446 results on '"Coelomocyte"'
Search Results
2. Comparative analysis for immune response of coelomic fluid from coelom and polian vesicle in Apostichopus japonicus to Vibrio splendidus infection
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Zhenhui Wang, Xuyuan Fan, Zhen Li, Liyuan Guo, Yuan Ren, and Qiang Li
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Apostichopus japonicus ,Coelom ,Polian vesicle ,Coelomocyte ,Innate immunity ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Abstract
The polian vesicle and coelom of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were full of coelomic fluid in which many types of coelomocytes with different functions were suspended. Our previous work has indicated the differences of coelomocytes between two sites mainly in subtype proportion, non-specific immune enzymes activities and several immune-related genes expression levels in healthy A. japonicus. However, the functional similarities and differences of coelomic fluid in two sites including the coelom and polian vesicle after pathogenic infection still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes of the total coelomocyte density (TCD) and differential coelomocyte density (DCD) after pathogen infection by Vibrio splendidus in coelom and polian vesicle. After infected by V. splendidus, the TCD in the coelom and polian vesicle rapidly declined at 12 h, and then the TCD in the coelom showed a stably ascending trend, while the TCD in the polian vesicle reached a peak at 24 h post infection (hpi), and then showed a continuously decline trend from 24 hpi to 72 hpi followed by a slow elevation until recovering the normal level from 72 hpi to 96 hpi. Then the activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the response of cell-free coelomic fluid to V. splendidus infection. The activities of ACP, AKP and CAT showed similar trends in the coelom and polian vesicle. The SOD activity significantly increased in the polian vesicle, whereas it exhibited a decreasing trend in the coelom. Finally, the expression profiles of nine immune-related genes including Aj-MyD88, Aj-IRAK4, Aj-i-Lys, Aj-Rel, Aj-p50, Aj-DMBT1, Aj-CDC, Aj-Rrp15 and Aj-Fibrinogen C were detected after V. splendidus challenge. The results suggested all the detected genes were significantly up-regulated both in the coelom and polian vesicle, and the expression levels of these genes in two sites shared similar trends except Aj-MyD88 and Aj-DMBT1. This research provides a new insight into the differentially immune roles of coelomic fluid and coelomocytes in polian vesicle and coelom response to bacterial infections and supplements comprehensive resources for better understanding the innate immune response of A. japonicus.
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- 2023
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3. 单环刺螠响应双酚 A 胁迫的转录组分析.
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许星鸿, 丁子媛, 张馨予, 刘顺, 亓鲁, 王思婕, and 朱大千
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Dalian Ocean University is the property of Journal of Dalian Ocean University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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4. Coelomic fluid of asteroid echinoderms: Current knowledge and future perspectives on its utility for disease and mortality investigations.
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Wahltinez, Sarah J., Byrne, Maria, and Stacy, Nicole I.
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ECHINODERMATA ,STARFISHES ,ASTEROIDS ,WASTE products ,FLUIDS ,SEA urchins - Abstract
Coelomic fluid surrounds the internal organs of asteroid echinoderms (asteroids, otherwise known as sea stars or starfish) and plays an essential role in the immune system, as well as in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste products, and reproductive mediators. Due to its importance in physiology and accessibility for nonlethal diagnostic sampling, coelomic fluid of asteroids provides an excellent sample matrix for health evaluations and can be particularly useful in disease and mortality investigations. This is especially important in light of recent increases in the number of affected individuals and species, larger geographic scope, and increased observed frequency of sea star wasting events compared with historic accounts of wasting. This review summarizes the current knowledge about coelomocytes, the effector cell of the asteroid immune system; coelomic fluid electrolytes, osmolality, acid–base status and respiratory gases, and microbiota; and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic investigations of coelomic fluid. The utility of coelomic fluid analysis for assessing stressor responses, diseases, and mortality investigations is considered with knowledge gaps and future directions identified. This complex body fluid provides an exciting opportunity to increase our understanding of this unique and ecologically important group of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Captivity induces a sweeping and sustained genomic response in a starfish.
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Morin, Marie, Jönsson, Mathias, Wang, Conan K., Craik, David J., Degnan, Sandie M., and Degnan, Bernard M.
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STARFISHES , *CAPTIVITY , *GENE expression , *MARINE animals , *CELL communication , *HEPATITIS C virus - Abstract
Marine animals in the wild are often difficult to access, so they are studied in captivity. However, the implicit assumption that physiological processes of animals in artificial environments are not different from those in the wild has rarely been tested. Here, we investigate the extent to which an animal is impacted by captivity by comparing global gene expression in wild and captive crown‐of‐thorns starfish (COTS). In a preliminary analysis, we compared transcriptomes of three external tissues obtained from multiple wild COTS with a single captive COTS maintained in aquaria for at least 1 week. On average, an astonishingly large 24% of the coding sequences in the genome were differentially expressed. This led us to conduct a replicated experiment to test more comprehensively the impact of captivity on gene expression. Specifically, a comparison of 13 wild with 8 captive COTS coelomocyte transcriptomes revealed significant differences in the expression of 20% of coding sequences. Coelomocyte transcriptomes in captive COTS remain different from those in wild COTS for more than 30 days and show no indication of reverting back to a wild state (i.e. no evidence of acclimation). Genes upregulated in captivity include those involved in oxidative stress and energy metabolism, whereas genes downregulated are involved in cell signalling. These changes in gene expression indicate that being translocated and maintained in captivity has a marked impact on the physiology and health of these echinoderms. This study suggests that caution should be exercised when extrapolating results from captive aquatic invertebrates to their wild counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Chlorine substitution-dependent toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in soil.
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Zhang, Jianying, He, Mengyang, Liu, Yaoxuan, Zhang, Lei, Jiang, Haojie, and Lin, Daohui
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EISENIA foetida , *POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls , *EARTHWORMS , *CHLORINE , *SOIL biology - Abstract
• Pathological changes showed a chlorine substitution-dependent toxicity. • Highly chlorinated PCBs had lower accumulation capacities to earthworms. • Lowly chlorinated PCBs were less toxic to Eisenia fetida. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with different chlorine substitution patterns often coexist in e-waste-processing sites. However, the single and combined toxicity of PCBs to soil organisms and the influence of chlorine substitution patterns remain largely unknown. Herein, we evaluated the distinct in vivo toxicity of PCB28 (a trichlorinated PCB), PCB52 (a tetrachlorinated PCB), PCB101 (a pentachlorinated PCB), and their mixture to earthworm Eisenia fetida in soil, and looked into the underlining mechanisms in an in vitro test using coelomocytes. After a 28-days exposure, all PCBs (up to 10 mg/kg) were not fatal to earthworms, but could induce intestinal histopathological changes and microbial community alterations in the drilosphere system, along with a significant weight loss. Notably, pentachlorinated PCBs with a low bioaccumulation ability showed greater inhibitory effects on the growth of earthworm than lowly chlorinated PCBs, suggesting that bioaccumulation was not the main determinant of chlorine substitution-dependent toxicity. Furthermore, in vitro assays showed that the highly chlorinated PCBs induced a high-percentage apoptosis of eleocytes in the coelomocytes and significantly activated antioxidant enzymes, indicating that the distinct cellular vulnerability to lowly/highly chlorinated PCBs was the main contributor to the PCBs toxicity. These findings emphasize the specific advantage of using earthworms in the control of lowly chlorinated PCBs in soil due to their high tolerance and accumulation ability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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7. Biology of Earthworm in the World of Nanomaterials: New Room, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
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Sahu, Jayanta Kumar, Behera, Rajendra Kumar, Baitharu, Iswar, Naik, Prajna Paramita, Arakha, Manoranjan, editor, Pradhan, Arun Kumar, editor, and Jha, Suman, editor
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- 2022
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8. Bioaccumulation, transformation and toxicity of imidacloprid and dinotefuran in Eisenia fetida under single and binary exposure scenarios.
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Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Shen X, Lv W, Wang X, Zhang J, and Guo X
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Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to individual and binary mixture of imidacloprid (IMI) and dinotefuran (DIN) at 0.05 and 0.5mg/kg for 28 days to investigate their bioaccumulation, transformation and toxicity. IMI was more easily absorbed by earthworms than DIN, and worms didn't accumulate or generate toxic metabolites. The obvious accumulation of neonicotinoids during later period caused significant neural dysfunction, especially when exposed to high-concentration IMI. Meanwhile, oxidative stress indicated by decreased SOD/CAT activity (33.2%-68.1%) and increased MDA (38.4%-55.0%) was induced by binary exposure with high-concentration IMI. By contrast, coelomocytes responded earlier and more strongly than oxidative responses. Coelomocytes' viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were inhibited (23.6%-91.7%) mainly by IMI and binary exposure. Coelomocytes' lactate dehydrogenase activity exerted a fluctuating pattern, suggesting irregular disturbance on cellular functions. This study highlights the role of coelomocytes and the need to consider binary/multiple scenarios and transformation of neonicotinoids in their risk assessment to earthworms., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2024
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9. SEM-2/SoxC regulates multiple aspects of C. elegans postembryonic mesoderm development.
