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2. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Author

Bates, Amanda E., Primack, Richard B., Biggar, Brandy S., Bird, Tomas J., Clinton, Mary E., Command, Rylan J., Richards, Cerren, Shellard, Marc, Geraldi, Nathan R., Vergara, Valeria, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Ocampo, David, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M., Adamescu, Cristian M., Cheval, Sorin, Racoviceanu, Tudor, Adams, Matthew D., Kalisa, Egide, Kuuire, Vincent Z., Aditya, Vikram, Anderwald, Pia, Wiesmann, Samuel, Wipf, Sonja, Badihi, Gal, Henderson, Matthew G., Loetscher, Hanspeter, Baerenfaller, Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bulleri, Fabio, Bertocci, Iacopo, Maggi, Elena, Rindi, Luca, Ravaglioli, Chiara, Boerder, Kristina, Bonnel, Julien, Mathias, Delphine, Archambault, Philippe, Chauvaud, Laurent, Braun, Camrin D., Thorrold, Simon R., Brownscombe, Jacob W., Midwood, Jonathan D., Boston, Christine M., Brooks, Jill L., Cooke, Steven J., China, Victor, Roll, Uri, Belmaker, Jonathan, Zvuloni, Assaf, Coll, Marta, Ortega, Miquel, Connors, Brendan, Lacko, Lisa, Jayathilake, Dinusha R.M., Costello, Mark J., Crimmins, Theresa M., Barnett, LoriAnne, Denny, Ellen G., Gerst, Katharine L., Marsh, R.L., Posthumus, Erin E., Rodriguez, Reilly, Rosemartin, Alyssa, Schaffer, Sara N., Switzer, Jeff R., Wong, Kevin, Cunningham, Susan J., Sumasgutner, Petra, Amar, Arjun, Thomson, Robert L., Stofberg, Miqkayla, Hofmeyr, Sally, Suri, Jessleena, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Day, Paul B., Edgar, Graham J., Cooper, Antonia T., De Leo, Fabio Cabrera, Garner, Grant, Des Brisay, Paulson G., Schrimpf, Michael B., Koper, Nicola, Diamond, Michael S., Dwyer, Ross G., Baker, Cameron J., Franklin, Craig E., Efrat, Ron, Berger-Tal, Oded, Hatzofe, Ohad, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Rodríguez, Jorge P., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Elustondo, David, Calatayud, Vicent, English, Philina A., Archer, Stephanie K., Dudas, Sarah E., Haggarty, Dana R., Gallagher, Austin J., Shea, Brendan D., Shipley, Oliver N., Gilby, Ben L., Ballantyne, Jasmine, Olds, Andrew D., Henderson, Christopher J., Schlacher, Thomas A., Halliday, William D., Brown, Nicholas A.W., Woods, Mackenzie B., Balshine, Sigal, Juanes, Francis, Rider, Mitchell J., Albano, Patricia S., Hammerschlag, Neil, Hays, Graeme C., Esteban, Nicole, Pan, Yuhang, He, Guojun, Tanaka, Takanao, Hensel, Marc J.S., Orth, Robert J., Patrick, Christopher J., Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, Olsson, Olof, Hessing-Lewis, Margot L., Higgs, Nicholas D., Hindell, Mark A., McMahon, Clive R., Harcourt, Rob, Guinet, Christophe, Hirsch, Sarah E., Perrault, Justin R., Hoover, Shelby R., Reilly, Jennifer D., Hobaiter, Catherine, Gruber, Thibaud, Huveneers, Charlie, Udyawer, Vinay, Clarke, Thomas M., Kroesen, Laura P., Hik, David S., Cherry, Seth G., Del Bel Belluz, Justin A., Jackson, Jennifer M., Lai, Shengjie, Lamb, Clayton T., LeClair, Gregory D., Parmelee, Jeffrey R., Chatfield, Matthew W.H., Frederick, Cheryl A., Lee, Sangdon, Park, Hyomin, Choi, Jaein, LeTourneux, Frédéric, Grandmont, Thierry, de-Broin, Frédéric Dulude, Bêty, Joël, Gauthier, Gilles, Legagneux, Pierre, Lewis, Jesse S., Haight, Jeffrey, Liu, Zhu, Lyon, Jarod P., Hale, Robin, D'Silva, Dallas, MacGregor-Fors, Ian, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, Estela, Felipe A., Sánchez-Sarria, Camilo E., García-Arroyo, Michelle, Aguirre-Samboní, Giann