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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present findings on the use of behavioural economics elements on the websites of Polish hotels. Design/methodology/approach: This article presents how Polish hotels use elements of behavioural economics to increase website effectiveness and encourage users to book a hotel service, and thus achieve the company's business goals. The research method used is an exploratory content analysis of the websites of selected hotels in Poland. Findings: Some Polish hotels use elements of behavioural economics, and thus attempt to increase the number of bookings through their own/indirect booking channels-including the website. However, there is an area to be developed-many sites have identified areas where popular cognitive biases can be further exploited and thus work to increase conversions from the website. It was noted that the ability to exploit some elements of influence depends on the software that hoteliers use (usually the booking system-booking engine). Research limitations/implications: It would be advisable to continue the consideration based on a study of the use of behavioural economics elements on hotel websites on a larger scale and to test the effectiveness of individual measures (for example through A/B tests on the websites). In addition, since cognitive errors are not only experienced by consumers, but also by managers, an area for investigation regarding the impact of cognitive errors on managerial decisions is also suggested. Specific theoretical constructs allow for a good description of the mechanisms under investigation, creating an innovative research space in the field of management science and quality. Practical implications: Identifying and analysing the behavioural economics elements used on hotel websites, can shape the research space for determining the relationship between the use of these elements and the effectiveness of the website as one of the channels that achieves the company's business objective. Subsequently, enable managers to create effective communication on websites to increase the number of accommodation bookings through this channel. Social implications: with knowledge of cognitive errors, a manager can create effective marketing strategies, make better decisions and better manage his or her team. Originality/value: The websites of Polish hotels were reviewed, identifying the most common elements using behavioural economics. It was noted that Polish hotels use these elements to a limited extent. Examples of cognitive biases that are not yet or rarely used by hoteliers on their websites and could help to increase direct bookings were identified. In addition to theoretical knowledge, the article draws on the authors' many years of experience in the topic of management, including in the hotel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the structural patterns in the cognitive representation of social networks by systematically classifying false positives and negatives. Although existing literature on Cognitive Social Structures (CSS) has begun exploring false positives and negatives by comparing actual and perceived networks, it has not differentiated simultaneous occurrences of true and false positives and negatives on network motifs, such as reciprocity and triadic closure. Here, we propose a theoretical framework to categorize three classes of errors we call imaginary network motifs as combinations of accurately and erroneously perceived ties: (a) partially false, (b) completely false, and (c) mixed false. Using four published CSS data sets, we empirically test which imaginary network motifs are significantly more or less present in different types of perceived networks than the corresponding actual networks. Our results confirm that people not only fill in the blanks as suggested in the prior research but also conceive other imaginary structures. The findings advance our understanding of perception gaps between actual and perceived networks and have implications for designing more accurate network modeling and sampling. • The dyad census approach of a multiplex motif method is developed and applied to Cognitive Social Structure data. • The approach identifies a hidden category of mixed false where false positives and negatives co-occur. • The method reveals false positives and negatives occur with true positives and negatives. • Most false positives and negatives happen in proxy ties rather than the ones people report about themselves. • Perceived network density can partially explain the patterns of false positives and negatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design an experiment to study the role of motivated reasoning in correlation neglect. Participants receive potentially redundant signals about either an ego-relevant state—their IQ test performance—or an ego-irrelevant state. A simple hypothesis based on motivated reasoning predicts (i) asymmetric updating about signal redundancy and (ii) asymmetric updating about the focal state only in the treatment with ego-relevance. We find evidence for prediction (i) of our hypothesis: participants generally underappreciate the extent to which identical signals are more likely to come from the same source (and thus contain redundant information), but the bias is significantly stronger for ego-favorable signals than for ego-unfavorable signals. This asymmetric effect disappears in the treatment without ego-relevance. These results suggest that individuals may neglect the correlation between desirable signals to sustain motivated beliefs. However, in contrast to prediction (ii), we do not find significant asymmetric updating about the ego-relevant state (own IQ test performance), which may be explained by the moderate magnitude of the asymmetric updating effect on signal redundancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the phenomenological consequences of sports managers' cognitive errors using the three-pronged model. Methods: The current research was one of the qualitative researches that was carried out in the field. The qualitative method used in this research was phenomenological based on the three-pronged model. The participants in the current research included people who are in the environment of the sports organization; They have understood the phenomenon of managers' cognitive errors and have experienced this problem. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze qualitative data, thematic analysis was used. Results: The results of this research show that the main concepts including laws and regulations, decision-making aspects, economic systems and management systems were identified in the structural branch. Thus, 21 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the structural branch. The results of the present research show that in the content branch, the main concepts including motivational aspects, behavioral aspects, psychological aspects and content weakness were identified. Thus, 16 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the content category. The results of this research show that the main concepts including environmental aspects, cultural aspects and value aspects were identified in the contextual branch. Thus, 12 consequences of managers' cognitive errors in sports organizations were identified in the relevant field. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it is suggested providing decision-making support to reduce the effects of cognitive errors, as well as the existence of operational plans in sports organizations to control cognitive errors, to improve the control of cognitive errors of sports managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Diagnostic imaging is an essential and indispensable part of medical diagnosis and treatment, and diagnostic errors or biases are also common in the department of radiology, sometimes even having a severe impact on the diagnosis and treatment of patients. There are various reasons for diagnostic errors or biases in imaging. In this review, we analyze and summarize the causes of diagnostic imaging errors and biases based on practical cases. We propose solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors and reducing their probability, thereby helping radiologists in their clinical practice. Critical relevance statement Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in the radiology department. Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients. Key points • Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in radiology department. • Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients. • This review summarizes the causes of diagnostic errors and offers solutions to them. Graphical Abstract