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Baccas M, Ganesan V, Leung A, Pineiro L, McKillop AN, and Liu J
- Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms requires well-orchestrated interplay between cell-intrinsic transcription factors and cell-cell signaling. One set of highly conserved transcription factors that plays diverse roles in development is the SoxC group. C. elegans contains a sole SoxC protein, SEM-2. SEM-2 is essential for embryonic development, and for specifying the sex myoblast (SM) fate in the postembryonic mesoderm, the M lineage. We have identified a novel partial loss-of-function sem-2 allele that has a proline to serine change in the C-terminal tail of the highly conserved DNA-binding domain. Detailed analyses of mutant animals harboring this point mutation uncovered new functions of SEM-2 in the M lineage. First, SEM-2 functions antagonistically with LET-381, the sole C. elegans FoxF/C forkhead transcription factor, to regulate dorsoventral patterning of the M lineage. Second, in addition to specifying the SM fate, SEM-2 is essential for the proliferation and diversification of the SM lineage. Finally, SEM-2 appears to directly regulate the expression of hlh-8 , which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix Twist transcription factor and plays critical roles in proper patterning of the M lineage. Our data, along with previous studies, suggest an evolutionarily conserved relationship between SoxC and Twist proteins. Furthermore, our work identified new interactions in the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying C. elegans postembryonic development and adds to the general understanding of the structure-function relationship of SoxC proteins.
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- 2024
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10. Expression profiles of immune-related genes in coelomocytes during regeneration after evisceration in Apostichopus japonicus
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H F Dang, X Han, Y Guo, Q Li, S G Ye, J Liu, and R J Li
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sea cucumber ,regeneration ,coelomocyte ,immune-related factors ,expression profile ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
A representative echinoderm, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has a special regeneration mechanism. The sea cucumber has no specific immune tissues or organs. Coelomocytes of sea cucumbers are involved in their cellular and humoral immunity. In this study, expression profiles of the main immune-related factors in sea cucumber coelomocytes were detected during coelomocyte regeneration after evisceration in A. japonicus. Immune-related factors Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), Catalase (CAT), C-type lysozyme (C-LYZ), Cathepsin D (CTSD), Melanotransferrin (MTF), Toll-like receptor (TLR), C-type lectin (C-LCT), Complement 3 (C3), Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NF-κB inhibitor (IKB), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Peroxiredoxins (PRX), Nitric oxide synthase(NOS), Caspase-2 (CASP-2), Phenoloxidase (PO), and Glutathione Peroxidase(GPX), Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR at different time points during regeneration. The main immune-related genes in sea cucumber coelomocytes were significantly differentially expressed after evisceration, and an upregulation was observed for the majority of the considered genes. In summary, the discharge of viscera had a significant effect on expression of immune-related genes of sea cucumber coelomocytes. The expression level of each gene had a certain correlation with the sea cucumber regeneration process. The results provide reference data for the immune response of coelomocytes during regeneration.
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- 2020
11. Expression profiles of immune-related genes in coelomocytes during regeneration after evisceration in Apostichopus japonicus.
- Author
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Dang, H. F., Han, X., Guo, Y., Li, Q., Ye, S. G., Liu, J., and Li, R. J.
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GENE expression , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *COELOMOCYTES - Abstract
A representative echinoderm, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus has a special regeneration mechanism. The sea cucumber has no specific immune tissues or organs. Coelomocytes of sea cucumbers are involved in their cellular and humoral immunity. In this study, expression profiles of the main immune-related factors in sea cucumber coelomocytes were detected during coelomocyte regeneration after evisceration in A. japonicus. Immune-related factors Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), Catalase (CAT), C-type lysozyme (C-LYZ), Cathepsin D (CTSD), Melanotransferrin (MTF), Toll-like receptor (TLR), C-type lectin (C-LCT), Complement 3 (C3), Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88), Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), NF-κB inhibitor (IKB), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), Peroxiredoxins (PRX), Nitric oxide synthase(NOS), Caspase-2 (CASP-2), Phenoloxidase (PO), and Glutathione Peroxidase(GPX), Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR at different time points during regeneration. The main immune-related genes in sea cucumber coelomocytes were significantly differentially expressed after evisceration, and an upregulation was observed for the majority of the considered genes. In summary, the discharge of viscera had a significant effect on expression of immune-related genes of sea cucumber coelomocytes. The expression level of each gene had a certain correlation with the sea cucumber regeneration process. The results provide reference data for the immune response of coelomocytes during regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
12. PACAP-Like Compounds of Earthworms: Identification and Putative Functions from Embryonic Development to Brain Regeneration
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Molnar, Laszlo, Engelmann, Peter, Steib, Anita, Pollak, Edit, Kostrzewa, Richard, Series editor, Archer, Trevor, Series editor, Reglodi, Dora, editor, and Tamas, Andrea, editor
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- 2016
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13. Coupled Lipidomics and Digital Pathology as an Effective Strategy to Identify Novel Adverse Outcome Pathways in Eisenia fetida Exposed to MoS2 Nanosheets and Ionic Mo
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Sun, Kailun, White, Jason C., Qiu, Hao, van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., Peijnenburg, Willie J.G.M., He, Erkai, Sun, Kailun, White, Jason C., Qiu, Hao, van Gestel, Cornelis A.M., Peijnenburg, Willie J.G.M., and He, Erkai
- Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets are increasingly applied in several fields, but effective and accurate strategies to fully characterize potential risks to soil ecosystems are lacking. We introduce a coelomocyte-based in vivo exposure strategy to identify novel adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and molecular endpoints from nontransformed (NTMoS2) and ultraviolet-transformed (UTMoS2) MoS2 nanosheets (10 and 100 mg Mo/L) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida using nontargeted lipidomics integrated with transcriptomics. Machine learning-based digital pathology analysis coupled with phenotypic monitoring was further used to establish the correlation between lipid profiling and whole organism effects. As an ionic control, Na2MoO4 exposure significantly reduced (61.2-79.5%) the cellular contents of membrane-associated lipids (glycerophospholipids) in earthworm coelomocytes. Downregulation of the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) verified the Na2MoO4-induced membrane stress. Compared to conventional molybdate, NTMoS2 inhibited genes related to transmembrane transport and caused the differential upregulation of phospholipid content. Unlike NTMoS2, UTMoS2 specifically upregulated the glyceride metabolism (10.3-179%) and lipid peroxidation degree (50.4-69.4%). Consequently, lipolytic pathways were activated to compensate for the potential energy deprivation. With pathology image quantification, we report that UTMoS2 caused more severe epithelial damage and intestinal steatosis than NTMoS2, which is attributed to the edge effect and higher Mo release upon UV irradiation. Our results reveal differential AOPs involving soil sentinel organisms exposed to different Mo forms, demonstrating the potential of liposome analysis to identify novel AOPs and furthermore accurate soil risk assessment
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- 2023
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14. Biochemical and cytological evaluation of the coelomic fluid of Urechis unicinctus: Its responses under pathogenic exposure and potential phagocytic activities.
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Zhu, Long, Wang, Sijie, Cao, Siying, Liu, Shun, Seif, Mohamed, Wang, Lejiang, and Xu, Xinghong
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GRANULOSA cells , *ALKALINE phosphatase , *BLOOD platelets , *FLUIDS , *PHAGOCYTOSIS - Abstract
To characterize the immune functions of the coelomic fluid of echiuran worms (Urechis unicinctus), their cellular composition and biochemical index were initially analyzed. Meanwhile, the phagocytic activity of coelomocytes and the impact of pathogenic infection immuno-related enzymes were explored. Lastly, coelomocyte density and humoral immune factor levels were detected under pathogenic conditions. The results revealed three major coelomocyte types in the coelomic fluid, comprising granular cells, hyaline cells and thrombocytes. Granulosa cells exhibited ability to adsorb and phagocytose with bacteria, whereas hyaline cells and thrombocytes manifested no adsorption and phagocytosis abilities. Additionally, numerous immune factors (such as albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were detected in the coelomic fluid. Following pathogenic stimulation, the coelomocyte density and level of humoral immune factors (SOD, LSZ, ACP, and AKP) were changed. Collectively, the results suggested that humoral immune factors and coelomocytes were sensitive to environmental factors. Taken together, our study indicated that coelomocytes, in conjunction with immune factors in the coelomic fluid, formed an immune barrier in U. unicinctus. • The prime coelomocytes types were granular cells, hyaline cells, and thrombocytes. • Granulosa cells exhibited adsorption and phagocytosis abilities with bacteria. • The humoral immune factors levels were altered after pathogen stimulation. • The coelomocytes and immune factors support the defense system of U. unicinctus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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15. Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Kevin Gee, Danniel Zamora, Teresa Horm, Laeth George, Cameron Upchurch, Justin Randall, Colby Weaver, Caitlin Sanford, Austin Miller, Sebastian Hernandez, Hope Dang, and Hanna Fares
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lysosome ,Caenorhabditis elegans ,coelomocyte ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Lysosomes, the major membrane-bound degradative organelles, have a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes are the terminal compartments in the endocytic pathway, though they display highly dynamic behaviors, fusing with each other and with late endosomes in the endocytic pathway, and with the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis and for wound repair. After fusing with late endosomes, lysosomes are reformed from the resulting hybrid organelles through a process that involves budding of a nascent lysosome, extension of the nascent lysosome from the hybrid organelle, while remaining connected by a membrane bridge, and scission of the membrane bridge to release the newly formed lysosome. The newly formed lysosomes undergo cycles of homotypic fusion and fission reactions to form mature lysosomes. In this study, we used a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans to identify six regulators of lysosome biology. We show that these proteins function in different steps of lysosome biology, regulating lysosome formation, lysosome fusion, and lysosome degradation.
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- 2017
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16. Stress and immune response to bacterial LPS in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816).