K., Franco Morales, Juan C., Malamud, Shahar, Gavriel, Tal, Buba, Yehezkel, Salingré, Shira, Lazarus, Mai, Yahel, Ruthy, Ari, Yigael Ben, Miller, Eyal, Sade, Rotem, Lavian, Guy, Birman, Ziv, Gury, Manor, Baz, Harel, Baskin, Ilia, Penn, Alon, Dolev, Amit, Licht, Ogen, Karkom, Tabi, Davidzon, Sharon, Berkovitch, Avi, Yaakov, Ofer, Manenti, Raoul, Mori, Emiliano, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Lunghi, Enrico, March, David, Godley, Brendan J., Martin, Cecilia, Mihaly, Steven F., Barclay, David R., Thomson, Dugald J.M., Dewey, Richard, Bedard, Jeannette, Miller, Aroha, Dearden, Amber, Chapman, Jennifer, Dares, Lauren, Borden, Laura, Gibbs, Donna, Schultz, Jessica, Sergeenko, Nikita, Francis, Fiona, Weltman, Amanda, Moity, Nicolas, Ramírez-González, Jorge, Mucientes, Gonzalo, Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, Namir, Itai, Bar-Massada, Avi, Chen, Ron, Yedvab, Shmulik, Okey, Thomas A., Oppel, Steffen, Arkumarev, Volen, Bakari, Samuel, Dobrev, Vladimir, Saravia-Mullin, Victoria, Bounas, Anastasios, Dobrev, Dobromir, Kret, Elzbieta, Mengistu, Solomon, Pourchier, Cloé, Ruffo, Alazar, Tesfaye, Million, Wondafrash, Mengistu, Nikolov, Stoyan C., Palmer, Charles, Sileci, Lorenzo, Rex, Patrick T., Lowe, Christopher G., Peters, Francesc, Pine, Matthew K., Radford, Craig A., Wilson, Louise, McWhinnie, Lauren, Scuderi, Alessia, Jeffs, Andrew G., Prudic, Kathleen L., Larrivée, Maxim, McFarland, Kent P., Solis, Rodrigo, Hutchinson, Rebecca A., Queiroz, Nuno, Furtado, Miguel A., Sims, David W., Southall, Emily, Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A., Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P., Rodgers, Ku'ulei S., Severino, Sarah J.L., Graham, Andrew T., Stefanak, Matthew P., Madin, Elizabeth M.P., Ryan, Peter G., Maclean, Kyle, Weideman, Eleanor A., Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Kittelberger, Kyle D., Kusak, Josip, Seminoff, Jeffrey A., Hanna, Megan E., Shimada, Takahiro, Meekan, Mark G., Smith, Martin K.S., Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M., Soh, Malcolm C.K., Pang, Roanna Y.T., Ng, Breyl X.K., Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H., Loo, Adrian H.B., Er, Kenneth B.H., Souza, Gabriel B.G., Stallings, Christopher D., Curtis, Joseph S., Faletti, Meaghan E., Peake, Jonathan A., Schram, Michael J., Wall, Kara R., Terry, Carina, Rothendler, Matt, Zipf, Lucy, Ulloa, Juan Sebastián, Hernández-Palma, Angélica, Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana, Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian, Herrera-Varón, Yenifer, Roa, Margarita, Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel, Vardi, Reut, Vázquez, Víctor, Requena-Mesa, Christian, Warrington, Miyako H., Taylor, Michelle E., Woodall, Lucy C., Stefanoudis, Paris V., Zhang, Xiangliang, Yang, Qiang, Zukerman, Yuval, Sigal, Zehava, Ayali, Amir, Clua, Eric E.G., Carzon, Pamela, Seguine, Clementine, Corradini, Andrea, Pedrotti, Luca, Foley, Catherine M., Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra, Panipakoochoo, Elijah, Milanes, Celene B., Botero, Camilo M., Velázquez, Yunior R., Milchakova, Nataliya A., Morley, Simon A., Martin, Stephanie M., Nanni, Veronica, Otero, Tanya, Wakeling, Julia, Abarro, Sarah, Piou, Cyril, Sobral, Ana F.L., Soto, Eulogio H., Weigel, Emily G., Bernal-Ibáñez, Alejandro, Gestoso, Ignacio, Cacabelos, Eva, Cagnacci, Francesca, Devassy, Reny P., Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Moraga, Paula, Rutz, Christian, and Duarte, Carlos M.

