis can be confirmed with cardiac MRI. · Especially patients with sudden onset of symptoms and elevated serum troponin T had positive cardiac MRI findings. · Cardiac MRI characteristics of vaccine-induced myocarditis are similar to those in virus-induced myocarditis.· Kravchenko D, Isaak A, Mesropyan N et al. Cardiac MRI in Suspected Acute Myocarditis After COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 1003 - 1011.ZIEL: Analyse der kardialen MRT-Befunde bei Patienten mit Hypersensitivitätsmyokarditis nach mRNA-COVID-19-Impfung.Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht auf akute Myokarditis nach mRNA-COVID-19-Impfung wurden retrospektiv analysiert und mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Das Herz-MRT-Protokoll enthielt Parameter wie T1- und T2-Relaxationszeiten, extrazelluläres Volumen (EZV), die T2-Signalintensitätsratio und Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE). Die axilläre Lymphknotengröße bei den Patienten wurde auf der Impfseite bestimmt. Für die statistische Analyse wurden der Student-t-Test, Varianzanalysen (ANOVA) mit Tukey-Post-hoc-Test und der χ20 Patienten mit Verdacht auf Myokarditis nach Impfung (28 ± 12 Jahre; 12 Männer) und 40 Kontrollen (31 ± 11 Jahre; 25 Männer) wurden analysiert. Gemäß der 2018er Lake-Louise-Kriterien (LLC) wurden die Patienten in eine LLC-positive Gruppe (n = 9) und eine LLC-negative Gruppe (n = 11) unterteilt. Die mittlere Zeit nach Impfung bis zum Symptombeginn betrug 1,1 ± 1,2 Tage (LLC-positiv) bzw. 6,5 ± 9,2 Tage (LLC-negativ). Die Gruppenunterschiede der Entzündungsparameter zwischen Myokarditispatienten und Kontrollen waren in der LLC-positiven Gruppe ausgeprägter (z. B. T1-Relaxationszeit: 1041 ± 61 ms [LLC-positiv] vs. 1008 ± 79 ms [LLC-negativ] vs. 970 ± 25 ms [Kontrolle], p ,001; oder T2-Signalintensitätsratio 2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 [LLC negativ] und vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 [Kontrolle], p = ,012). LLC-positive Patienten erhielten nach Symptombeginn schneller ein MRT (8,8 ± 6,1 Tage vs. 52,7 ± 33,4 Tage; p = ,001) und hatten höhere Troponin T-Werte (3938 ± 5850 ng/l vs. 9 ± 11 ng/l; p ,001). LGE-Läsionen waren überwiegend subepikardial in der Lateralwand lokalisiert. Axilläre Lymphadenopathien waren in der LLC-positiven Gruppe häufiger als in der LLC-negativen Gruppe (8/9 [89 %] vs. 0/11 [0 %] p ,001).Eine Myokarditis nach mRNA-Impfung sollte bei akutem Auftreten von Symptomen vermutet werden, insbesondere bei erhöhten Troponin-Werten. Die MRT-Befunde einer impfinduzierten Myokarditis sind mit denen einer virusinduzierten Myokarditis vergleichbar, sodass die Lake-Louise-Kriterien zur Diagnosebestätigung angewendet werden können.· Hypersensitivitätsmyokarditiden nach stattgehabter mRNA-Impfung können mit der kardialen MRT bestätigt werden. · Insbesondere Patienten mit plötzlichem Symptombeginn und erhöhtem Troponin T hatten auffällige MRT-Befunde. · Die MRT-Befunde einer impfungsinduzierten Myokarditis waren vergleichbar mit denen viraler Myokarditiden.

Transcranial high-intensity Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) is a technique for treatment of severe, medication-refractory Essential Tremor (ET). We summarize 1-year follow-up results focusing on clinical and safety parameters and impacts on quality of life.A total of 45 patients with severe, medication-refractory ET were treated with tcMRgFUS thalamotomy. 37 patients completed the clinical follow-up of 12 months. Tremor severity, disability and quality of life were measured using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST), surface electromyography, the Quality of Life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) and the Short-Form-36 questionnaire (SF-36). Depressive symptoms and cognitive function were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Electrophysiological measurements were conducted to evaluate possible effects on central motor and sensory pathways.1 year after tcMRgFUS the mean tremor improvement on a hand-specific subscore of the CRST was 82%. The QUEST and SF-36 revealed an improvement of mental quality of life, especially in activities of daily living and psychosocial function; depressive symptoms decreased significantly. There was no worsening of cognitive function overt within the self-rating questionnaire; no prolongation of sensory evoked potentials or central motor conduction time occurred. Side effects were mostly classified as mild (78%) and transient (62%).TcMRgFUS for severe tremor has a distinct impact on quality of life and neuropsychological symptoms. Self-assessments of cognitive function revealed stable outcomes 1 year after tcMRgFUS. No prolongation of sensory or motor conduction time were found in neurophysiology measures. Side effects occurred in 78% of treated patients but were mostly transient and mild.