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Chiaramonte, Marco, Inguglia, Luigi, Vazzana, Mirella, Deidun, Alan, and Arizza, Vincenzo
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PARACENTROTUS lividus , *SEA urchins , *HSP70 heat-shock proteins , *IMMUNE response , *MICROENCAPSULATION , *HEAT shock proteins , *PEPTIDE antibiotics - Abstract
The immune system of the sea urchin species Paracentrotus lividus is highly complex and, as yet, poorly understood. P. lividus coelomocytes mediate immune response through phagocytosis and encapsulation of non-self particles, in addition to the production of antimicrobial molecules. Despite this understanding, details of exactly how these processes occur and the mechanisms which drive them are still in need of clarification. In this study, we show how the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is able to induce a stress response which increases the levels of the heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90 only a few hours after treatment. This study also shows that LPS treatment increases the expression of the β-thymosin-derivated protein paracentrin, the precursor of antimicrobial peptides. • Immune response in Paracentrotus lividus after stimulation with LPS. • Echinoderm immune response and HSP90 and HSP70 expression. • β-Thymosin modulation following LPS treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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17. 棘皮动物体腔细胞的研究进展.
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任 媛, 李 强, 王轶南, and 李 振
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STARFISHES ,IMMUNE response ,AGGLUTINATION ,ECHINODERMATA ,OCEAN ,SEA cucumbers ,SEA urchins - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Localization and characterization of hematopoietic tissues in adult sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus.
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Li, Qiang, Ren, Yuan, Luan, Linlin, Zhang, Jialin, Qiao, Guo, Wang, Yinan, Ye, Shigen, and Li, Ruijun
- Subjects
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SEA cucumbers , *HEMATOPOIESIS , *NATURAL immunity , *COELOMOCYTES , *IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY - Abstract
Abstract Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus rely on the efficient innate immune mechanisms against invaders, in which the consumption and regeneration of coelomocytes take place at the same time. In the present study, histological features of putative hematopoietic tissues (HPTs) including the rete mirabile, the respiratory tree, the polian vesicle and the coelomic epithelium were characterized. The distribution of transcription factor GATA1 in coelomocytes and putative HPTs was examined by immunohistochemistry. In addition, cell proliferation using EdU labeling and coelomocyte distribution in different tissues using monoclonal antibody labeling were analyzed to further confirm the HPTs. The results showed that two homologs of GATA1 were detected with molecular weight of 43 and 90 kDa in coelomocytes, rete mirabile, respiratory tree and polian vesicle, whereas no signals were detected in the coelomic epithelium. A few cells were detected to be EdU-positive for coelomocytes, which accounted for approximately 9.5%. In the rete mirabile and the respiratory tree, the EdU signals were strong in cells of the tube wall. In the polian vesicle, numerous EdU-positive cells were detected in the cyst wall. In the coelomic epithelium, little EdU signaling was detected. Immunohistochemistry analysis by mAb 3F6 against A. japonicus coelomocytes showed that positive signals were observed in the tube wall of the rete mirabile, respiratory tree, cyst wall of the polian vesicle and in the coelomocyte antrum of coelomic epithelium. These results suggest that the rete mirabile, respiratory tree and polian vesicle are the HPTs of A. japonicus. Highlights • Rete mirabile, respiratory tree, and polian vesicle were suggested as HPTs. • Two homologs of transcription factor GATA1 were detected in the HPTs. • EdU signals were strong in coelomocytes and HPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. In Vitro Interactions of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Earthworm Coelomocytes: Immunotoxicity Assessment
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Natividad Isabel Navarro Pacheco, Radka Roubalova, Jaroslav Semerad, Alena Grasserova, Oldrich Benada, Olga Kofronova, Tomas Cajthaml, Jiri Dvorak, Martin Bilej, and Petra Prochazkova
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earthworm ,coelomocyte ,TiO2 nanoparticles ,reactive oxygen species ,innate immunity ,lipid peroxidation ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are manufactured worldwide. Once they arrive in the soil environment, they can endanger living organisms. Hence, monitoring and assessing the effects of these nanoparticles is required. We focus on the Eisenia andrei earthworm immune cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of TiO2 NPs (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) for 2, 6, and 24 h. TiO2 NPs at all concentrations did not affect cell viability. Further, TiO2 NPs did not cause changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and phagocytic activity. Similarly, they did not elicit DNA damage. Overall, we did not detect any toxic effects of TiO2 NPs at the cellular level. At the gene expression level, slight changes were detected. Metallothionein, fetidin/lysenin, lumbricin and MEK kinase I were upregulated in coelomocytes after exposure to 10 µg/mL TiO2 NPs for 6 h. Antioxidant enzyme expression was similar in exposed and control cells. TiO2 NPs were detected on coelomocyte membranes. However, our results do not show any strong effects of these nanoparticles on coelomocytes at both the cellular and molecular levels.
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- 2021
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20. Ciprofloxacin enhances cadmium toxicity to earthworm Eisenia fetida by altering the gut microorganism composition.
- Author
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Xu, Qiuyun, Shi, Yajuan, Ke, Lingjie, Qian, Li, Zhou, Xuan, and Shao, Xiuqing
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EISENIA foetida ,SOIL biology ,EARTHWORMS ,CIPROFLOXACIN ,SOIL pollution ,CADMIUM - Abstract
The concurrent existence of cadmium (Cd) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in agricultural soils is very common, but presents a challenge to soil organisms. As more attention has been paid to the effect of toxic metals on the migration of antibiotic resistance genes, the critical role of the gut microbiota in CIP-modifying Cd toxicity in earthworms remains unclear. In this study, Eisenia fetida was exposed to Cd and CIP alone or in combination at environmentally relevant concentrations. Cd and CIP accumulation in earthworm increased as their respective spiked concentrations increased. In fact, Cd accumulation increased by 39.7% when 1 mg/kg CIP was added; however, the addition of Cd did not affect CIP uptake. Compared with exposure to Cd alone, a greater ingestion of Cd following combined exposure to Cd and 1 mg/kg CIP resulted in greater oxidative stress and energy metabolism disturbances in earthworms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and apoptosis rate of coelomocytes were more sensitive to Cd than these biochemical indicators. In fact, 1 mg/kg Cd induced the derivation of ROS. Similarly, the toxicity of Cd (5 mg/kg) to coelomocytes was promoted by CIP (1 mg/kg), ROS content in coelomocytes and the apoptosis rate increased by 29.2% and 113.1%, respectively, due to increased Cd accumulation. Further investigation of the gut microorganisms revealed that the decreased abundance of Streptomyces strains (known as Cd accumulation taxa) could be a critical factor for enhanced Cd accumulation and greater Cd toxicity to earthworms following exposure to both Cd and CIP; this was because this microorganism group was eliminated by the simultaneous ingestion of CIP. This study stressed the role of gut microorganisms in altering the toxicity of Cd and CIP combined contamination in soil organisms. More attention should be paid to the ecological risks of such combined contamination in soils. [Display omitted] • Cd disturbed oxidative redox, energy metabolism, coelomocyte state of earthworm. • CIP enhance Cd toxicity to earthworm by promoting Cd uptake. • CIP eliminates Cd-resistant Streptomyces strains in gut to lead more Cd uptake. • Response of coelomocyte are sensitive to Cd stress than biochemical indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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21. Coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei: The new prospects for medicinal antioxidants
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Soolmaz Soleimani, Soumita Mitra, Morteza Yousefzadi, Sakineh Mashjoor, and Hassan Rezadoost
- Subjects
Antioxidant ,DPPH ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Mass spectrometry ,Antioxidants ,Pigment ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Picrates ,medicine ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Coelomocyte ,Spinochrome B ,Chromatography ,Biphenyl Compounds ,Pigments, Biological ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Echinometra mathaei ,chemistry ,Sea Urchins ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Mass spectrum ,Naphthoquinones - Abstract
Echinoid pigments have various biological properties such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities. We aimed to evaluate the extraction of cell-free coelomic fluid (CFCF) and coelomocyte lysate (CL) as well as qualitatively and quantitatively identify the coelomic fluid of Echinometra mathaei as a new source of polyhydroxylatednaphthoquinone (PHNQ) antioxidant pigments. Based on the High Performance liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis in negative mode, the main quinonoid (PHNQ) pigments were identified and quantified. This study also illustrated the total ion current chromatograms and related mass spectra of Spinochrome A, Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, and Echinochrome A in CL and SpinochromeC in CFCF samples. The ions at 221, 279, 265 and 263 m/z correspond to the pseudo-molecular [M − H] ions of Spinochrome B, Spinochrome C, Echinochrome A, and Spinochrome A, respectively. These components have previously been noted from the shells and spines of sea urchins but identification of PHNQs pigments in CL and CFCF of E. mathaei using LC-MS was introduced for the first time. The results also showed that, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of CFCF (88.12 DPPH% scavenging at 70 μg/mL, IC50 =
- Published
- 2021
22. BAG2 mediates coelomocyte apoptosis in Vibrio splendidus challenged sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus
- Author
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Chenghua Li, Xuemei Duan, Bei Wang, Jing Diao, Weiwei Zhang, Yina Shao, Xi Xu, Xuelin Zhao, Minjie Gui, and Ming Guo
- Subjects
Untranslated region ,Programmed cell death ,Apoptosis ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Sea cucumber ,Structural Biology ,Complementary DNA ,Animals ,Luciferase ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Cloning, Molecular ,3' Untranslated Regions ,Molecular Biology ,Coelomocyte ,Conserved Sequence ,Vibrio ,Messenger RNA ,Base Sequence ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,MicroRNAs ,Stichopus ,Apostichopus japonicus ,Molecular Chaperones - Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to the occurrence, development, and immune response of diseases. BCL2-associated athanogene 2 (BAG2) is a member of the BAG family that functions in diverse cellular processes, including cell death, differentiation, and cell division. In this study, we cloned the cDNA full-length of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) BAG2 (AjBAG2) and confirmed it is an anti-apoptotic protein in vitro and in vivo during Vibrio splendidus infection. Moreover, we identified a perfect complementarity between miR-375 and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) sequence of AjBAG2. The miR-375 expression decreased the luciferase activity dose-dependently when co-transfected with the AjBAG2 3'-UTR-luciferase reporter containing the miR-375 target site in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. This inhibition was partially recovered by a miR-375 specific inhibitor. The mRNA and protein levels of AjBAG2 were opposite to that of coelomocytes in challenged sea cucumber when treated with miR-375 mimics or inhibitors. Additionally, miR-375 expression induced coelomocytes apoptosis and blocked the anti-apoptotic activity of AjBAG2. Our data demonstrated that AjBAG2 is an anti-apoptotic protein during V. splendidus infection and this function can be inhibited by miR-375 in sea cucumbers.