Published
2021
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3. Increase of coastal shark bite frequency linked to the COVID-19 lockdown reveals a territoriality-dominance behaviour toward humans.

Author

Clua, Eric E.G., Meyer, Carl G., Séguigne, Clémentine, and Wirsing, Aaron J.

Subjects
*SHARK attacks, *PREDATORY aquatic animals, *STAY-at-home orders, *SELF-defense, *COVID-19
Abstract

The effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife aggression toward humans have received little attention. Records from French Polynesia show that the annual average of about five shark bites on humans from 2009 to 2019 increased significantly to 15 in 2020, despite the virtual absence of humans from the marine environment during a six-week curfew in April–May 2020. Bites then returned to baseline levels in 2021 (N = 4), 2022 (N = 5), and 2023 (N = 2). Most bites in 2020 occurred just after the lockdown and were attributed to gray reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos , displaying territoriality rather than self-defense or predatory behaviours. This temporary increase in shark bites suggests that natural territorial behavior, typically suppressed by continued human presence, reemerged during the Anthropause, providing new insights into shark risks for ocean users and the management of human–predator interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Widespread diversity deficits of coral reef sharks and rays

Author

Simpfendorfer, Colin A., Heithaus, Michael R., Heupel, Michelle R., Macneil, M.A., Meekan, Mark, Harvey, Euan, Sherman, C.S., Currey-Randall, Leanne M., Goetze, Jordan S., Kiszka, Jeremy J., Rees, Matthew J., Speed, Conrad W., Udyawer, Vinay, Bond, Mark E., Flowers, Kathryn I., Clementi, Gina M., Valentin-Albanese, Jasmine, Adam, M.S., Ali, Khadeeja, Asher, Jacob, Aylagas, Eva, Beaufort, Océane, Benjamin, Cecilie, Bernard, Anthony T.F., Berumen, Michael L., Bierwagen, Stacy, Birrell, Chico, Bonnema, Erika, Bown, Rosalind M.K., Brooks, Edward J., Brown, J.J., Buddo, Dayne, Burke, Patrick J., Cáceres, Camila, Cambra, Marta, Cardeñosa, Diego, Carrier, Jeffrey C., Casareto, Sara, Caselle, Jennifer E., Charloo, Venkatesh, Cinner, Joshua E., Claverie, Thomas, Clua, Eric E.G., Cochran, Jesse E.M., Cook, Neil, Cramp, Jessica E., d’Alberto, Brooke M., de Graaf, Martin, Dornhege, Mareike C., Espinoza, Mario, Estep, Andy, Fanovich, Lanya, Farabaugh, Naomi