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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in dogs is a metabolic disorder of the central nervous system that occurs secondarily to liver dysfunctions, whether due to acquired or congenital causes. A portosystemic shunt is the presence of abnormal communications between the hepatic vessels (portal and suprahepatic veins). As a result of this, the blood brought from the digestive tract through the portal vein bypasses the liver, and the unmetabolized components of the portal bloodstream enter directly into systemic circulation, causing clinical symptoms of metabolic encephalopathy (HE). A 3-month-old Bichon canine patient with a history of seizures secondarily to a portosystemic shunt (PS), confirmed through color Doppler ultrasound exam and computed tomography, was presented for evaluation. The typical electroencephalographic (EEG) traces recorded were characterized by the presence of bilateral symmetrical triphasic waves, resembling non-convulsive status epilepticus. The presence of this EEG pattern is useful in choosing the best therapeutic option in order to not accentuate the HE sings and, consequently, to decrease the mortality risk due to a prolonged status epilepticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of infertility in male dogs in clinical practice mirrors current trends seen in human medicine. Acquired infertility is notably more common in dogs compared to congenital causes, with conditions such as testicular degeneration leading to irreversible loss of fertility. Current diagnostic methods for testicular degeneration, such as histopathological and cytological examinations, rely on testicular biopsy or fine needle aspiration, making them less feasible for routine use. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by Sertoli cells, has emerged as a potential alternative biomarker for testicular health, which can be measured in serum. This study evaluates AMH as a potential marker for testicular degeneration, using cryptorchid dogs as models for impaired fertility and altered testicular histology. Methods: The relationship between serum AMH levels and AMH tissue expression with impaired spermatogenesis and altered histology was investigated. Serum AMH levels were determined in intact, cryptorchid, and castrated individuals using an immuno-enzymatic ELISA kit and compared between subgroups based on testicular location. Tissue AMH immuno-expression was differentially quantified in two regions of interest (ROIs), the interstitial space and the seminiferous tubule, in both descended and retained gonads. Furthermore, testicles were analyzed using histomorphometric analysis in seminiferous tubules, while spermatogenesis was evaluated using the Johnsen score. Results: Serum AMH levels were positively correlated with AMH expression assessed in both interstitial space (ρ = 0.494, p ≤ 0.01) and seminiferous tubules (ρ = 0.610, p ≤ 0.001). Conversely, serum AMH levels showed a negative correlation with the seminiferous tubule area (ρ = -0.435, p ≤ 0.05). Smaller seminiferous tubule areas were linked to increased AMH reactivity in both seminiferous tubules (ρ = -0.774, p ≤ 0.001) and interstitial space (ρ = -0.725, p ≤ 0.001). Additionally, lower Johnsen scores were associated with higher serum AMH levels (ρ = -0.537, p ≤ 0.01) and elevated AMH expression in both seminiferous tubules (ρ = -0.756, p ≤ 0.001) and interstitial space (ρ = -0.679, p ≤ 0.001). Discussion: Our results suggest that higher serum levels and tissue expression of AMH are linked to smaller seminiferous tubules and poorer Johnsen scores, reflecting degenerative changes and Sertoli cell dysfunction in retained testicles. Given the similarities in the mechanisms that increase AMH levels in both cryptorchid and non-cryptorchid testicles affected by testicular degeneration, this study recommends using AMH as a marker for diagnosing testicular degeneration in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Etiologically, Cushing’s syndrome can be classified into two main forms: the pituitary-dependent form, caused by tumors in the pituitary gland (adenomas or adenocarcinomas), and the non-pituitary-dependent form, which may be caused by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia or even adrenal neoplastic processes. Additionally, the iatrogenic form can occur secondary to prolonged treatment with steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical manifestations include polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, abdominal distension, muscle weakness, and alopecia, accompanied by specific hematological changes, such as neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis. The diagnosis is based on endocrine tests, such as the dexamethasone suppression test and the ACTH stimulation test, along with ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies is a zoonotic disease of the central nervous system caused by a virus from the Lyssavirus genus, part of the Rhabdoviridae family, which is divided into seven genotypes. Genotype 1 viruses are widespread globally and are typically found in terrestrial mammals, causing between 37,000 and 87,000 human deaths annually. After initial efforts in the 1960s and field trials in the 1970s, the simplest, most efficient, and cost-effective method for vaccinating foxes proved to be industrially manufactured baits. These consist of an attractive coating for foxes, containing a capsule or plastic pouch filled with a liquid attenuated rabies vaccine. The bait's coating also contains tetracycline, which serves to mark animals that consume the baits. The bait must be thoroughly chewed to ensure the pouch is punctured, and the vaccine is released into the fox's oral cavity. As a result, foxes