- Published
- 2021
23. Coupled Lipidomics and Digital Pathology as an Effective Strategy to Identify Novel Adverse Outcome Pathways in Eisenia fetida Exposed to MoS 2 Nanosheets and Ionic Mo.
- Author
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Sun K, White JC, Qiu H, van Gestel CAM, Peijnenburg WJGM, and He E
- Subjects
- Animals, Lipidomics, Molybdenum toxicity, Ecosystem, Soil, Soil Pollutants toxicity, Oligochaeta metabolism, Adverse Outcome Pathways
- Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2 ) nanosheets are increasingly applied in several fields, but effective and accurate strategies to fully characterize potential risks to soil ecosystems are lacking. We introduce a coelomocyte-based in vivo exposure strategy to identify novel adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and molecular endpoints from nontransformed (NTMoS2 ) and ultraviolet-transformed (UTMoS2 ) MoS2 nanosheets (10 and 100 mg Mo/L) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida using nontargeted lipidomics integrated with transcriptomics. Machine learning-based digital pathology analysis coupled with phenotypic monitoring was further used to establish the correlation between lipid profiling and whole organism effects. As an ionic control, Na2 MoO4 exposure significantly reduced (61.2-79.5%) the cellular contents of membrane-associated lipids (glycerophospholipids) in earthworm coelomocytes. Downregulation of the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) verified the Na2 MoO4 -induced membrane stress. Compared to conventional molybdate, NTMoS2 inhibited genes related to transmembrane transport and caused the differential upregulation of phospholipid content. Unlike NTMoS2 , UTMoS2 specifically upregulated the glyceride metabolism (10.3-179%) and lipid peroxidation degree (50.4-69.4%). Consequently, lipolytic pathways were activated to compensate for the potential energy deprivation. With pathology image quantification, we report that UTMoS2 caused more severe epithelial damage and intestinal steatosis than NTMoS2 , which is attributed to the edge effect and higher Mo release upon UV irradiation. Our results reveal differential AOPs involving soil sentinel organisms exposed to different Mo forms, demonstrating the potential of liposome analysis to identify novel AOPs and furthermore accurate soil risk assessment strategies for emerging contaminants.- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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24. A novel C-type lectin from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (AjCTL-2) with preferential binding of d-galactose.
- Author
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Wang, Hui, Xue, Zhuang, Liu, Zhaoqun, Wang, Weilin, Wang, Feifei, Wang, Ying, Wang, Lingling, and Song, Linsheng
- Subjects
- *
LECTINS , *SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *GALACTOSE , *PROTEIN binding , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are Ca 2+ dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins that share structural homology in their carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). In the present study, a novel CTL was identified from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (named as Aj CTL-2). The deduced amino acid sequence of Aj CTL-2 was homologous to CTLs from other animals with the identities ranging from 33% to 40%. It contained a canonical signal peptide at the N-terminus, a low density lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLa), a C1r/C1s/Uegf/bone morphogenetic protein 1 (CUB), and a CRD with two motifs Glu-Pro-Asn (EPN) and Trp-Asn-Asp (WND) in Ca 2+ binding site 2. The mRNA transcripts of Aj CTL-2 were extensively expressed in all the tested tissues including respiratory tree, muscle, gut, coelomocyte, tube-foot, body wall and gonad, and the highest expression level of Aj CTL-2 in coelomocyte was about 4.2-fold ( p < 0.05) of that in body wall. The mRNA expression level of Aj CTL-2 in coelomocyte increased significantly after Vibrio splendidus stimulation, and dramatically peaked at 12 h, which was 206.4-fold ( p < 0.05) of that in control group. Aj CTL-2 protein was mainly detected in cytoplasm of coelomocyte by immunofluorescence. The recombinant Aj CTL-2 (r Aj CTL-2) displayed binding activity to d -galactose independent of Ca 2+ , while the binding activity to other tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), and mannose (Man) could not be detected. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis further revealed the high binding specificity and moderate binding affinity of r Aj CTL-2 to d -galactose (KD = 4.093 × 10 −6 M). After r Aj CTL-2 was blocked by its polyclonal antibody, the binding activity to d -galactose could not be detected by using a blocking ELISA (B-ELISA). Moreover, r Aj CTL-2 could bind various microorganisms including V. splendidus , V. anguillarum , Staphylococcus aureus , Bifidobacterium breve and Yarrowia lipolytica with the strongest binding activity to B. breve . These results collectively suggested that Aj CTL-2 was a member of CTL superfamily (CTLs) with preferential binding of d -galactose and participated in the immune response of sea cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Regeneration of coelomocytes after evisceration in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus.
- Author
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Li, Qiang, Ren, Yuan, Liang, Chunlei, Qiao, Guo, Wang, Yinan, Ye, Shigen, and Li, Ruijun
- Subjects
- *
SEA cucumbers , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *COELOMOCYTES , *DNA replication , *AMEBOCYTES - Abstract
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus , is one of the most important holothurian species cultured in China. Severe evisceration induced by various natural and artificial factors commonly occurs during transport and culture of A. japonicus. Evisceration causes higher mortality and lower yield. Along with the visceral regeneration process, sea cucumbers also regenerate coelomocytes in order to recover immune function. In this study, evisceration of A. japonicus was induced by intracoelomic injection of 0.35 M KCl. Regeneration of coelomocytes was investigated by time course cell counting as well as detection of DNA replication by the EdU labeling technique. Coelomic fluid volume was restored to the pre-evisceration level within 2 h after evisceration. Total coelomocyte count (TCC) reached a peak at 6 h post-evisceration, followed decreased and then increased with a slight fluctuation, restored to the pre-evisceration level at 35 d post-evisceration. The change in different subtypes of coelomocytes was consistent with that of total coelomocytes. However, there were some variations in the regeneration of coelomocyte subtypes. At the end of the study, only the counts of amoebocytes and morula cells recovered to the pre-evisceration level. DNA replication assay showed EdU-positive cells accounted for 9.5% before evisceration and 4.7% at 6 h post-evisceration. However, the percentage of EdU-positive cells significantly increased, reaching 18.6% at 3 d after evisceration, then declined. Therefore, we analyzed the observed increase in coelomocytes at 6 h post-evisceration, which may be due to coelomocyte migration from the water-vascular system into the coelom rather than de novo cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies to the coelomocytes of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius.
- Author
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Wang, Yinan, Zhang, Jialin, Li, Qiang, Meng, Shaodong, and Ding, Jun
- Subjects
- *
STRONGYLOCENTROTUS , *SEA urchins , *MONOCLONAL antibodies , *COELOMOCYTES , *FLOW cytometry , *WESTERN immunoblotting - Abstract
Sea urchin is one of marine animals with high economic and great scientific research values. Axial organ is a glandular organ that has been presumed as coelomocytes origin site. In this paper, two monoclonal antibodies (3G10 and 6B3) against coelomocytes of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius were developed by hybridoma technique. The mAbs were characterized by indirect immunofluorescence assay test (IIFAT), flow cytometry (FCM) and western blot assay. Results showed that mAb 3G10 recognized a protein of a molecular weight of 17 kDa in the spherule cells, while mAb 6B3 reacted with a protein of a molecular weight of 35 kDa in the phagocytes. Furthermore, specificity analysis revealed that the two mAbs could react with the coelomocytes of sea urchin S. nudus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus , but not with those of other common echinoderms including sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and starfish Asterias rollestoni. To determine whether the coelomocytes exist in the axial organ of sea urchin, the IIFAT assays were carried out based on the two mAbs. Result showed that positive fluorescence signals were distributed in the organ. It was revealed that the axial organ was rich in coelomocytes, which suggests that the organ may play as a producing source or reservoir in the ontogenesis of coelomocytes of sea urchin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Sea star wasting disease pathology in Pisaster ochraceus shows a basal-to-surface process affecting color phenotypes differently
- Author
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Tina M. Weatherby, Ryan M Besemer, Ian Hewson, Thierry M. Work, and Christopher M. DeRito
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0303 health sciences ,Wasting Syndrome ,Sea star wasting disease ,Zoology ,Disease ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Sloughing ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Starfish ,03 medical and health sciences ,Basal (phylogenetics) ,Pisaster ochraceus ,Phenotype ,Echinoderm ,Animals ,Autotomy ,Coelomocyte ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Sea star wasting disease (SSWD) refers to a suite of poorly described non-specific clinical signs including abnormal posture, epidermal ulceration, and limb autotomy (sloughing) causing mortalities of over 20 species of sea stars and subsequent ecological shifts throughout the northeastern Pacific. While SSWD is widely assumed to be infectious, with environmental conditions facilitating disease progression, few data exist on cellular changes associated with the disease. This is unfortunate, because such observations could inform mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and host susceptibility. Here, we replicated SSWD by exposing captive Pisaster ochraceus to a suite of non-infectious organic substances and show that development of gross lesions is a basal-to-surface process involving inflammation (e.g. infiltration of coelomocytes) of ossicles and mutable collagenous tissue, leading to epidermal ulceration. Affected sea stars also manifest increases in a heretofore undocumented coelomocyte type, spindle cells, that might be a useful marker of inflammation in this species. Finally, compared to purple morphs, orange P. ochraceus developed more severe lesions but survived longer. Longer-lived, and presumably more visible, severely-lesioned orange sea stars could have important demographic implications in terms of detectability of lesioned animals in the wild and measures of apparent prevalence of disease.