Complex oncological treatment can be associated with lymphatic vascular injury that is burdened by considerable morbidity. Lymphatic imaging and interventional techniques offer new minimally invasive treatment options. We report the case of a 59-year-old woman with an unusual lympho-veno-cutaneous fistula, diagnosed by magnetic resonance lymphangiography and treated by minimally invasive embolization therapy and venous recanalization.

Introduction The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM) is an important relay station receiving cerebellar and pallidal fiber tracts. Data on structural visualization of the VIM however is limited and uncertainty prevails to what extent lesional approaches to treat tremor affect the VIM itself or passing tracts. The aim of the study was to analyze the localization of individual lesions with respect to the VIM and the cerebello-thalamic tract (CTT). Methods We employed ultrahigh resolution (7 Tesla) MRI to delineate the VIM and performed 3 T-DTI-imaging pre- and post-interventional in seven ET patients undergoing transcranial magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS). Tremor improvement was measured using a modified subscore of the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor. Results All subjects showed substantial tremor improvement (88.5%, range 80.7%–94,8%) after tcMRgFUS. We found only a minor overlap of the lesions with the VIM (4%, range 1%–7%) but a larger overlap with the CTT (43%, range 23%–60%) in all subjects. Conclusions Lesions within the CTT rather than the VIM seem to drive the tremorlytic response and clinical improvement in tcMRgFUS.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for cancer treatment are associated with a spectrum of immune-related adverse events, including ICI-induced myocarditis; however, the extent of subclinical acute cardiac effects related to ICI treatment is unclear. Purpose To explore the extent of cardiac injury and inflammation related to ICI therapy that can be detected with use of cardiac MRI. Materials and Methods In this prospective study from November 2019 to April 2021, oncologic participants, without known underlying structural heart disease or cardiac symptoms, underwent multiparametric cardiac MRI before planned ICI therapy (baseline) and 3 months after starting ICI therapy (follow-up). The cardiac MRI protocol incorporated assessment of cardiac function, including systolic myocardial strain, myocardial edema, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), T1 and T2 relaxation times, and extracellular volume fraction. The paired t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and McNemar test were used for intraindividual comparisons. Results Twenty-two participants (mean age ± standard deviation, 65 years ± 14; 13 men) were evaluated, receiving a median of four infusions of ICI therapy (interquartile range, four to six infusions). Compared with baseline MRI, participants displayed increased markers of diffuse myocardial edema at follow-up (T1 relaxation time, 972 msec ± 26 vs 1006 msec ± 36 [P < .001]; T2 relaxation time, 54 msec ± 3 vs 58 msec ± 4 [P < .001]; T2 signal intensity ratio, 1.5 ± 0.3 vs 1.7 ± 0.3 [P = .03]). Left ventricular average systolic longitudinal strain had decreased at follow-up MRI (-23.4% ± 4.8 vs -19.6% ± 5.1, respectively; P = .005). New nonischemic LGE lesions were prevalent in two of 22 participants (9%). Compared with baseline, small pericardial effusions were more evident at follow-up (one of 22 participants [5%] vs 10 of 22 [45%]; P = .004). Conclusion In participants who received immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer treatment, follow-up cardiac MRI scans showed signs of systolic dysfunction and increased parameters of myocardial edema and inflammation. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Introduction To evaluate treatment response of uterine fibroids after ultrasound guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (USgHIFU) with a special focus on fibroid size and characterization based on Funaki classification scheme, as well as clinical response to treatment of leading fibroid-associated symptoms. Materials and methods Uterine fibroids treated by USgHIFU were assigned to Funaki type 1–3 based on T2-w-MRI. Differences in size, non-perfused volume ratio (NPVR) and volume reduction over time were determined using T1-/T2-w MRI sequences and contrast-enhanced sonography. Treatment effects on three leading fibroid-associated symptoms were also evaluated. Measurements were compared by mixed model, Bland–Altman’s plot and Spearman’s correlation. Results In this prospective single-center study, 35 patients with 44 symptomatic uterine fibroids were treated by USgHIFU (n = 22, n = 12 and n = 10 assigned to Funaki type 1, 2 and 3, respectively). NPVRs of Funaki type 1 and 2 fibroids were significantly higher compared to type 3 (p = .0023). A significant fibroid shrinkage was observed independent of Funaki type compared to baseline: 38.8 ± 26.9%, 46.7 ± 30.3% and 54.5 ± 29.3% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively (each p