and other species can have their teeth and bones marked with tetracycline deposits, even though they are not necessarily vaccinated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic testing represents a major asset for discriminating between normal antigenic stimulation of B or T cells and malignant, pathological findings. The main difference between those two situations is the heterogenicity of lymphocyte populations as a result of diverse antigenic stimulation for the first situation, compared to single and identical population (clones) for the second situation. The present paper describes one of the many genetic assays capable of discriminating between normal and malignant, characterized by low time-to-result interval, accuracy, simplicity, and low cost comparing to other tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabies is a disease transmitted by the bites of infected animals, and it can be lethal if not treated promptly. By using an attenuated vaccine, fox populations in affected areas are immunized, which limits the transmission of the virus to other animals and humans. This intervention greatly reduces the risk of exposure to rabies, thereby protecting rural and urban communities in the vicinity of these wild animals’ habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperkalemia is defined as a plasma or serum potassium concentration above the established reference range and is frequently encountered in various pathologies. The potassium gradient between the intra- and extracellular compartments plays a key role in action potential generation by excitable cells. Serum potassium concentration in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease is usually balanced, but hyperkalemia may develop in patients with acute kidney injury in stage III and IV. According to recent studies, hyperkalemia is a serious complication in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease in IRIS stage II, III and IV. The occurrence and severity of hyperkalemia may also be aggravated by the inadequate administration of potassium in enteral or parenteral fluids, metabolic acidosis, and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Excess potassium is continuously excreted by the kidneys, and its concentrations in urine are higher than those in serum. Compromised excretion will predictably lead to both hyperkalemia and azotemia. The extent of these changes is variable and depends on the underlying etiology. Hyperkalemia can be treated by antagonizing its effects on cell membranes with calcium gluconate, or by introducing extracellular potassium into cells with sodium bicarbonate or glucose. Also, the removal of potassium from the body can be done through dialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peritoneal dialysis is considered a method of renal function substitution in veterinary medicine, with the role of continuous replacement of renal function through which a hydroelectrolytic and acid-base rebalancing of the feline patient with renal damage, in the absence of fulfilling the endocrine functions and kidney metabolism. The study included patients with stage 2 renal failure, identified in five cats, with stage 3 detected in five individuals, and with stage four detected in 20 felines and 20 cases with acute kidney damage. Peritoneal dialysis was implemented with an accommodation protocol represented by the administration of 15 ml/kg, followed by 30 ml/kg, 45 ml/kg and 60 ml/kg every 4 hours. Representative results were recorded during peritoneal dialysis sessions with 4 shifts per day, with 4 hours of shift time. Cumulative results on the complete analysis of the relevance of peritoneal dialysis on different stages of renal damage indicate a positive therapeutic response by decreasing the biochemical parameters of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Genetic disorders in small animals represent a well investigated area, with numerous genetic events being described along with their specific mechanism. However, for many of those, the diagnostic workflow tends to be tedious and prohibitive from the cost perspective, with costly instruments and reagents. Luckily, there are situations where the diagnosis involves the detection of relatively easy to reveal genetic events, such as point mutations or small indels. The present paper describes the implementation of a Real-Time PCR High-Resolution Melting HRM protocol for canine degenerative myelopathy diagnostic, with numerous advantages regarding sensitivity and robustness as well as ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the evolution of ultrasound technology in the last decade, the ultrasound of the pancreas became much easier. However, for a proper ultrasound examination of pancreas in cats, in addition to the endowment with ultrasound and high-performance probes, a rich experience is required in the ultrasound technique from the examiner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate diseases represent approximately 8-10% of unsterilized male dogs, presented to doctors for veterinary medical evaluation. Diseases from this category differ in type of involvement, severity, and frequency, from prostatic hyperplasia and cystic changes to more rare and more severe conditions such as prostatitis, prostate abscesses, and prostate tumors. The different causes of prostate disease cannot always be identified by a thorough clinical examination, as the clinical signs do not have a characteristic level of expression, registering similarities for different organ diseases. Developing and recommending diagnostic methods to confirm prostate disease is essential to establish a correct diagnosis that allows an early and appropriate treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has risen dramatically