- Published
- 2021
28. Comparative study of coelomocytes from Arbacia lixula and Lythechinus variegatus: Cell characterization and in vivo evidence of the physiological function of vibratile cells
- Author
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Márcio R. Custódio, Marco Chiaramonte, Luigi Inguglia, Sandra Marcia Muxel, and Vinicius Queiroz
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cell Separation ,Aquatic Science ,Flow cytometry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Immune system ,Lytechinus ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Propidium iodide ,Arbacia lixula ,Coelomocyte ,Sea urchin ,Lytechinus variegatus ,Arbacia ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Flow Cytometry ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,CITOMETRIA DE FLUXO ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Echinoderm ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries - Abstract
The knowledge on echinoderm coelomocytes has increased in recent years, but researchers still face a complex problem: how to obtain purified cells. Even flow cytometry being useful to address coelomocytes in suspension, the need for a method able to provide isolated cells is still noteworthy. Here, we use Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) to characterize the coelomocytes of two sea urchin species - Arbacia lixula and Lytechinus variegatus - and obtain gates to isolate cell populations. Then, we used these gates to study the physiological response of A. lixula coelomocytes during an induced immune challenge with Escherichia coli. An analysis of area and aspect ratio parameters of the flow cytometer allowed the identification of two main cell populations in the coelomic fluid: circular and elongated cells. A combination of this method with nucleus labeling using propidium iodide allowed the determination of gates containing isolated subpopulations of vibratile cells, red spherulocytes, and two phagocytes subpopulations in both species. We observed that during an induced bacterial immune challenge, A. lixula was able to modulate coelomocyte frequencies, increasing the phagocytes and decreasing red spherulocytes and vibratile cells. These results indicate that vibratile cells and red spherulocytes act by immobilizing and stoping bacterial growth, respectively, cooperating with phagocytes in the immune response. The use of IFC was fundamental not only to identify specific gates for the main coelomic subpopulations but also allowed the investigation on how echinoids modulate their physiological responses during immune challenges. Furthermore, we provide the first experimental evidence about the role of vibratile cells, corroborating its involvement with the immune system.
- Published
- 2021
29. Isolation of probiotics and their effects on growth, antioxidant and non-specific immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus
- Author
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Zhao Lanting, Zhengfu Feng, Xiaojun Song, and Wei Zhu
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Bacillus ,Aquatic Science ,Hemolysis ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Probiotic ,Sea cucumber ,Fish meal ,stomatognathic system ,law ,Fish Products ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Food science ,Mantle (mollusc) ,Coelomocyte ,biology ,Superoxide Dismutase ,Probiotics ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Catalase ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal Feed ,Diet ,Pectinidae ,Pseudoalteromonas ,030104 developmental biology ,Stichopus ,Fermentation ,Apostichopus japonicus ,Scallop ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Muramidase - Abstract
Probiotics play vital roles in controlling diseases, enhancing specific and non-specific immunity and stimulating growth in the aquaculture industry. However, the effect of fermentation of feed by probiotics on the immune ability of sea cucumber has not been reported to date. Here, three candidate probiotic strains (Bacillus species) were isolated from the culture seawater and sediment of sea cucumber, and fishmeal and scallop mantle fermented by the candidate probiotic strains were used to feed sea cucumber. The results showed that the free amino acid and small peptide contents of the fishmeal and scallop mantle were significantly increased after fermentation for 72 h. However, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber showed no significant differences among the fermented fishmeal, fermented scallop mantle and control groups. Scallop mantle fermented by the three candidate probiotics could increase the coelomocyte number and respiratory burst activity. The immune-related enzymatic activity was increased after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes was reduced. The expression levels of immune- and antioxidant-related genes were changed after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle. Taken together, our results suggest that probiotics could increase the immunocompetence of sea cucumber, and fermented scallop mantle might be a potential substitute for fishmeal during feed preparation. Our results lay a foundation for further understanding the relationship between probiotics and the non-specific immunity of sea cucumber.
- Published
- 2020
30. The C. elegans Spalt-like protein SEM-4 functions through the SoxC transcription factor SEM-2 to promote a proliferative blast cell fate in the postembryonic mesoderm.
- Author
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Shen, Qinfang, Shi, Herong, Tian, Chenxi, Ghai, Vikas, and Liu, Jun
- Subjects
- *
CAENORHABDITIS elegans , *SOX transcription factors , *CELL proliferation , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *MESODERM - Abstract
Proper development of a multicellular organism relies on well-coordinated regulation of cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The C. elegans postembryonic mesoderm provides a useful system for uncovering factors involved in these processes and for further dissecting their regulatory relationships. The single Spalt-like zinc finger containing protein SEM-4/SALL is known to be involved in specifying the proliferative sex myoblast (SM) fate. We have found that SEM-4/SALL is sufficient to promote the SM fate and that it does so in a cell autonomous manner. We further showed that SEM-4/SALL acts through the SoxC transcription factor SEM-2 to promote the SM fate. SEM-2 is known to promote the SM fate by inhibiting the expression of two BWM-specifying transcription factors. In light of recent findings in mammals showing that Sall4, one of the mammalian homologs of SEM-4, contributes to pluripotency regulation by inhibiting differentiation, our work suggests that the function of SEM-4/SALL proteins in regulating pluripotency versus differentiation appears to be evolutionarily conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans.
- Author
-
Gee, Kevin, Zamora, Danniel, Horm, Teresa, George, Laeth, Upchurch, Cameron, Randall, Justin, Weaver, Colby, Sanford, Caitlin, Miller, Austin, Hernandez, Sebastian, Hope Dang, and Fares, Hanna
- Subjects
- *
CAENORHABDITIS elegans , *LYSOSOMES , *EXOCYTOSIS , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Lysosomes, the major membrane-bound degradative organelles, have a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes are the terminal compartments in the endocytic pathway, though they display highly dynamic behaviors, fusing with each other and with late endosomes in the endocytic pathway, and with the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis and for wound repair. After fusing with late endosomes, lysosomes are reformed from the resulting hybrid organelles through a process that involves budding of a nascent lysosome, extension of the nascent lysosome from the hybrid organelle, while remaining connected by a membrane bridge, and scission of the membrane bridge to release the newly formed lysosome. The newly formed lysosomes undergo cycles of homotypic fusion and fission reactions to form mature lysosomes. In this study, we used a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans to identify six regulators of lysosome biology. We show that these proteins function in different steps of lysosome biology, regulating lysosome formation, lysosome fusion, and lysosome degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Differential count and time-course analysis of the cellular composition of coelomocyte aggregate of the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.
- Author
-
Taguchi, M., Tsutsui, S., and Nakamura, O.
- Subjects
- *
COELOMOCYTES , *APOSTICHOPUS japonicus , *CELL aggregation , *ECHINODERMATA , *ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC acid - Abstract
Echinoderms have many types of coelomocytes, which have been known to form aggregates immediately after they are removed from the coelom. To assess the roles that each type of coelomocyte plays in aggregate formation, cellular components of coelomocyte aggregates of the Japanese sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus , were investigated. The coelomocytes were tentatively classified into 12 types based on May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining. After the coelom was incubated for 30 min or 6 h, the aggregates were disaggregated completely with 200 mM EDTA. Differential counts of the dissociated cells indicated that the largest component of the aggregates was amoebocytes (67.8%) and the second-largest component of the aggregates incubated 30 min was a type of basophilic granulocyte. In the 6h-incubated aggregates, the fraction of amoebocytes decreased to 59.0%, while that of lymphoid cells significantly increased, which suggests that lymphoid cells participate in late-stage aggregation. After 24-h incubation, only a portion of the aggregated cells could be disaggregated with EDTA. After 48 h, most of the cells could not be detached from the aggregates. Microscopy of frozen sections of the aggregates after 6-h incubation revealed that amoebocytes constructed a mesh-like structure to which other types of cells adhered. After 48 h, the borders of the cells and the intracellular granules were not recognizable. In time-lapse microscopy, the aggregates were observed to move on a glass slide, which suggests that aggregates can “crawl” on the intraluminal surface of the coelom toward, for example, injured regions in the body of the sea cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. From Coelomocytes to Colored Aggregates: Cellular Components and Processes Involved in the Immune Response of the HolothuroidCucumaria frondosa
- Author
-
Annie Mercier, Jean-François Hamel, and Guillaume Caulier
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cucumaria ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Coelom ,Biology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Coelomocyte ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cell biology - Abstract
While so-called brown bodies were first defined in the 1950s as colorful aggregates of cells in the general cavity of echinoderms and other marine benthic taxa, their distribution and role have not yet been fully clarified. This work characterized free coelomocytes and corresponding aggregates ("bodies") in the hydrovascular system and perivisceral coelom, as well as those attached on the membranes of the viscera, in the holothuroid Cucumaria frondosa. Responses to the presence of foreign particles were investigated, providing novel insights on the immune system. A total of eight coelomocyte cell types was detected, while aggregates were formed of three to six types of coelomocytes. Only red-colored aggregates were found in the hydrovascular system, whereas brown aggregates were confined to the perivisceral coelom. The encapsulation mechanism of foreign particles injected in the hydrovascular system was monitored. Particles were first gathered by phagocytes and vibratile, crystal, and morula cells into a whitish aggregate that was then covered by hemocytes, imparting a red color to the aggregates. After their transfer to the perivisceral coelom, aggregates became brown and were ultimately expelled through the anus. Finally, a range of stressors (i.e., harvesting method, presence of a predator, and physical injury) was found to increase the abundance of aggregates, thus highlighting the role of these bodies in the immune response of C. frondosa.