Background Myocardial injury and inflammation at cardiac MRI in patients with COVID-19 have been described in recent publications. Concurrently, a chronic COVID-19 syndrome (CCS) after SARS-CoV-2 infection has been observed and manifests with symptoms such as fatigue and exertional dyspnea. Purpose To explore the relationship between CCS and myocardial injury and inflammation as an underlying cause of the persistent complaints in previously healthy individuals. Materials and Methods In this prospective study from January 2021 to April 2021, study participants without known cardiac or pulmonary diseases prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection who had persistent CCS symptoms such as fatigue or exertional dyspnea after convalescence and healthy control participants underwent cardiac MRI. The cardiac MRI protocol included evaluating the T1 and T2 relaxation times, extracellular volume, T2 signal intensity ratio, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Student t tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and χ2 tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Forty-one participants with CCS (mean age, 39 years ± 13 [standard deviation]; 18 men) and 42 control participants (mean age, 39 years ± 16; 26 men) were evaluated. The median time between the initial incidence of mild to moderate COVID-19 not requiring hospitalization and undergoing cardiac MRI was 103 days (interquartile range, 88-158 days). Troponin T levels were normal. Parameters indicating myocardial inflammation and edema were comparable between participants with CCS and control participants (T1 relaxation times: 978 msec ± 23 vs 971 msec ± 25 [P = .17]; T2 relaxation times: 53 msec ± 2 vs 52 msec ± 2 [P = .47]; T2 signal intensity ratios: 1.6 ± 0.2 vs 1.6 ± 0.3 [P = .10]). Visible myocardial edema was present in none of the participants. Three of 41 (7%) participants with CCS demonstrated nonischemic LGE, whereas no participants in the control group demonstrated nonischemic LGE (0 of 42 [0%]; P = .07). None of the participants fulfilled the 2018 Lake Louise criteria for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Conclusion Individuals with chronic COVID-19 syndrome who did not undergo hospitalization for COVID-19 did not demonstrate signs of active myocardial injury or inflammation at cardiac MRI. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Lima and Bluemke in this issue.

To evaluate simplified intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for liver lesion characterisation at 3.0 T and to compare it with 1.5 T. 3.0-T DWI data from a respiratory-gated MRI sequence with b = 0, 50, 250, and 800 s/mm2 were analysed in 116 lesions (78 patients) and 27 healthy livers. Apparent diffusion coefficient ADC = ADC(0,800) and IVIM-based parameters D1′ = ADC(50,800), D2′ = ADC(250,800), f1′ = f(0,50,800), f2′ = f(0,250,800), D*′ = D*(0,50,250,800), ADClow = ADC(0,50), and ADCdiff = ADClow-D2′ were calculated voxel-wise and analysed on per-patient basis. Results were compared with those of 173 lesions (110 patients) and 40 healthy livers at 1.5 T. Focal nodular hyperplasias were best discriminated from all other lesions by f1′ and haemangiomas by D1′ with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.993 and 1.000, respectively. For discrimination between malignant and benign lesions, ADC was best suited (AUC of 0.968). The combination of D1′ and f1′ correctly identified more lesions as malignant or benign than the ADC (99.1% vs 88.8%). Discriminatory power for differentiating malignant from benign lesions tended to be higher at 3.0 T than at 1.5 T. Simplified IVIM is suitable for lesion characterisation at 3.0 T with a trend of superior diagnostic accuracy for discriminating malignant from benign lesions compared with 1.5 T. • Simplified IVIM is also suitable for liver lesion characterisation at 3.0 T. • Excellent accuracy was reached for discriminating malignant from benign lesions. • The acquisition of only three b-values (0, 50, 800 s/mm 2 ) is required.

