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Eleven new species of crustose, lichenized fungi are described from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Nine species are saxicolous, whereasLecania vermisporaoccurs on the stems ofHebe ellipticaandTephromela lignicolais lignicolous on fence posts. The new species are:Bacidia marina, with a sordid blue-green K−, N+ violet epihymenium and acicular, multiseptate ascospores;B. pruinata, with pruinose apothecia and multiseptate ascospores;Buellia gypsyensis, with a thallus containing 5-O-methylhiascic acid and withAmandinea-type conidia;Cliostomum albidum, with pruinose apothecia lacking pigments;C. longisporum, with long narrow ascospores (c.20 × 3 µm);Coccotrema rubromarginatum, with a placodioid thallus having a red-brown margin and lower surface;Hymenelia microcarpa, with minute, immersed apothecia (Lecania vermispora, with vermiform, 3–6 septate ascospores;Lepra argentea, with papillate isidia with dark caps;Rhizocarpon malvinae, which is similar toR. reductumbut with a grey thallus, generally sessile apothecia with a thick raised margin and often with the Cinereorufa-green pigment in the epithecium and upper exciple; andTephromela lignicola,a sterile, sorediate species on fence posts. Most of these species are reported only from the Falkland Islands althoughCoccotrema rubromarginatumis also reported from Isla de los Estados and Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Ascoconidia are reported fromLepra argenteaand cephalodia fromPertusaria pachythallina.Keys to the species reported from the Falkland Islands in the genera of the newly described species are also provided.

Holien, H. & Tonsberg, T. 2017. Cliostomum piceicola, a new lichen species from oldgrowth coniferous forests in northern Europe. — Herzogia 30: 427–430. Cliostomum piceicola is described as new to science from old boreal forests in Scandinavia and Russia. It differs from C. corrugatum by the dull and finely warty surface of the thallus, in producing an unidentified, diagnostic lichen substance, by the northern distribution, and the preference for Picea abies in moist, often swampy forest.

Urbanavichus, G., Vondrak, J., Urbanavichene, I., Palice, Z. & Malicek, J. 2020. Lichens and allied non-lichenized fungi of virgin forests in the Caucasus State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Western Caucasus, Russia). – Herzogia 33: 90 –138.We report on 659 epiphytic and epixylic species recorded from seven one-hectare plots established along an altitudinal gradient in a virgin forest of the Caucasus State Nature Biosphere Reserve. A total of 564 species are lichens, 61 are lichenicolous fungi and 34 are allied non- or facultatively lichenized fungi. one hundred forty – nine species (116 lichens, 17 lichenicolous and 16 saprophytic fungi) are new to the Northern Caucasus, including 133 species (104 lichens, 15 lichenicolous and 14 saprophytic fungi) that are new to the Caucasus Mountains. Fifty species are reported from Russia for the first time: 37 lichens (Andreiomyces obtusaticus, Bacidina mendax, Biatora aegrefaciens, B. bacidioides, B. chrysanthoides, Biatorella dryophila, Buellia iberica, Cliostomum haematommatis, Endohyalina ericina, Fellhanera christiansenii, Gyalidea minuta, Japewia aliphatica, Lecanora barkmaniana, L. subravida, Lecidea strasseri, Leptogium hibernicum, Lithothelium hyalosporum, L. phaeosporum, L. septemseptatum, Loxospora cristinae, Melanelixia epilosa, Micarea nowakii, M. perparvula, Opegrapha trochodes, Orcularia insperata, Parvoplaca servitiana, Phylloblastia inexpectata, Psoroglaena stigonemoides, Ptychographa xylographoides, Ramonia dictyospora, R. luteola, Rinodina polysporoides, Thelopsis flaveola, Topelia jasonhurii, Verrucaria hegetschweileri, Wadeana minuta, Waynea giraltiae), nine lichenicolous fungi (Arthonia vorsoeensis, Didymocyrtis melanelixiae, Epigloea urosperma, Muellerella polyspora, Phacographa zwackhii, Pronectria pilosa, Rhymbocarpus pubescens, Taeniolella friesii, Unguiculariopsis acrocordiae) and four non-lichenized saprophytic fungi (Cyrtidula major, Karschia cezannei, Kirschsteiniothelia recessa, Pseudotryblidium neesii).The ratio of macrolichens ranges between 26.5 – 40 % and rises with elevation. Lichens with a trentepohlioid photobiont are represented by 15 –51 species per plot and their species richness decreases with elevation. The species richness of cyanolichens is substantial in all plots (15 –28 species) reflecting a negligible effect of acidification/air pollution. Low species richness and low abundances of nitrophilous species indicate insignificant uptake of nitrogen emissions. Beech and fir are the most preferred phorophytes, but the vast majority of lichen species have low substrate specificity. Species richness per plots ranged between 236 and 379. The highest richness was found in a plot outside the Caucasian Reserve and we recommend its inclusion into the protected area.