- Published
- 2020
34. Anthracene-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress: a combined study at molecular and cellular levels
- Author
-
Jingchun Tang, Rutao Liu, Wansong Zong, Kailun Sun, and Yan Song
- Subjects
DNA damage ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Coelomocyte ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Anthracenes ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Anthracene ,Reactive oxygen species ,biology ,Superoxide Dismutase ,General Medicine ,Catalase ,Pollution ,Comet assay ,Oxidative Stress ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Biophysics ,Comet Assay ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Intracellular ,Oxidative stress ,DNA Damage - Abstract
At present, research progress of anthracene's toxicity lags far behind the pollution caused on its application fields such as petroleum and minerals. In this paper, anthracene-induced oxidative stress effects and genetic toxicity were investigated at both the molecular and cellular levels. The intracellular oxidative stress effect of anthracene on earthworm primary coelomocyte was confirmed by the detection of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes activity, and malondialdehyde content. Moreover, after anthracene exposure, the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability also indicated the adverse effects of anthracene on earthworm coelomocyte. The comet assay proved the break in DNA strand, revealing the anthracene-induced DNA damage. On the molecular level, we revealed that anthracene caused the shrinkage of the catalase skeleton and altered the microenvironment of chromophores of catalase by multi-spectral methods. Molecular simulation results indicated that anthracene interacted with His74 by "arene-arene" force and the dominant binding site between anthracene and catalase was close to the active site of catalase. In addition, anthracene was shown to bind to the DNA molecule by groove binding mode. This study proposed a new combined analysis method for the toxicity evaluation of anthracene at the cellular and molecular levels. Graphical abstract This study creatively proposed a new combined analysis for the toxicity evaluation of ANT at the cellular and molecular levels.
- Published
- 2020
35. The Immunocytochemical Identification of PIWI-Positive Cells during the Recovery of a Coelomocyte Population after Evisceration in the Holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix (Djakonov et Baranova, 1958) (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota)
- Author
-
Ekaterina V. Shamshurina, M. G. Eliseikina, and E. G. Zavalnaya
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Cellular differentiation ,Population ,Piwi-interacting RNA ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Oceanography ,01 natural sciences ,Flow cytometry ,Andrology ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Coelom ,Evisceration (autotomy) ,Induced pluripotent stem cell ,education ,Coelomocyte ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
The quantitative dynamics of coelomic fluid cells of Eupentacta fraudatrix (Djakonov et Baranova, 1958) were studied by flow cytometry within a day after evisceration. A differently directed dynamics pattern was noted among groups of poorly differentiated juvenile cells and differentiated cells during regeneration. The juvenile coelomocyte fraction increased, while the content of differentiated cells decreased and vice versa. The use of PIWI protein as a pluripotent stem cell marker allowed us to distinguish a PIWI-positive cell subset among juvenile coelomocytes. Their content in the coelomic fluid was highest during early regeneration at 1 and 4 h after evisceration and decreased at 24 h after evisceration.
- Published
- 2020
36. Transcriptome analysis of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) polian vesicles in response to evisceration
- Author
-
Weibo Shi, Jialin Zhang, Qingkui Wang, Qiang Li, Yuan Ren, Jinlin Ji, Guo Qiao, Liyuan Guo, and Yinan Wang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Aquatic Science ,Transcriptome ,03 medical and health sciences ,Sea cucumber ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,KEGG ,Coelomocyte ,Gene ,Cell Proliferation ,biology ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Wnt signaling pathway ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Stichopus ,Apostichopus japonicus ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Evisceration (autotomy) ,Metabolic Networks and Pathways ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Polian vesicles are considered as the site of coelomocyte formation, and play crucial roles in the inflammatory reaction in sea cucumber. After evisceration, coelomocytes and internal organs except polian vesicles are excreted. Our previous study found that the total number of coelomocytes was rapidly recovered at 6 h post-evisceration in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, and this regeneration of coelomocytes might be closely related to polian vesicles. To further investigate the related-gene expression pattern of the polian vesicles at 6 h post-evisceration, the transcriptome analysis of polian vesicles was carried out. A total of 2752 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1,453 up-regulated genes and 1299 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment showed that most of the DEGs were classified under Regulation of transcription, Regulation of RNA metabolic process, Regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription. Meanwhile, 11 significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were identified. Among them, Wnt, TGF-β and Endocytosis pathways are well-related with cell proliferation and differentiation, which may be involved in the regeneration of coelomocytes in A. japonicus after evisceration. In addition, FoxO signaling pathway plays important roles in immunoregulation, in which the expression levels of the DEGs were significantly up-regulated, inferring that polian vesicles could not only participate in the coelomocyte regeneration process, but also undertake a certain immune defense function in A. japonicus after evisceration. These findings will be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms of coelomocyte regeneration and immune defense of A. japonicus after evisceration.
- Published
- 2020
37. Colonization and Probiotic Effect of Metschnikowia sp. C14 in the Intestine of Juvenile Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus
- Author
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Yu‐Bin Liu, Ming Li, Yuexin Ma, Jianfeng Ding, Pengyun Bao, and Jian Song
- Subjects
Lysis ,biology ,Ocean Engineering ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Oceanography ,biology.organism_classification ,Respiratory burst ,law.invention ,Sea cucumber ,Probiotic ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animal science ,chemistry ,law ,Apostichopus japonicus ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Juvenile ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Lysozyme ,Coelomocyte - Abstract
Viable cell count was used to determine whether Metschnikowia sp. C14 can colonize the intestine of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus . Sea cucumber individuals were divided into two groups, which were fed the control diet for 38 days or the C14-supplemented diet at 10 5 cells g −1 diet for 28 days, then the control diet from day 29 to day 38. The number of C14 cells in the intestine of sea cucumber fed the C14-supplemented diet significantly increased from day 7 to day 28, and decreased from day 29 to day 38. Sea cucumber fed with the diet containing C14 showed a significant increase in trypsin activity and lipase activity from day 21 to day 33 compared with the control. Feeding C14 significantly improved the phagocytic activity and respiratory burst in coelomocytes from day 21 to day 35 and from day 14 to day 38, respectively. In addition, there was an obvious enhancement in lysozyme activity (from day 21 to day 38 or day 33), phenoloxidase activity (from day 21 to day 28) and total nitric oxide synthase activity (from day 14 to day 38) in coelomic fluid supernatant and/or coelomocyte cell lysate supernatant compared with the control. There were significant positive correlations between the number of C14 cells colonizing the intestine and trypsin activity of the intestine, lysozyme activity of the coelomic fluid supernatant and coelomocyte lysate supernatant from sea cucumber. These data suggested that the number of C14 cells should be maintained at 10 5 cfu (colony-forming units) g −1 intestine material for the maximum benefit.
- Published
- 2020
38. Cellular, Hormonal, and Behavioral Responses of the Holothuroid Cucumaria frondosa to Environmental Stressors
- Author
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Sara Jobson, Jean-François Hamel, Taylor Hughes, and Annie Mercier
- Subjects
Science ,Ocean Engineering ,Biology ,cortisol ,QH1-199.5 ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,salinity ,Cucumaria ,Sea cucumber ,coelomocytes ,stress ,Aquaculture ,Marine ecosystem ,Coelomocyte ,Water Science and Technology ,Global and Planetary Change ,Deuterostome ,Ecology ,business.industry ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,biology.organism_classification ,echinoderm ,Echinoderm ,aquaculture ,Benthic zone ,business - Abstract
Holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are one of the most ubiquitous groups of benthic animals found across diverse marine ecosystems. As echinoderms, they also occupy an important place in the evolutionary hierarchy, sitting close to vertebrates in the deuterostome clade, making them valuable multidisciplinary model organisms. Apart from being ecologically and phylogenetically important, many species are commercially exploited for luxury seafood markets. With the global rise of aquaculture and fisheries, management and protection of these valuable species relies on a better understanding of how their immune systems respond to environmental and anthropogenic stressors. Here, the cellular, hormonal and behavioral indicators of stress in the North Atlantic sea cucumberCucumaria frondosawere examined. The immediate and carry-over (post recovery) effects of a 1-hour exposure to low salinities or to emersion (at two temperatures) highlighted that morphoplasticity inC. frondosawas accompanied by shifts in all monitored indicators. From baseline levels measured in controls, densities of free coelomocytes increased, showing successions of specific cell types and subsequent coelomocyte aggregations, combined with a rise in cortisol levels. These responses mirrored increased fluctuations in cloacal opening rates, decreased force of attachment to the substrate, and enhanced movements and active buoyancy adjustment with increasingly severe stressors. The findings suggest that many systems of sea cucumbers are impacted by stresses that can be associated with harvesting and handling methods, with likely implications for the quality of the processed products. Gaining a deeper understanding of immune and hormonal responses of sea cucumbers is not only of broad ecological and evolutionary value, but also helpful for the development of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture practices, and conservation programs.
- Published
- 2021
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39. Nonlinear analysis of the morphology of hemocytes from the sea stars Aphelasterias japonica (Bell, 1881), Patiria pectinifera (Muller et Troschel, 1842), and the bivalve Callista brevisiphonata (Carpenter, 1864).
- Author
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Karetin, Yu.
