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Objectives: Although the concept of health security is becoming accepted in public-health-related literature and practice, there is no full agreement on the scope and content. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the definition of health security and its role within the Revolution 4.0. Research Design & Methods: This is a theoretical article and as such addresses a problematic situation concerning missing standards in health security and the Revolution 4.0. Findings: The WHO (2018) has stated unequivocally that 'functioning health systems are the bedrock of health security'. The authors attempt to prove that health security in the conditions of the Revolution 4.0 needs to be defined more precisely and has to be implemented as a global public good nationwide with accepted minimal standards. Implications / Recommendations: H ealth security belongs to the sphere equally important to that of the Revolution 4.0. A concept of Health Security that is not widely accepted and implemented creates a problematic mélange for employees as well as for industrial development. These features will be considered. Contribution / Value Added: This paper tries to underline the relative shortage of common agreements on health within the Revolution 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the causes of the Russia–Ukraine war starting in 2014 from the energy and energy markets perspective, based on resource dependency theory and the conceptual framework outlined by Jeffrey D. Colgan (2013). Our findings reveal that Russia is critically dependent on revenue from gas exports to Ukraine and the European Union, but also that Ukraine's energy deposits and pipeline system have the potential to be a direct competitive threat to Russia's energy exports. This paper argues that this was the underlying reason and main causal pathway leading to Russia's annexation of Crimea and the subsequent war in eastern Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Poland's voivodships can be divided into three separate income groups when measured in terms of GDP capita. These divisions, which, to a large extent, were reinforced during economic reform, can be traced back to the years of the partitions and the subsequent period under communist rule. Output per head across these three income group divisions is a direct result of the varying economic structures that have evolved over time and the resulting concentration of industry, whose location in the central, northern, southern and western parts of the country supply abundant labour and sizeable sales markets. As a result, these more industrialised regions (referred to as income groups one and two) are better endowed than their more rural, eastern wall counterparts (income group three) to attract higher levels of foreign investment and thereby stimulate foreign trade and expand output. This paper questions whether a process of catchup can be observed between the eastern voivodships and the remainder of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]