Standardized lichen surveys were conducted on 849 trees in 132 ecological long-term observation plots in the Swiss Plateau and Pre-Alps: 262 lichen taxa were identified, 64 (24%) of them sorediate crustose species. Their mean percentage of the flora on individual trees and in individual plots was even higher. The mean percentage of crustose lichen species with vegetative propagules, such as soredia, was per plot significantly higher in the Pre-Alps than in the Plateau, higher in forest than in non-forest areas, and, according to the vegetation belts, lowest in the colline-submontane zone. It was found that the biodiversity of lichens could not be determined without considering the sorediate crustose lichens. Furthermore, by performing standardized surveys of all taxa, the occurrence of the following species in Switzerland was confirmed for the first time: Cliostomum leprosum, Fuscidea arboricola, Fuscidea pusilla, Hypocenomyce leucococca, Hypocenomyce sorophora, Lecanora norvegica, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria elobata, Lepraria jackii, Lepraria obtusatica, Lepraria rigidula, Pertusaria boreahs and Rinodina griseosoralifera. Seven taxa that displayed distinctive chemistry, could not yet be identified.

Two new genera in the Arthoniales are described from the Pacific Islands. Glyphopsis, with the new species G. aurantiodisca from New Caledonia is characterized by a thallus containing divaricatic acid and zeorin and sessile grouped ascomata with bright orange discs and raised lecanorine margins, and the ascospores hyaline and muriform. Gossypiothallon, with the new species G. appendisporum from the Solomon Islands is characterized by a byssoid thallus containing zeorin and pedicillate, simple ascomata with pale pink discs, without differentiated margins and hyaline, bacillar, 3-septate ascospores with two polar, usually curved gelatinous appendages. Eight further corticolous crustose lichens are described from either New Caledonia or the Solomon Islands. Byssoloma xanthonicum is characterized by a thallus containing norstictic acid and lichexanthone and 3-septate ascospores. Cliostomum ovocarpum has orange yellow, convex apothecia and 1-septate ascospores. Crocynia minutiloba has palmately branched lobes on a thick whitish byssoid hypothallus and flat lecideoid apothecia. Megalotremis dolabarata has superficial cylindrical grey pycnidia and simple ellipsoid conidia. Pyrenula filiformis has a thallus with pseudocyphellae covering most part of the ascomata and 11–17-septate, slender fusiform to slightly clavate ascospores. Pyrenula mastigophora has 5-septate ascospores with an up to 25 µm long tail at the lower end. Pyrenula spissitunicata has a thallus with lichexanthone, fused ascomata with common ostioles covered by thallus and ascospores resembling a Pyrgillus. The lichenicolous fungus Pyrenidium coccineum (parasitic on Siphula decumbens) has red ascomata which stain herbarium boxes blue.