- Abstract
A comparative analysis of the morphology of in vitro flattened coelomocytes of two starfish species, Aphelasterias japonica and Patiria pectinifera (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), and hemocytes of the bivalve Callista brevisiphonata (Mollusca: Bivalvia) was performed using a number of nonlinear parameters including several types of fractal dimensions and lacunarities. The visually 'chaotic' shapes of in vitro flattened hemocytes and coelomocytes of the studied marine invertebrate species significantly differ in a number of nonlinear parameters. This fact allows numerical description of the morphology of hemolymph cells of the studied animals and gives grounds to assume a species specificity of the biological differences that influence the morphology of in vitro flattened cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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40. Sensing microorganisms in the gut triggers the immune response in Eisenia andrei earthworms.
- Author
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Dvořák, Jiří, Roubalová, Radka, Procházková, Petra, Rossmann, Pavel, Škanta, František, and Bilej, Martin
- Subjects
- *
GUT microbiome , *IMMUNE response , *EARTHWORMS , *DETECTION of microorganisms , *MESSENGER RNA , *COELOMOCYTES - Abstract
The tube-within-tube body plan of earthworms is appropriate for studying the interactions of microorganisms with the immune system of body cavities such as the digestive tract and coelom. This study aims to describe the immune response on the molecular and cellular level in the coelomic cavity and the gut of the earthworm Eisenia andrei after experimental microbial challenge by administering two bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis ) or yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the environment. The changes in mRNA levels of defense molecules (pattern recognition receptor CCF, lysozyme, fetidin/lysenins) in the coelomocytes and gut tissue were determined by quantitative PCR. The immune response at a cellular level was captured in histological sections, and the expression of CCF was localized using in situ hybridization. Coelomocytes respond to the presence of bacteria in the coelomic cavity by increasing the mRNA levels of defense molecules, especially CCF. The immune response in gut tissue is less affected by microbial stimulation because the epithelial cells of gut exhibit basically strong mRNA synthesis of ccf as a defense against the continuous microbial load in the gut lumen. The cellular immune response is mediated by coelomocytes released from the mesenchymal lining of the coelomic cavity. These combined immune mechanisms are necessary for the survival of earthworms in the microbially rich environment of soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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41. The sea urchin immune system
- Author
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LC Smith, JP Rast, V Brockton, DP Terwilliger, SV Nair, KM Buckley, and AJ Majeske
- Subjects
evolution ,deuterostome ,echinoderm ,coelomocyte ,innate immunity ,diversification ,complement ,185/333 genes ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Metchnikoff’s use of sea star larvae to observe encapsulation and phagocytosis, which was followedmuch later by allograft rejection kinetics, revealed that echinoderms had an innate immune system thatwas lacking of adaptive attributes. Larval sea urchins mount defenses in response to contact withmicrobes, which are mediated by phagocytic blastocoelar cells and pigment cells. In the adult, thecoelomocytes mediate immune responses through phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign particles inaddition to degranulation of antimicrobial molecules. Molecular analysis of immune functions in the seaurchin has demonstrated a complement system that appears to have multiple alternative pathways andseveral activators of the lectin pathway, but may be missing the terminal pathway. Other genes andproteins involved in the sea urchin immunity include expanded sets of lectins, proteins with scavengerreceptor cysteine-rich repeats, Toll-like receptors and associated signalling proteins. A vast array ofproteins belonging to the 185/333 family are expressed in coelomocytes in response to lipopolysaccharideand show a surprising level of diversity. The sea urchin innate immune system has a number of largegene families with unexpected complexities and elevated levels of diversification.
- Published
- 2006
42. Identification and characterization of proteins with phenoloxidase-like activities in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus.
- Author
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Cheng, Yuhui, Jiang, Jingwei, Dong, Ying, and Zhou, Zunchun
- Subjects
- *
PHENOL oxidase , *STRONGYLOCENTROTUS , *PH effect , *SODIUM sulfites , *VITAMIN C - Abstract
Three proteins with PO-like activities in the coelomocytes of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus were identified using electrophoretic method and named as SnPO1, SnPO2 and SnPO3 according to their molecular mass from high to low. The SnPOs were characterized for substrate specificity and the effects of temperature, pH, divalent metal ions and inhibitors on PO activities. They showed oxidative activities to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. ( l -DOPA), dopamine and hydroquinone, but failed to oxidize tyrosine, which illustrated the three proteins had laccase-like PO activities. The optimum temperature for the activities of SnPO1, SnPO2 and SnPO3 was 75 °C, 70 °C, 40 °C, and the optimum pH was 7.0, 9.0, 8.0, respectively. The SnPOs were notably activated after being incubated in boiled water for 60 min, suggesting that the three proteins are thermophilic. The activity of SnPO1 was greatly enhanced by Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ and inhibited by Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , EDTA, DETC, sodium sulfite and ascorbic acid, but SnPO2 and SnPO3 were not obviously affected by Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ , suggesting the three proteins are copper-containing, and the catalytic properties of SnPO1 might be different from those of SnPO2 and SnPO3. Taken together, SnPO1, SnPO2 and SnPO3 might play different roles in the immune and physiological processes of S. nudus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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43. Effects of Jerusalem artichoke powder on the growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and gastrointestinal microbiota of sea cucumber
- Author
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Xiaozhen Zhu, Xianyao Meng, Yuetao Yi, and Chenchen Jia
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Inulin ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Aquatic Science ,Gut flora ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Sea cucumber ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Immunity ,Apostichopus japonicus ,040102 fisheries ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Composition (visual arts) ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Coelomocyte ,Jerusalem artichoke - Abstract
This study investigated how Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) affected the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Animals were fed diets containing antibiotic (1 ppm) or five levels of JAP (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg). After the feeding trial, three sea cucumbers were sampled per tank to assay for immunity and gut microbiota composition. Dietary supplementation of 2.5 g/kg JAP significantly improved the growth rate and phenoloxidase activity of sea cucumbers. The diet containing 5 g/kg of JAP increased the survival rate and phagocytic activity, and the diet containing 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth rate and total coelomocyte count of sea cucumbers. Moreover, exposure to antibiotics significantly changed the microbiota of sea cucumbers, while the JAP supplementation stimulated the development of microbiota communities, which could be more homogeneous. Supplementing the diets with 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth of Rhodobacterales, and this may underlie the higher growth rate of sea cucumbers in this treatment. Considered together, our results suggest that supplementing the diet of sea cucumber with JAP may be beneficial for nonantibiotic farming of sea cucumber.
- Published
- 2019
44. Analysis of oxidative stress and cellular aggregation in the coelomocytes of earthworms collected from metal contaminated sites of industrial and agricultural soils of West Bengal, India
- Author
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Arunodaya Gautam, Sajal Ray, Mitali Ray, Abhishek Ray, and Subhadeep Das
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,India ,010501 environmental sciences ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Antioxidants ,Mining ,Superoxide dismutase ,Soil ,Superoxides ,medicine ,Animals ,Soil Pollutants ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ecotoxicology ,Oligochaeta ,Coelomocyte ,Cell Aggregation ,Glutathione Transferase ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reactive oxygen species ,biology ,Superoxide Dismutase ,Chemistry ,Earthworm ,Agriculture ,General Medicine ,Catalase ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Soil contamination ,Coelomomyces ,Oxidative Stress ,Metals ,Environmental chemistry ,biology.protein ,Environmental Pollution ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Oxidative stress ,Cadmium ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Endogeic earthworm Metaphire posthuma (Valliant, 1868) is a common biological component of the tropical soil of India and other countries. The species is reported to influence fertility and porosity of soil and bear a high composting potential. Intensive agricultural, industrial, and mining activities increase the amount of toxic metals in soil causing physiological adversity in earthworm and other biotic components in soil. Coelomocytes, the chief immunoeffector cells of earthworm, perform diverse physiological functions under the challenge of toxins and pathogens. The experimental earthworms collected separately from soils with agricultural and tannery activities were subjected to quantitation of prooxidation and antioxidation parameters for estimation of oxidative stress. Total count, cellular aggregation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion, nitric oxide, activities of phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-s-transferase, and amount of total protein were estimated in the coelomocytes of M. posthuma as experimental end points of toxicity screening. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury were determined in the soil samples to assess the degree of toxic contamination. The increase in the amount of prooxidants and decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes indicated the signs of oxidative stress in the coelomocytes of the organism. Aggregation of circulating coelomocytes is considered as an immune response involved in pathogen encapsulation response as reported in many invertebrates. Decrease in coelomocyte aggregation in earthworm collected from contaminated sites suggested a state of inappropriate shift of the innate immune status. Toxin-induced oxidative stress and reductions in cell aggregation response are the signs of immunocompromisation of M. posthuma. Present findings bear a prospect of this experimental species as an indicator of soil pollution.
- Published
- 2019
45. Arginase Activity in Eisenia andrei Coelomocytes: Function in the Earthworm Innate Response
- Author
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Joanna Homa, Magdalena Chadzinska, and Alina Klosowska
- Subjects
Lipopolysaccharide ,Eisenia andrei ,Catalysis ,Article ,Microbiology ,Inorganic Chemistry ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rhabditida ,coelomocytes ,Immune system ,In vivo ,Metals, Heavy ,Animals ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Oligochaeta ,earthworm ,Molecular Biology ,Coelomocyte ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Spectroscopy ,Innate immune system ,biology ,Organic Chemistry ,arginase ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunity, Innate ,Computer Science Applications ,Arginase ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,innate immune response ,Wound healing - Abstract
Arginase is the manganese metalloenzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea. In vertebrates, arginase is involved in the immune response, tissue regeneration, and wound healing and is an important marker of alternative anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. In invertebrates, data concerning the role of arginase in these processes are very limited. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on the changes in arginase activity in the coelomocytes of Eisenia andrei. We studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), heavy metals ions (e.g., Mn2+), parasite infection, wound healing, and short-term fasting (5 days) on arginase activity. For the first time in earthworms, we described arginase activity in the coelomocytes and found that it can be up-regulated upon in vitro stimulation with LPS and H2O2 and in the presence of Mn2+ ions. Moreover, arginase activity was also up-regulated in animals in vivo infected with nematodes or experiencing segment amputation, but not in fasting earthworms. Furthermore, we confirmed that the activity of coelomocyte arginase can be suppressed by l-norvaline. Our studies strongly suggest that similarly to the vertebrates, also in the earthworms, coelomocyte arginase is an important element of the immune response and wound healing processes.