ZusammenfassungDie Möglichkeiten der Chylothoraxbehandlung sind in den letzten Jahren durch interventionell-radiologische Möglichkeiten erweitert worden. Insbesondere mit der perkutanen Ductus-thoracicus-Embolisation bestehen mittlerweile größere Erfahrungen. Dennoch sind diese Therapieoptionen nur wenig bekannt und werden auch in aktuellen Veröffentlichungen über den Chylothorax nur wenig oder gar nicht dargestellt. Dies war Anlass, die aktuellen Therapieoptionen einmal vergleichend darzulegen. Das Für und Wider der verschiedenen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten wird anhand der aktuellen Literatur diskutiert. Nach derzeitigem Erfahrungsstand ist das interventionell-radiologische Vorgehen mit geringerer Morbidität und Mortalität belastet als operative Maßnahmen. Die interventionelle Behandlung sollte daher heute in die differenzialtherapeutischen Überlegungen einbezogen werden. Unstrittig indiziert ist ein interventionelles Vorgehen bei operativen Therapieversagern, da diese interventionell sehr häufig erfolgreich behandelt werden können, sowie bei nicht operablen Patienten.

Compressed sensing (CS) is a method to accelerate MRI acquisition by acquiring less data through undersampling of k-space. In this prospective study we aimed to evaluate whether a three-dimensional (3D) isotropic proton density-weighted fat saturated sequence (PDwFS) with CS can replace conventional multidirectional two-dimensional (2D) sequences at 1.5 Tesla. 20 patients (45.2 ± 20.2 years; 10 women) with suspected internal knee damage received a 3D PDwFS with CS acceleration factor 8 (acquisition time: 4:11 min) in addition to standard three-plane 2D PDwFS sequences (acquisition time: 4:05 min + 3:03 min + 4:46 min = 11:54 min) at 1.5 Tesla. Scores for homogeneity of fat saturation, image sharpness, and artifacts were rated by two board-certified radiologists on the basis of 5-point Likert scales. Based on these ratings, an overall image quality score was generated. Additionally, quantitative contrast ratios for the menisci (MEN), the anterior (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in comparison with the popliteus muscle were calculated. The overall image quality was rated superior in 3D PDwFS compared to 2D PDwFS sequences (14.45 ± 0.83 vs. 12.85 ± 0.99; p 0.01), particularly due to fewer artifacts (4.65 ± 0.67 vs. 3.65 ± 0.49; p 0.01) and a more homogeneous fat saturation (4.95 ± 0.22 vs. 4.55 ± 0.51; p 0.01). Scores for image sharpness were comparable (4.80 ± 0.41 vs. 4.65 ± 0.49; p = 0.30). Quantitative contrast ratios for all measured structures were superior in 3D PDwFS (MEN: p 0.05; ACL: p = 0.06; PCL: p = 0.33). In one case a meniscal tear was only diagnosed using multiplanar reformation of 3D PDwFS, but it would have been missed on standard multiplanar 2D sequences. An isotropic fat-saturated 3D PD sequence with CS enables fast and high-quality 3D imaging of the knee joint at 1.5 T and may replace conventional multiplanar 2D sequences. Besides faster image acquisition, the 3D sequence provides advantages in small structure imaging by multiplanar reformation. · 3D PDwFS with compressed sensing enables knee imaging that is three times faster compared to multiplanar 2D sequences. · 3D PDwFS with compressed sensing provides high-quality knee imaging at 1.5 T. · Isotropic 3D sequences provide advantages in small structure imaging by using multiplanar reformations.· Endler CH, Faron A, Isaak A et al. Fast 3D Isotropic Proton Density-Weighted Fat-Saturated MRI of the Knee at 1.5 T with Compressed Sensing: Comparison with Conventional Multiplanar 2D Sequences. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 813 - 821.ZIEL: Compressed Sensing (CS) ist eine Signalverarbeitungstechnik, mithilfe derer man durch Unterabtasten des k-Raums weniger Daten akquirieren und so MRT-Aufnahmen beschleunigen kann. Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war die Klärung der Frage, ob eine 3-dimensionale (3D) isotrope protonengewichtete fettgesättigte Sequenz (PDwFS) mit CS konventionelle multidirektionale 2-dimensionale (2D) Sequenzen bei 1,5 T ersetzen kann. 20 Patienten (45,2 ± 20,2 Jahre; 10 Frauen) mit Verdacht auf Kniebinnenschaden erhielten am 1,5T-MRT zusätzlich zu den konventionellen, in 3 Ebenen angefertigten 2D-PDwFS (Akquisitionszeit: 4:05min + 3:03min + 4:46min = 11:54 min) eine 3D-PDwFS mit CS-Beschleunigungsfaktor 8 (Akquisitionszeit: 4:11 min). Die Homogenität der Fettunterdrückung, die Bildschärfe und Artefakte wurden anhand von 5-Punkt-Likert-Skalen durch 2 erfahrene Radiologen beurteilt. Anhand der so vergebenen Punkte wurde die Gesamtbildqualität ermittelt. Zusätzlich wurden quantitative Kontrastverhältnisse für die Menisken (MEN), das vordere (ACL) und das hintere Kreuzband (PCL) im Vergleich zum Musculus popliteus errechnet. Die Gesamtbildqualität wurde in der 3D-PDwFS höher als in den 2D-PDwFS-Sequenzen bewertet (14,45 ± 0,83 vs. 12,85 ± 0,99; p 0,01), insbesondere aufgrund weniger Artefakte (4,65 ± 0,67 vs. 3,65 ± 0,49; p 0,01) und einer homogeneren Fettunterdrückung (4,95 ± 0,22 vs. 4,55 ± 0,51; p 0,01). Die Bildschärfe ergab keinen signifikanten Unterschied (4,80 ± 0,41 vs. 4,65 ± 0,49; p = 0,30). Die quantitativen Kontrastverhältnisse waren in den 3D-PDwFS für alle gemessenen Strukturen höher als in den 2D-PDwFS (MEN: p 0,05; ACL: p = 0,06; PCL: p = 0,33). In einem Fall konnte ein Meniskusriss lediglich mithilfe einer multiplanaren Reformatierung der 3D-PDwFS diagnostiziert werden und wäre auf den konventionellen multiplanaren 2D-Sequenzen übersehen worden. Eine isotrope fettgesättigte 3D-PD-Sequenz mit CS ermöglicht eine schnelle und qualitativ hochwertige 3D-Bildgebung des Kniegelenks bei 1,5 T und könnte konventionelle multiplanare 2D-Sequenzen ersetzen. Neben einer schnelleren Bildakquise bietet die 3D-Sequenz Vorteile in der Bildgebung kleiner Strukturen. · 3D-PDwFS mit Compressed Sensing ermöglicht eine 3-fach schnellere Knie-Bildgebung verglichen mit multiplanaren 2D-Sequenzen.. · 3D-PDwFS mit Compressed Sensing ermöglicht eine qualitativ hochwertige Knie-Bildgebung bei 1,5 T.. · Isotrope 3D-Sequenzen bieten Vorteile in der Darstellung kleiner Strukturen durch die Möglichkeit der multiplanaren Reformation..

Introduction. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an innovative noninvasive procedure for local ablation of different benign and malignant tumors. Preliminary data of animal studies suggest an ablation-associated immune response after HIFU that is induced by cell necrosis and release of intracellular components. The aim of this study is to evaluate if a HIFU-induced early sterile inflammatory reaction is initiated after ablation of uterine fibroids (UF) and pancreatic carcinoma (PaC) which might contribute to the therapeutic effect. Material and methods. A hundred patients with PaC and 30 patients with UF underwent US-guided HIFU treatment. Serum markers of inflammation (leukocytes, CRP, IL-6) and LDH in both collectives as well as tumor markers CA 19-9, CEA and CYFRA in PaC patients were determined in sub-cohorts before and directly after HIFU (0, 2, 5 and 20 h post-ablation) as well as at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months follow-up. Peri-/post interventional imaging included contrast-enhanced MRI of both cohorts and an additional CT scan of PaC patients. Results. An early post-ablation inflammatory response was observed in both groups with a significant increase of leukocytes, CRP and LDH within the first 20 h after HIFU. Interestingly, IL-6 was increased at 20 h after HIFU in PaC patients. A significant reduction of tumor volumes was observed during one year follow-up (p

Novel lymphatic imaging and interventional techniques are increasingly used in the diagnostic workup and treatment of pathologies of the central lymphatic system and have opened a new field of interventional radiology. The mainstay of lymphatic imaging today is magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL). It provides information on the anatomy of the central lymphatic system, lymphatic flow, as well as lymphatic pathologies and therefore is a valuable tool for treatment planning. There are two techniques to perform contrast-enhanced MRL: nodal dynamic contrast-enhanced MRL (nodal DCE-MRL) and interstitial transpedal MRL (tMRL). Nodal DCE-MRL yields superior information on lymphatic flow dynamics and is therefore best suited for suspected lymphatic flow pathologies and lymphatic malformations. tMRL is a technically simpler alternative for central lymphatic visualization without the need for sonographically guided lymph node cannulation. This review article describes current MRL techniques with a focus on contrast-enhanced MRL, their specific advantages, and possible clinical applications in patients suffering from pathologies of the central lymphatic system.