F., Fernando, Daniel, Ferreira, Carlos E.L., Fields, Candace Y.A., Flam, Anna L., Floros, Camilla, Fourqurean, Virginia, Gajdzik, Laura, García Barcia, Laura, Garla, Ricardo, Gastrich, Kirk, George, Lachlan, Giarrizzo, Tommaso, Graham, Rory, Guttridge, Tristan L., Hagan, Valerie, Hardenstine, Royale S., Heck, Stephen M., Henderson, Aaron C., Heithaus, Patricia, Hertler, Heidi, Hoyos Padilla, Mauricio, Hueter, Robert E., Jabado, Rima W., Joyeux, Jean-Christophe, Jaiteh, Vanessa, Johnson, Mohini, Jupiter, Stacy D., Kaimuddin, Muslimin, Kasana, Devanshi, Kelley, Megan, Kessel, Steven T., Kiilu, Benedict, Kirata, Taratau, Kuguru, Baraka, Kyne, Fabian, Langlois, Tim, Lara, Frida, Lawe, Jaedon, Lédée, Elodie J.I., Lindfield, Steve, Luna-Acosta, Andrea, Maggs, Jade Q., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M., Marshall, Andrea, Martin, Lucy, Mateos-Molina, Daniel, Matich, Philip, Mccombs, Erin, Mcivor, Ashlie, Mclean, Dianne, Meggs, Llewelyn, Moore, Stephen, Mukherji, Sushmita, Murray, Ryan, Newman, Stephen J., Nogués, Josep, Obota, Clay, Ochavillo, Domingo, O'Shea, Owen, Osuka, Kennedy E., Papastamatiou, Yannis P., Perera, Nishan, Peterson, Bradley, Pimentel, Caio R., Pina-Amargós, Fabián, Pinheiro, Hudson T., Ponzo, Alessandro, Prasetyo, Andhika, Quamar, L.M.S., Quinlan, Jessica R., Reis-Filho, José Amorim, Ruiz, Hector, Ruiz-Abierno, Alexei, Sala, Enric, Salinas-de-León, Pelayo, Samoilys, Melita A., Sample, William R., Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle, Schlaff, Audrey M., Schmid, Kurt, Schoen, Sara N., Simpson, Nikola, Smith, Adam N.H., Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sparks, Lauren, Stoffers, Twan, Tanna, Akshay, Torres, Rubén, Travers, Michael J., van Zinnicq Bergmann, Maurits, Vigliola, Laurent, Ward, Juney, Warren, Joseph D., Watts, Alexandra M., Wen, Colin K., Whitman, Elizabeth R., Wirsing, Aaron J., Wothke, Aljoscha, Zarza-González, Esteban, Chapman, Demian D., Simpfendorfer, Colin A., Heithaus, Michael R., Heupel, Michelle R., Macneil, M.A., Meekan, Mark, Harvey, Euan, Sherman, C.S., Currey-Randall, Leanne M., Goetze, Jordan S., Kiszka, Jeremy J., Rees, Matthew J., Speed, Conrad W., Udyawer, Vinay, Bond, Mark E., Flowers, Kathryn I., Clementi, Gina M., Valentin-Albanese, Jasmine, Adam, M.S., Ali, Khadeeja, Asher, Jacob, Aylagas, Eva, Beaufort, Océane, Benjamin, Cecilie, Bernard, Anthony T.F., Berumen, Michael