The lichen genus Biatora comprises inconspicuous crustose lichens that are typically found on organic substrata such as tree bark, bryophytes and detritus. During the last 20 years many new species have been added to the genus making its delimitation more and more difficult. The infrageneric relationships of the 42 species have never been investigated thoroughly. Using DNA sequences from three gene loci (ITS, RPB2, mrSSU) and 59 OTUs, an attempt was made to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Biatora and its infrageneric groups. Cliostomum appears to be the closest relative of Biatora. The position of Mycobilimbia in the Lecania-clade is confirmed. Phylogenetic relationships within Biatora are poorly supported, but six different species groups that are also phenotypically distinguished are more or less well supported: the vernalis-, meiocarpa-, hertelii-, ocelliformis-, beckhausii- and rufidula- groups. The analysis also confirms the presence of several undescribed taxa. Biatora subduplex as currently circumscribed appears to be heterogeneous, as does B. helvola. Based on the phylogeny, the distributional range of B. alaskana is extended to Japan. The new combinations Biatora ementiens (Nyl.) Printzen and Biatora hemipolia (Nyl.) S. Ekman & Printzen are made and both names are typified.

Details of 11 lichen and 1 lichenicolous fungus taxa occurring in Belarus are presented, of which 6 lichens (Cliostomum leprosum, Fellhanera gyrophorica, Lecanora thysanophora, Lepraria eburnea, L.jackii, L.neglecta) and 1 lichenicolous fungus (Tremella hypogymniae) are newly reported for the country; new localities of recently reported Lepraria elobata and L. incana s.str. are presented and the occurrence of Chrysothrix candelaris, Loxospora elatina and Pertusaria coronata is confirmed. The taxonomy of Chrysothrix candelaris is briefly discussed and localities of Cliostomum leprosum from Poland are reported.

Malicek, J. & Palice, Z. 2013. Lichens of the virgin forest reserve Žofinský prales (Czech Republic) and surrounding woodlands. — Herzogia 26: 253–292. Žofin virgin forest in the Novohradske hory Mts is one of the most valuable woodland localities in the Czech Republic. This old reserve covering 102 ha is dominated by beeches, spruces, and silver firs. We have explored the nature reserve (its virgin forest including the protection zone) as well as managed forests and avenues in the surrounding area. Žofinský prales nature reserve is currently the area with the highest diversity of epiphytic and epixylic lichens in the Czech Republic. In total, 312 lichenized, 14 lichen-allied and 11 lichenicolous fungi species were recorded in a broad area of Zofin woodland region. 267 species altogether were recorded from the reserve, including three recently published taxa not confirmed by us. Fifteen lichenized fungi (Arthonia excipienda, Biatora ligni-mollis, Candelariella xanthostigmoides, Cliostomum leprosu...

The new taxa Cliostomum subtenerum, Dactylospora suburceolata, Fuscidea oceanica, Lecania granulata, Lecidea herteliana, and Ropalospora lugubris f. sorediata are described from collections made from Scotland and Wales. Outside the British Isles, D. suburceolata is also known from Switzerland, L. herteliana from NE North America and R. lugubris f. sorediata from Sweden and NE North America. In addition, Lecidea luteoatra Nyl. belongs to the Lecanora marginata group and the name Lecanora viridiatra (Stenh.) Nyl. is taken up for this species, Peterjamesia sorediata is transferred to Roccellographa, and Ropalospora atroumbrina is included in the synonymy of R. lugubris f. sorediata.