Purpose To evaluate polymerization of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA)/iodized oil mixtures for lymphatic interventions in vitro. Materials and Methods Polymerization times of different NBCA/iodized oil mixtures (ratios of 1:0–1:7) were investigated in a static and dynamic experimental setup (performed in a lymph flow model in a silicone tube). Eight lymphatic samples with different triglyceride (TG) concentrations (low TGs, 700 mg/dL) were investigated. Morphologic changes during NBCA polymerization were monitored and recorded by video. Statistical analysis was performed with intergroup comparisons (Kruskal–Wallis test) and multiple regression analysis. Results Static experiments showed increasing polymerization times with increasing concentrations of iodized oil as well as increasing concentrations of TGs. In the low-TG group, polymerization time increased from 14 s at a 1:1 ratio of NBCA to iodized oil to 1,336 s at a 1:7 ratio; times in the medium-TG group increased from 21 s (1:1) to 2,546 s (1:7), and those in the high TG group increased from 168 s (1:1) to 16,530 s (1:7). In dynamic experiments, prolongation of polymerization time was less pronounced. For low- and medium-TG groups, total occlusion of the silicon tube was observed in all cases during the embolization procedure at between 26 seconds (1:1 ratio) and 52 seconds (1:7). In the high-TG group, polymerization took considerably longer (between 43 s [1:1] and 467 s [1:7]) or failed completely. Conclusions Polymerization time of NBCA/iodized oil in lymph seems to be prolonged by increasing iodized oil and TG concentrations.

Postoperative lymphatic leakage (PLL) is usually managed by conservative and/or surgical treatments but these procedures can be challenging to perform and potentially clinically ineffective. Therefore, conventional lymphangiography (CL) has emerged as an important alternative. The aim of this review is to present the available outcome data on CL in the management of PLL. A systematic literature search (PubMed) using the MeSH term "lymphangiography" was performed and the search was restricted to literature published between January 2007 and August 2019. Identification, screening, and assessment for eligibility and inclusion were conducted in accordance with PRISMA. From the initially obtained 1006 articles (identification), 28 articles with a total of 201 patients were finally included (inclusion). The methodological quality of all included articles corresponds to level 4 (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine - Levels of Evidence, March 2009). PLL occurs after oncological and non-oncological surgery in the form of chylothorax, chylous ascites, and cervical, thoracic, abdominal and peripheral lymph fistula and/or lymphocele. The technical success rate of CL is 75-100 %. Access for CL is transpedal (176 patients) or intranodal (25 patients). Lipiodol is used as the contrast material in all articles, with a maximum amount of 20 ml for transpedal CL and 30 ml for intranodal CL. The X-ray imaging modalities used for CL are fluoroscopy, radiography and/or CT. Two articles report CL-associated major complications and CL-associated morbidity and mortality. The PLL cure rate is 51-70 % for transpedal CL (time to PLL cure: 2-29 days) and 33-100 % for intranodal CL (time to PLL cure: 2- 30 days). Bailout procedures in the case of clinically ineffective CL include a range of treatments. CL is feasible, safe, and effective in the management of PLL. Lipiodol as the contrast material is essential in CL because the highly viscous iodinated poppy-seed oil has not only diagnostic but therapeutic effects. Guidelines and randomized controlled trials are further steps towards defining the ultimate value of CL. · PLL is a difficult-to-treat and potentially life-threatening surgical complication.. · CL has emerged as an alternative to conservative/surgical treatment of PLL.. · CL is feasible, safe, and effective in the management of PLL. · Lipiodol-based CL can be regarded as a therapeutic procedure.. · Guidelines and randomized controlled trials are further important steps..· Sommer CM, Pieper CC, Itkin M et al. Conventional Lymphangiography (CL) in the Management of Postoperative Lymphatic Leakage (PLL): A Systematic Review. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2020; 192: 1025 - 1035. Die postoperative Lymphleckage (PLL) wird meist konservativ und/oder chirurgisch behandelt, jedoch können diese Behandlungen anspruchsvoll und potenziell klinisch ineffektiv sein. Die konventionelle Lymphangiografie (KL) entwickelte sich zur wichtigen Alternative. Ziel der vorliegenden Übersicht ist es, die verfügbaren Outcome-Daten zur KL beim Management der PLL darzustellen. Eine systematische Literaturrecherche (PubMed) unter Verwendung des MeSH-Begriffs „lymphangiography” wurde durchgeführt, wobei ausschließlich Artikel berücksichtigt wurden, die zwischen Januar 2007 und August 2019 publiziert wurden. Identifikation, Screening sowie Beurteilung auf Eignung und Einschluss erfolgten in Übereinstimmung mit PRISMA. Von den ursprünglich erhaltenen 1006 Artikeln (Identifikation) wurden letztendlich 28 Artikel mit insgesamt 201 Patienten eingeschlossen (Einschluss). Die methodische Qualität aller eingeschlossenen Artikel entspricht Level 4 (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine – Levels of Evidence, March 2009). Die PLL tritt nach onkologischen und nichtonkologischen Operationen in Form von Chylothorax, chylösem Aszites sowie zervikalen, thorakalen, abdominellen, pelvinen und peripheren Lymphfisteln und/oder Lymphozelen auf. Die technische Erfolgsrate der CL liegt bei 75–100 %. Der Zugang für die CL ist transpedal (176 Patienten) oder intranodal (25 Patienten). Lipiodol wird in allen Artikeln als Kontrastmittel verwendet, mit einer Maximaldosis von 20 ml für die transpedale CL und 30 ml für die intranodale CL. Röntgen-Bildgebungsmodalitäten beinhalten Fluoroskopie, Radiografie und/oder CT. 2 Artikel berichten über CL-assoziierte Major-Komplikationen sowie CL-assoziierte Morbidität und Mortalität. Die PLL-Abheilungsrate beträgt 51–70 % für die transpedale CL (Abheilungszeit: 2–29 Tage) bzw. 33–100 % für die intranodale CL (Abheilungszeit: 2– 30 Tage). Rettungsprozeduren im Fall der klinisch ineffektiven CL beinhalten unterschiedliche Behandlungen. Die KL ist technisch machbar und sicher und effektiv beim Management der PLL. Lipiodol als Kontrastmittel spielt für die KL eine essenzielle Rolle, da das hochvisköse jodierte Mohnöl nicht nur diagnostische, sondern auch therapeutische Effekte aufweist. Leitlinien und randomisierte kontrollierte Studien sind weitere Schritte, um den tatsächlichen Nutzen der KL zu definieren. · Die PLL ist eine schwer behandelbare und potenziell lebensbedrohliche chirurgische Komplikation.. · Die KL entwickelte sich als Alterative zur konservativen/operativen Behandlung der PLL.. · Die KL ist technisch machbar und sicher und effektiv beim Management der PLL.. · Die Lipiodol-basierte KL kann als therapeutische Prozedur angesehen werden.. · Leitlinien und randomisierte kontrollierte Studien sind weitere wichtige Schritte..

Purpose Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) systems are increasingly used to non-invasively treat tremor; consensus on imaging follow-up is poor in these patients. This study aims to elucidate how MRgFUS lesions evolve for a radiological readership with regard to clinical outcome. Methods MRgFUS-induced lesions and oedema were retrospectively evaluated based on DWI, SWI, T2-weighted and T1-weighted 3-T MRI data acquired 30 min and 3, 30 and 180 days after MRgFUS (n = 9 essential tremor, n = 1 Parkinson’s patients). Lesions were assessed volumetrically, visually and by ADC measurements and compared with clinical effects using non-parametric testing. Results Thirty minutes after treatment, all lesions could be identified on T2-weighted images. Immediate oedema was rare (n = 1). Lesion volume as well as oedema reached a maximum on day 3 with a mean lesion size of 0.4 ± 0.2 cm3 and an oedema volume 3.7 ± 1.2 times the lesion volume. On day 3, a distinct diffusion-restricted rim was noted that corresponded well with SWI. Lesion shrinkage after day 3 was observed in all sequences. Lesions were no longer detectable on DWI in n = 7/10, on T2-weighted images in n = 4/10 and on T1-weighted images in n = 4/10 on day 180. No infarcts or haemorrhage were observed. There was no correlation between lesion size and initial motor skill improvement (p = 0.99). Tremor reduction dynamics correlated strongly with lesion shrinkage between days 3 and 180 (p = 0.01, R = 0.76). Conclusion In conclusion, cerebral MRgFUS lesions variably shrink over months. SWI is the sequence of choice to identify lesions after 6 months. Lesion volume is arguably associated with intermediate-term outcome.