L., Bierwagen, Stacy, Birrell, Chico, Bonnema, Erika, Bown, Rosalind M.K., Brooks, Edward J., Brown, J.J., Buddo, Dayne, Burke, Patrick J., Cáceres, Camila, Cambra, Marta, Cardeñosa, Diego, Carrier, Jeffrey C., Casareto, Sara, Caselle, Jennifer E., Charloo, Venkatesh, Cinner, Joshua E., Claverie, Thomas, Clua, Eric E.G., Cochran, Jesse E.M., Cook, Neil, Cramp, Jessica E., d’Alberto, Brooke M., de Graaf, Martin, Dornhege, Mareike C., Espinoza, Mario, Estep, Andy, Fanovich, Lanya, Farabaugh, Naomi F., Fernando, Daniel, Ferreira, Carlos E.L., Fields, Candace Y.A., Flam, Anna L., Floros, Camilla, Fourqurean, Virginia, Gajdzik, Laura, García Barcia, Laura, Garla, Ricardo, Gastrich, Kirk, George, Lachlan, Giarrizzo, Tommaso, Graham, Rory, Guttridge, Tristan L., Hagan, Valerie, Hardenstine, Royale S., Heck, Stephen M., Henderson, Aaron C., Heithaus, Patricia, Hertler, Heidi, Hoyos Padilla, Mauricio, Hueter, Robert E., Jabado, Rima W., Joyeux, Jean-Christophe, Jaiteh, Vanessa, Johnson, Mohini, Jupiter, Stacy D., Kaimuddin, Muslimin, Kasana, Devanshi, Kelley, Megan, Kessel, Steven T., Kiilu, Benedict, Kirata, Taratau, Kuguru, Baraka, Kyne, Fabian, Langlois, Tim, Lara, Frida, Lawe, Jaedon, Lédée, Elodie J.I., Lindfield, Steve, Luna-Acosta, Andrea, Maggs, Jade Q., Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M., Marshall, Andrea, Martin, Lucy, Mateos-Molina, Daniel, Matich, Philip, Mccombs, Erin, Mcivor, Ashlie, Mclean, Dianne, Meggs, Llewelyn, Moore, Stephen, Mukherji, Sushmita, Murray, Ryan, Newman, Stephen J., Nogués, Josep, Obota, Clay, Ochavillo, Domingo, O'Shea, Owen, Osuka, Kennedy E., Papastamatiou, Yannis P., Perera, Nishan, Peterson, Bradley, Pimentel, Caio R., Pina-Amargós, Fabián, Pinheiro, Hudson T., Ponzo, Alessandro, Prasetyo, Andhika, Quamar, L.M.S., Quinlan, Jessica R., Reis-Filho, José Amorim, Ruiz, Hector, Ruiz-Abierno, Alexei, Sala, Enric, Salinas-de-León, Pelayo, Samoilys, Melita A., Sample, William R., Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle, Schlaff, Audrey M., Schmid, Kurt, Schoen, Sara N., Simpson, Nikola, Smith, Adam N.H., Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sparks, Lauren, Stoffers, Twan, Tanna, Akshay, Torres, Rubén, Travers, Michael J., van Zinnicq Bergmann, Maurits, Vigliola, Laurent, Ward, Juney, Warren, Joseph D., Watts, Alexandra M., Wen, Colin K., Whitman, Elizabeth R., Wirsing, Aaron J., Wothke, Aljoscha, Zarza-González, Esteban, and Chapman, Demian D.