Ten new species in nine different genera are described from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Bryonora granulata with a finely granular thallus containing perlatolic acid; Bryoria mariensis, a terricolous species with norstictic acid and unusual cortex cells; Carbonea hypopurpurea with a K+ purple hypothecium and a thallus containing confluentic and 2′-O-methylperlatolic acids; Caloplaca megalariicola lichenicolous on Megalaria grossa; Cladonia flammea with a red-orange coloration on the lower side of the primary squamules; Cliostomum falklandicum, on rocks and with a dispersed thallus containing only atranorin; Lepraria malouina with usnic and stictic acids; Rimularia andreaeicola, over bryophytes and lacking lichen substances; R. subpsephota, similar to R. psephota but with a discrete white thallus lacking norstictic acid; and Usnea austrocampestris, a straggling species in sect. Neuropogon from the mountain tops. Rimularia andreaeicola is also known from Tierra del Fuego and R. subpsephota from Tierra del Fuego and South Georgia, but the other species are known only from the Falkland Islands. The new combinations Carbonea agellata, C. subdeclinans, Cliostomum aeruginascens and C. violascens are also made; Lecidea interrupta Darb. and Lecidea protracta Darb. are reduced to synonymy with Lecanora xantholeuca (Müll. Arg.) Hertel; Rhizocarpon simillimum is reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere, from the Falkland Islands and New Zealand; and Bryoria chalybeiformis is reported for the first time from the Falkland Islands.

Two species,Cliostomum coppinsiiFryday & Kantvilas sp. nov. from Scotland, andCliostomum praepallidum(Müll. Arg.) Kantvilas & Fryday comb. nov. from Tasmania and southern South America, are described, illustrated and discussed. Both occupy an unusual position within the genus on account of their atypically wide, ± polarilocular ascospores.Patellaria banksiaeMüll. Arg., based on a collection from Australia, is lectotypified and reduced to synonymy withCliostomum griffithii(Sm.) Coppins.

C. luteolum and C. vitellinum are newly described species, rare on trees with acidic bark in oceanic northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. C. luteolum is closely related to C. cirrugatum but has yellow rather than orange apothecia and an effuse, sorediate thallus. C. vitellinum has distinctive, tiny, bright yellow apothecia on a thin, sorediate thallus; it contains fumarprotocetraric acid. Apothecia are biatorine and spores are bacilliform and 1- to 3-septate. C. griffithii occurs on the east and west coasts of North America and in Europe, and C. corrugatum occurs in Europe (...)

The major works on British lichens published between 1724 and 1780 are briefly reviewed. The new lichens published in Withering's Botanical Arrangement of 1776 have been mostly overlooked; they were based on species described by Dillenius. These lichens are typified here, along with Withering's new lichens published in later editions of the Arrangement. Altogether 41 species are reviewed. The following 16 new combinations based on Withering's species are presented, with synonyms in parenthesis: Anaptychia runcinata (A.fusca), Caloplaca crenularia (C. festiva), Qadonia humilis (C. conista, C. conistea, C. conoidea), Qadoniapeziziformis (C. capitata), Cladonia ramulosa (C. anomaea, C. pityrea), Collema auriforme (C. auriculatum), Collema dichotomum (C. fluviatile), Collema fuscovirens (C. tuniforme), Dermatocarpon luridum (D. aqualicum, D. weberi), Leptogium gelatinosum (L. sinuatum), Lobaria virens (L. laetevirens), Peltigera didactyla (P. spuria), Peltigera lactucifolia (P. hymenina), Physconia distorta (P. pulverulacea), Ramalina lacera (if. duriaei), and Tornabea scutellifera (T. atlantica).Later names affected by Withering's taxa are also investigated, and 12 are shown to be nomenclaturally superfluous. Other names are later homonyms, with the result that seven species require change of author citation as follows: Dactylina madreporiformis (Ach.) Tuck., Lecanora crenulata Hook., Psora lurida (Ach.) DC, Ramalina polymorpha (Liljeblad) Ach., Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi, Stereocaulon ramulosum Rauschel, and Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach.The nomenclatures and systematic position of Cladonia conista C. Robb. ex Allen nom. illeg., Cliostomum griffuhii (Sm.) Coppins, Leptogium palmatum Mont., Lichen squamatus Dickson, Pachyphiale cornea (Ach.) Poetsch, and Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour is discussed, the correct name for Leptogium palmatum being L. corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks and for Pachyphiale cornea being P. carneola (Ach.) Arnold. A history and account of Withering's herbarium is included.