- Published
- 2021
46. Can the use of medical muds cause genotoxicity in eukaryotic cells? A trial using comet assay.
- Author
-
Gerencsér, Gellért, Szendi, Katalin, Berényi, Károly, and Varga, Csaba
- Subjects
EUKARYOTIC cells ,GENETIC toxicology ,SKIN diseases ,GYNECOLOGY ,ACTIVATION (Chemistry) ,COELOMOCYTES ,DNA damage - Abstract
Despite the lack of knowledge of their exact effects, peloids (natural muds) are widely applied in clinical treatment and prevention of different diseases, especially in rheumatic and gynecological disorders or skin diseases. Primarily we have information on their inorganic components, but only limited data are available on the organic components and nothing on their mechanism of chemical action. The objective of the present study was to detect the DNA-damaging effects (possible genotoxic effect) of peloid samples using the single-cell comet assay on Long Evans rat lymphocytes, human lymphocytes, and Eisenia fetida coelomocytes. Rat and human lymphocytes were exposed to the in toto peloid samples, in vitro. The Eisenia cells were extracted from the coelom of animals kept in the intact peloid sample. An indicator derived from the DNA fluorescence intensity was used in the statistical evaluation. The predominantly organic (Hévíz) sample showed a significant alteration from the negative control in several cases, while the inorganic (Kolop) applied did not. A higher quantity of organic compounds may have an important role in the emergence of DNA damage. The results revealed that medical muds have not only positive health effects but can also contain substances with potential human toxicity risk. Our research provides essential steps towards the creation of a toxicity profile and the possible safe use of peloids as medicinal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Determining the monosaccharides of the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) coelomocytes via the CapLC-ESI-MS/MS system and the lectin histochemistry.
- Author
-
Şener, Ecem and Deveci, Remziye
- Subjects
- *
MONOSACCHARIDES , *SEA urchins , *COELOMOCYTES , *HISTOCHEMISTRY , *LECTINS , *LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry - Abstract
The essential mechanism within immune systems is the recognition of pathogens and parasites by the immune system cells, which attach to their targets and destroy them. Glycans are fundamental macromolecular components of all cells, and are important in the vertebrate immunity. But, glycans have been investigated rarely in coelomocytes of echinoids. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the monosaccharides which form glycan chains on the sea urchin immune system cells, coelomocytes, via analytical and lectin histochemistry methods. The study material is the coelomocytes obtained from adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus . In order to analyze the monosaccharides with the Capillary Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (CapLC-ESI-MS/MS) system, the samples underwent hydrolysation, reacetylation and derivatization steps. In order to determine the monosaccharides with the lectin histochemistry, the cells were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated PNA, HPA, WGA-suc, WGA, and PSL lectins and then photographed with the fluorescence microscope. As a result of the CapLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis; mannose, ribose, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, arabinose, xylose and fucose monosaccharides were detected. A peak area calculation analysis revealed the most prevalent saccharides as glucose, galactose and fucose, respectively. Lectin histochemistry came out with higher intensity emission signals obtained from the FITC-conjugated lectin WGA, which is specific to N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid in comparison to the emission obtained from the sialic acid unspecific WGA-suc lectin. This finding indicates the existence of sialic acid within coelomocytes. Fluorescent emissions from other lectins were detected at lower levels. Determination of the monosaccharides which form glycan chains of the sea urchin coelomocytes and elucidating their similarities among other invertebrate and vertebrate systems is vital in terms of understanding the uncovered complex features of the immune systems of higher vertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Comparative analysis for immune response of coelomic fluid from coelom and polian vesicle in Apostichopus japonicus to Vibrio splendidus infection.
- Author
-
Wang Z, Fan X, Li Z, Guo L, Ren Y, and Li Q
- Abstract
The polian vesicle and coelom of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were full of coelomic fluid in which many types of coelomocytes with different functions were suspended. Our previous work has indicated the differences of coelomocytes between two sites mainly in subtype proportion, non-specific immune enzymes activities and several immune-related genes expression levels in healthy A. japonicus . However, the functional similarities and differences of coelomic fluid in two sites including the coelom and polian vesicle after pathogenic infection still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the changes of the total coelomocyte density (TCD) and differential coelomocyte density (DCD) after pathogen infection by Vibrio splendidus in coelom and polian vesicle. After infected by V. splendidus , the TCD in the coelom and polian vesicle rapidly declined at 12 h, and then the TCD in the coelom showed a stably ascending trend, while the TCD in the polian vesicle reached a peak at 24 h post infection (hpi), and then showed a continuously decline trend from 24 hpi to 72 hpi followed by a slow elevation until recovering the normal level from 72 hpi to 96 hpi. Then the activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the response of cell-free coelomic fluid to V. splendidus infection. The activities of ACP, AKP and CAT showed similar trends in the coelom and polian vesicle. The SOD activity significantly increased in the polian vesicle, whereas it exhibited a decreasing trend in the coelom. Finally, the expression profiles of nine immune-related genes including Aj-MyD88, Aj-IRAK4, Aj-i-Lys, Aj-Rel, Aj-p50, Aj-DMBT1, Aj-CDC, Aj-Rrp15 and Aj-Fibrinogen C were detected after V. splendidus challenge. The results suggested all the detected genes were significantly up-regulated both in the coelom and polian vesicle, and the expression levels of these genes in two sites shared similar trends except Aj-MyD88 and Aj-DMBT1 . This research provides a new insight into the differentially immune roles of coelomic fluid and coelomocytes in polian vesicle and coelom response to bacterial infections and supplements comprehensive resources for better understanding the innate immune response of A. japonicus ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
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49. Inhibition of ultraviolet-induced sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) autolysis by maintaining coelomocyte intracellular calcium homeostasis
- Author
-
Jing-Ran Bi, Da-Yong Zhou, Tian Jingyu, Liang Song, Ding Yue, Guibing Chen, Zi-Qiang Liu, and Zhi-Feng Tan
- Subjects
Autolysis (biology) ,biology ,Chemistry ,Endoplasmic reticulum ,Sea Cucumbers ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Calcium ,biology.organism_classification ,Analytical Chemistry ,Cell biology ,Sea cucumber ,Apoptosis ,Stichopus ,Unfolded protein response ,Animals ,Homeostasis ,Autolysis ,Coelomocyte ,Food Science - Abstract
Apoptosis plays a critical role in sea cucumber autolysis. To investigate the ultraviolet (UV)-induced apoptosis, sea cucumbers with and without injection of BAPTA-AM (cytosolic calcium chelator) were exposed to UV (15 W/m2) for 30 min. The results showed that UV irradiation caused several changes in sea cucumber coelomocytes, including calcium imbalance, abnormal morphology of endoplasmic reticulum, upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins CRT, CHOP, and caspases 9 and 3, and downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. A comparison between the two groups showed that injection of the calcium chelator into sea cucumbers helped maintain coelomocyte intracellular calcium homeostasis and suppressed other abnormal changes caused by ER stress, indicating apoptosis in sea cucumbers is mediated by calcium imbalance and follows the activation of the ER stress pathway. Therefore, this study broadens understanding of the apoptotic mechanism involved in sea cucumber autolysis, which is helpful in developing preservative agents for sea cucumbers.
- Published
- 2020
50. Transcriptomic responses to air exposure stress in coelomocytes of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus.
- Author
-
Tan, Jie, Wang, Xuejiang, Wang, Liang, Zhou, Xiaoqun, Liu, Changlin, Ge, Jianlong, Bian, Li, and Chen, Siqing
- Subjects
APOSTICHOPUS japonicus ,SEA cucumbers ,TRANSCRIPTOMES ,PROTEIN folding ,PROTEIN metabolism ,ENERGY metabolism - Abstract
During rearing in hatcheries and transportation to restocking sites, sea cucumbers are often exposed to air for several hours, which may depress their non-specific immunity and lead to mass mortality. We performed transcriptome analysis of Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes after air exposure to identify stress-related genes and pathways. After exposure to air for 1 h, individuals were re-submerged in aerated seawater and coelomocytes were collected at 0, 1, 4, and 16 h (B, H1, H4, and H16, respectively). We identified 6148 differentially expressed genes, of which 3216 were upregulated and 2932 were downregulated. Many genes involved in the immune response, antioxidant defense, and apoptosis were highly induced in response to air exposure. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology terms showed that the most abundant terms in the biological process category were oxidation-reduction process, protein folding and phosphorylation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis for the comparison of H1 vs. B, H4 vs. H1, and H16 vs. H4, respectively. Kyoto Eecyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that six pathways related to the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates were shared among the three comparisons. These results indicated that sea cucumbers regulate the expression of genes related to the antioxidant system and energy metabolism to resist the negative effects of air exposure stress. These findings may be applied to optimize juvenile sea cucumber production, and facilitate molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of an anoxia-resistant strain. • In air exposure stress, sea cucumber regulates anti-oxidation system to maintain basic life. • In sea cucumber, immune related genes were activated to repair air exposure stress injury. • The expression of hif - 1α increased in A. japonicus coelomocytes under air exposure stress. • hsp70 expression increased to protect the sea cucumber from air exposure stress. • Apoptosis process may be a important mechanism to protect sea cucumber from air exposure stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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