Abstract

A global survey of coral reefs reveals that overfishing is driving resident shark species toward extinction, causing diversity deficits in reef elasmobranch (shark and ray) assemblages. Our species-level analysis revealed global declines of 60 to 73% for five common resident reef shark species and that individual shark species were not detected at 34 to 47% of surveyed reefs. As reefs become more shark-depleted, rays begin to dominate assemblages. Shark-dominated assemblages persist in wealthy nations with strong governance and in highly protected areas, whereas poverty, weak governance, and a lack of shark management are associated with depauperate assemblages mainly composed of rays. Without action to address these diversity deficits, loss of ecological function and ecosystem services will increasingly affect human communities.

Published
2023

9. The 'Mistaken Identity Hypothesis' for shark bites on humans is an anthropomorphic fallacy.

Author

Clua, Eric E.G. and Meyer, Carl G.

Subjects
*SHARKS, *SHARK attacks, *SCIENTIFIC community, *HYPOTHESIS
Abstract

The Mistaken Identity Hypothesis (MIH) interprets shark bites on surfers, swimmers and snorkelers as 'mistakes' stemming primarily from similarities in the visual appearance of ocean users and the sharks typical prey. MIH is now widely accepted as fact by the general public and some sections of the scientific community despite remaining unproven. This hypothesis assumes that 'mistaken' shark bites on humans result primarily from confusing visual cues and ignores the important role of other senses (e.g. hearing) in discriminating potential prey. A far simpler 'natural exploration' hypothesis can reasonably explain not only shark bites that have been characterized as 'mistaken identity' events but also those that cannot be reasonably explained by MIH (e.g. shark bites that occur in very clear water). Simply stated, sharks don't make 'mistakes' but instead continually explore their environments and routinely investigate novel objects as potential prey by biting them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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10. A review of the behaviours of the Chondrichthyes: a multi-species ethogram for the chimaeras, sharks, and rays.

Author

Klimley, A. Peter, Porcher, Ila F., Clua, Eric E.G., and Pratt Jr., Harold L.

Subjects
CHONDRICHTHYES, SHARKS, INTER-observer reliability, SIMPLE machines, RESEARCH personnel, SPECIES
Abstract

In this review of the behavioural patterns of chondrichthyan fishes, we have strived to produce a comprehensive catalogue of events and states and develop standardized terminology. Hence, actions that are slightly different, will be pooled under inclusive titles. Those used by different investigators are included in quotations within the textual descriptions of the motor patterns. This standardized ethogram will ideally lead to an increase in inter-observer reliability, giving researchers more confidence when reading colleagues' papers that report behaviours that appear similar to theirs despite being described for different species. The descriptions are presented under the following categories: (1) maintenance (2) courtship (3) filter feeding (4) scavenging (5) predation (6) sociality (7) aggression and (8) defence. The many actions are illustrated by line drawings and photographs in composite figures with an attempt to provide an example of each action for a chimaera, shark, and ray. The diversity of patterns is evident from this ethogram, consistent with observation that the brain-to-body mass ratios of cartilaginous fishes are greater than a third of the bird species and greater than those for some mammalian species. The major impetus for assembling this ethogram is to demonstrate the diversity of behaviours exhibited by members of the Chondrichthyes and to dispel the apocryphal belief that members of this taxon are 'simple feeding machines'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. Fisheries science and marine education catalyze the renaissance of traditional management (rahui) to improve an artisanal fishery in French Polynesia

Author

Filous, Alexander, primary, Lennox, Robert J., additional, Beaury, Jean Pierre, additional, Bagnis, Hinano, additional, Mchugh, Mathew, additional, Friedlander, Alan M., additional, Clua, Eric E.G., additional, Cooke, Steven J., additional, Fuller, Todd K., additional, and Danylchuk, Andy J., additional

Published
2021
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12. Individual shark profiling: An innovative and environmentally

Author

Clua, Eric E.G. and Linnell, John D.C.

Subjects
carnivore risk management, fatal attack, problem individuals, blanket culling campaigns, Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], human-wildlifeconflict, agonistic behavior
Abstract

Most shark-induced human fatalities are followed by widespread and unselective culling campaigns that have limited effectiveness and may have high ecological costs for threatened species. The blanket culling strategy implicitly assumes that incident risk is directly correlated with shark density, an assumption that has yet to be demonstrated. We present the alternative hypothesis that incidents are more likely to be caused by behavioral variability among individual sharks than due to shark density. Throughout their ontogenetic development, large species of sharks opportunistically establish a diet that is rarely, if ever, inclusive of humans as a food source. We propose that, some animals with specific behaviors (including boldness) may potentially pose a higher risk than conspecifics. Under this scenario, the risk of a shark attack in a given area would relate to the presence of a limited number of high-risk individuals rather than shark density. In terms of management of human fatalities, such a hypothesis would favor abandoning general culling campaigns and replacing them with approaches that profile and selectively remove the potential problem individuals, as is done in the terrestrial realm when managing predators that attack humans or livestock.

Published
2018

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