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Electronic nicotine delivery systems, often referred to as e-cigarettes, are popular tobacco products frequently advertised as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes despite preliminary data suggesting a potential negative cardiovascular impact. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a critical cardiovascular health marker that is diminished in individuals who consume traditional tobacco products. Whether the use of e-cigarettes impacts cardiorespiratory fitness is currently unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of regular e-cigarette use on cardiorespiratory fitness in young healthy adults. Twenty-six users of e-cigarettes (ECU, 13 males, and 13 females; age: 24 ± 3 yr; e-cigarette usage 4 ± 2 yr) and 16 demographically matched nonusers (NU, 6 males, and 10 females; age: 23 ± 3 yr) participated in this study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by peak oxygen consumption (V̇ o 2peak) during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Measurements of chronotropic response, hemodynamic, oxygen extraction, and utilization were also evaluated. Our results suggest that regular users of e-cigarettes exhibited significantly lower peak oxygen consumption when compared with nonusers, even when controlled by fat-free mass and lean body mass. Hemodynamic changes were not different between both groups during exercise, whereas lower chronotropic responses and skeletal muscle oxygen utilization were observed in users of e-cigarettes. Results from the present study demonstrate that young, apparently healthy, regular users of e-cigarettes exhibit significantly reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, lower chronotropic response, and impaired skeletal muscle oxygen utilization during exercise. Overall, our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that supports adverse effects of regular e-cigarette use on cardiovascular health. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: E-cigarettes are tobacco products frequently used by youth and young adults. Little is known about the long-term health effects of their prolonged use. Results from the present study demonstrate that young, apparently healthy, regular users of e-cigarettes exhibit significantly reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, a marker of cardiovascular health and a predictor of all-cause mortality. We also identified that the young users of e-cigarettes present with lower chronotropic response and impaired skeletal muscle oxygen utilization during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Methods Results Conclusion Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide that frequently presents with concomitant cardiovascular diseases. Despite the pathological distinction between individual COPD phenotypes such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of COPD phenotype on cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, this study aimed to utilize a nationally representative sample to investigate cardiovascular disease prevalence in patients with COPD with emphysema and chronic bronchitis phenotypes.Data from 31,560 adults including 2504 individuals with COPD, collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018), were examined.A significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction and stroke, was identified in patients with COPD among all disease phenotypes. Particularly, compared to those without COPD, individuals with chronic bronchitis presented with 1.76 (95% CI: 1.41–2.20) times greater odds, individuals with emphysema with 2.31 (95% CI: 1.80–2.96) times greater odds, while those with a concurrent phenotype (combined chronic bronchitis and emphysema) exhibited 2.98 (95% CI: 2.11–4.21) times greater odds of reporting cardiovascular diseases.Our data confirms that patients with COPD present an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease among all phenotypes, with the most marked increase being in those with concurrent chronic bronchitis and emphysema phenotypes. These findings emphasize the need for awareness and appropriate cardiovascular screening in COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of acetic acid (apple cider vinegar; ACV) supplementation on resting and exercise energy expenditure and substrate utilization. Using a randomized, double blind, crossover design, 16 healthy subjects were supplemented for 4 d with either ACV (30-ml/d) mixed in 1 L of a non-nutritive lemon-flavored drink or a placebo (PLA). They were then assessed via indirect calorimetry for resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate utilization. This was immediately followed by the assessment of steady state cycling exercise energy expenditure at 40 W (EEE-40) and 80 W (EEE-80) and substrate utilization. Results: Neither REE nor resting substrate utilization were significantly different between groups (p ≥ .05). During cycling exercise at both 40W and 80W, there were no significant differences observed between groups for energy expenditure (EEE-40: ACV 4.13 ± 0.79, PLA 4.37 ± 0.61 kcal/min; EEE-80: ACV 6.09 ± 0.87, PLA 6.26 ± 0.72 kcal/min) or substrate utilization (40W carbohydrate: ACV 0.72 ± 0.19, PLA 0.76 ± 0.16; fat: ACV 0.15 ± 0.07, PLA 0.16 ± 0.06 g/min), (80W carbohydrate: ACV 1.28 ± 0.32, PLA 1.34 ± 0.35; fat: ACV 0.14 ± 0.10, PLA 0.14 ± 0.10 g/min) (p ≥ .05). Conclusions: Recent findings suggest that chronic acetic acid supplementation is associated with significant reductions in body weight and body fat; however, the findings of the present study suggest that a semi-acute (4 d) acetic acid supplementation does not impact resting or exercise energy expenditure or substrate utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]