in the last decades. Obesity is associated with multiple medical conditions that appear in metabolic syndrome such as: type II diabetes, increased blood pressure, high triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was represented by the evaluation of diet-induced obesity, with the purpose of creating an experimental mouse model for testing food supplements and medication used in this syndrome. One group of C57BL/6 mice received an in-house purified hypercaloric diet, the second group received a standardized obesity diet and the third group received a control diet for a period of 60 days. The following aspects were assessed during the experiment: food intake, body weight, hematologic and biochemical parameters. On the final day, organ samples were collected (liver, kidneys and visceral adipose tissue) for necropsy and histopathologic examination. The obtained results showed that the administration of the in-house purified hypercaloric diet for a period of 60 days was optimal for installing obesity syndrome in mice. The use of unidirectional enriched diets presents an increased interest in current research for futher development of new therapeutic strategies in metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to highlight the differences between the metabolic status in gestation and lactation in ewes, translated by a series of variations of the haematological parameters. A number of 25 representative blood parameters was determined in the 90th day of gestation and 40th day of lactation. We observed similarities in these parameters’ variations in both periods, but also some discrepancies - more pronounced variations in the lactation period. Regarding the biochemical profile, almost all parameters decreased in lactation; Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Albumin decreased significantly (p<0.05). On the contrary, the Urea increased significantly (p<0.05). As concerning the enzymatic activity, it was increased in both periods, but more pronounced in lactation; GGT and AST increased significantly (p<0.05). The calcium decreased significantly (p<0.05) in lactation, while the other electrolytic parameters did not show significant variations. The RBC and Hb decreased non-significantly (p>0.05), whereas Ht decreased significantly (p<0.05) in lactation. Overall, the parameters maintained the same trend in both periods, but more important variations were observed in the lactation period, indicating that, compared to gestation, lactation represents a more demanding period in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practica Veterinara.ro is the property of MEDICHUB MEDIA, S.R.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrasound is a method of medical investigation that relies on ultrasound reflecting by tissues. It is a noninvasive and easy to apply method, but the interpretation of the images requires a good knowledge of the semiology and of the physical bases of the ultrasound. The liver is one of the organs best suited to the ultrasound examination due to its size and structural uniformity. The presentation of the ultrasound features of hepatopathies in dogs and cats aims to guide the ultrasound doctor in the detection of liver lesions, their interpretation and the indication of a clear and complete echographic diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kidney is a well-vascularised organ and suitable to be evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, which is a non-invasive technique that can be used to estimate the renal vascular resistance by calculation the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). RI and PI can be calculated from renal arteries, interlobular arteries, and arcuate arteries. In human patients, renal vascular resistance has been reported to be associated with the early hypertensive renal damage and also to correlate with the systemic blood pressure. The study was conducted over a two year period (December 2012- December 2014) in the Department of Internal Medicine of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, on twenty eight dogs with different renal diseases. Significant differences were found between renal vascular resistance and red blood cell count, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Increased intrarenal vascular resistance may be associated with hypertension as a result of renal disease. The aim of this study was to assess renal vascular resistance in dogs with renal disease and the relation between renal RI and PI with systolic blood pressure in dogs with different renal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in intact male dogs and a leading cause of subfertility. While surgical and chemical castration are effective treatments for BPH, managing this condition in breeding dogs is challenging due to the desire to preserve reproductive function. This study systematically reviews medical treatments for BPH that maintain breeding potential. Thus, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across four databases (CAB Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a risk of bias assessment was performed using a modified Cochrane tool. A total of 35 studies were included, evaluating therapies such as finasteride, osaterone acetate, tamoxifen, and others, with outcomes including prostate size, sperm quality, hormonal levels, and tissue morphology. Evidence suggests that osaterone acetate and finasteride are acceptable treatments for BPH in breeding dogs, in spite of a still debatable effect on some sperm characteristics. Therapies like tamoxifen and acyline should be excluded due to their detrimental effects on reproductive function. Further research is required for apparently promising approaches concerning tadalafil, anastrazole, mepartricin, and U. fissa .