Percutaneous treatment of biliary leaks is frequently required, yet technically challenging and limited to smaller fistulas. This study sought to evaluate the off-the-shelf use of the ArtVentive EOS device for the occlusion of biliary or cystic stump leaks. ePTFE-covered ArtVentive EOS devices were used to perform biliary leak embolization in 5 explanted porcine livers and in 3 explanted bovine livers. After establishing standard percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage access, artificially created biliary leaks were occluded using 5 8 mm EOS devices. Using the 5 mm device, peripheral (n = 3), central (n = 1) and cystic duct leaks (n = 1) were occluded. Using the 8 mm device, peripheral (n = 1), central (n = 1), main (n = 1) and cystic duct leaks (n = 2) were occluded. Total leak occlusion was controlled by cholangiography. Selective deployment and occlusion of central biliary leaks (3/3) and cystic stump leaks (3/3) was successful in all cases. Peripheral leaks could not be selectively catheterized in 3 out of 4 cases, making device deployment several millimeters proximal to the leaks necessary. Selective occlusion of the cystic stump, central biliary, and larger peripheral biliary leaks using the EOS device is technically feasible ex-vivo in a single setting. · Due to the impermeable ePTFE membrane, one EOS suffices to completely occlude biliary leaks.. · The EOS enables selective occlusion of central and larger peripheral biliary leaks.. · Smaller biliary leaks cannot be treated selectively with the EOS..· Kuetting D, Schild HH, Pieper CC. Ex Vivo Evaluation of the ArtVentive EOS Occlusion Device for the Management of Biliary Leaks. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 553 - 559.ZIEL: Die perkutane Behandlung von postoperativen Gallenleckagen ist eine zunehmend geforderte Intervention, die jedoch technisch anspruchsvoll und meist auf kleinere Leckagen beschränkt ist. Das Ziel dieser Ex-vivo-Studie war es, die okklusiven Eigenschaften des ArtVentive EOS für den Verschluss von Gallengangleckagen und Ductus-cysticus-Insuffizienzen zu untersuchen. Das verwendete Okklusions-Device – EOS – besteht aus einer ablösbaren, mit ePTFE überzogenen Nitinolspirale. Mittels EOS-Device wurden in insgesamt 5 explantierten Schweinelebern und 3 explantierten Rinderlebern künstlich geschaffene Gallenleckagen okkludiert. Nach Schaffung eines transhepatischen Gallengangzugangs in üblicher PTCD-Technik und Einwechslung einer 6F-Schleuse wurden über einen 6F-Führungskatheter die Gallenleckagen mit 5-mm- und 8-mm-EOS-Devices verschlossen. Mit dem 5-mm-Device wurden periphere (n = 3), zentrale (n = 1) und Ductus-cysticus-Leckagen (n = 1) verschlossen, während mit dem 8-mm-Device periphere (n = 1), zentrale (n = 1), Hauptgang- (n = 1) und Ductus-Leckagen (n = 2) verschlossen wurden. Ergebnisse: Selektives Freisetzen unmittelbar vor und sofortige Okklusion von zentralen Gallenleckagen (3/3) und Ductus-cysticus-Leckagen (3/3) war in allen Fällen mit dem EOS-Device erfolgreich. Periphere Gallenleckagen konnten in 3 von 4 Fällen nicht selektiv katheterisiert werden, sodass eine Platzierung des Device einige Millimeter proximal der Leckage notwendig war. Die selektive und sofortige Okklusion von Ductus-cysticus-, zentralen und größeren peripheren Gallenleckagen mit dem EOS ist ex vivo technisch in einer Sitzung machbar. · Aufgrund des flüssigkeitsundurchlässigen ePTFE-Überzugs genügt ein EOS-Device zum Leckageverschluss.. · Mittels EOS-Device können zentrale und größere periphere Gallengangleckagen selektiv verschlossen werden.. · Ein selektiver Verschluss kleinerer Gallengangleckagen ist mit dem EOS-Device nicht möglich..