Introduction. There are two opposite theoretical descriptions of visual perception: constructivist and ecological. To solve the issue of whether the perception of visual illusions is the result of a decision or whether such perception is natural and can be described using an ecological approach, an experiment was conducted to find differences in an illusory and nonillusory context, which reflects the novelty of this study. Methods. The subjects were offered a series of paired images in which it was necessary to find the difference as quickly as possible. The images could be the same: One picture could be 10 % larger than another, or, due to the illusory context, one picture could seem larger than another, and the image size was subjectively distorted due to the illusion of Ponzo and Delboeuf. According to the instructions, the size difference (real or apparent) should be ignored, and it was necessary to look for other differences. The time and precision of the response were measured for each option. Results and Discussion. Significant differences in visual field search time were found for images with an illusory difference, a real difference in size, and identical ones. For the first time, it was found that the problem is solved more efficiently (faster and more accurately) in the presence of two exact images, and the lowest efficiency is observed when solving a problem with an illusory difference in the size of images. It is concluded that the illusory context has an additional inhibitory effect on the process of solving the problem of finding differences. The advantage of describing the perception of visual illusions using a constructivist approach is experimentally shown.

Diagnostic imaging is an essential and indispensable part of medical diagnosis and treatment, and diagnostic errors or biases are also common in the department of radiology, sometimes even having a severe impact on the diagnosis and treatment of patients. There are various reasons for diagnostic errors or biases in imaging. In this review, we analyze and summarize the causes of diagnostic imaging errors and biases based on practical cases. We propose solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors and reducing their probability, thereby helping radiologists in their clinical practice. Critical relevance statement Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in the radiology department. Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients. Key points • Diagnostic errors or bias contribute to most medical errors in radiology department. • Solutions for dealing with diagnostic imaging errors are pivotal for patients. • This review summarizes the causes of diagnostic errors and offers solutions to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the U.S. Academy of Science released an extensive report regarding the necessity of strengthening forensic science (2009), a great deal of attention was devoted to finding better ways to analyze and making sense of any gathered as a result of criminal investigations. Whether we have considered the analysis of forensic evidence colected from the crime scene or testimonial evidence, they go through a process that is prone to inherent subjective interpretation and unintentional cognitive errors. This article starts from the premise that the knowledge about science based principles in psychology could significantly contribute to the improvement of decision making processes and legal practices. In this regard, we choose to formulate a plea in order to present on the one hand some of the cognitive errors that occur in the interpretation of the evidence provided by witnesses and, on the other hand, to indicate three directions of action that could reduce this problem. The three convergent solutions focus on: a) the transfer of methodological know how regarding data reliability (from psychology field) on forensic evidence's reliability (in criminal investigation); b) the transfer of knowledge about cognitive biases that could emerge from witness investigators interaction, to increase the awareness of these risks; c) transfer of information regarding a series of concrete psychological interventions that could redesign the architecture of an investigation in order to reduce cognitive biases using scientifically validated procedures relatively easy to apply and cost effective.

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of cognitive biases in the process of information retrieval. This research used a mixed-method approach for data collection. The research population consisted of 25 information retrieval specialists and 30 post-graduate students. We employed three tools for collecting data, including a checklist, log files and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that from the perspective of information retrieval specialists, the cognitive biases such as 'Familiarity', 'Anchoring', 'Rush to solve' and 'Curse of knowledge' could be of the greatest importance in the field of information retrieval. Also, in terms of users' searching, the 'Rush to solve problems' and 'Mere exposure effects' biases have the highest frequency, and the 'Outcome' and 'Curse of knowledge' biases have the lowest frequency in the process of user retrieval information. It can be concluded that, because cognitive biases occurring in information retrieval, designers of information retrieval systems and librarians should pay attention to this issue in designing and evaluating information systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day, we must make decisions that range from simple and risk-free to difficult and risky. Our cognitive sources' limitations, as well as the need for speed, can frequently impair the quality and accuracy of our reasoning processes. Indeed, cognitive shortcuts lead us to solutions that are sufficiently satisfying to allow us to make quick decisions. Unfortunately, heuristics frequently misguide us, and we fall victim to biases and systematic distortions of our perceptions and judgments. Because suboptimal diagnostic reasoning processes can have dramatic consequences, the clinical setting is an ideal setting for developing targeted interventions to reduce the rates and magnitude of biases. There are several approaches to bias mitigation, some of which may be impractical. Furthermore, advances in information technology have given us powerful tools for addressing and preventing errors in health care. Recognizing and accepting the role of biases is only the first and unavoidable step toward any effective intervention proposal. As a result, our narrative review aims to present some insights on this contentious topic based on both medical and psychological literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAlthough Fitspiration is purportedly intended to motivate people to be fit and healthy, a body of research has demonstrated negative effects of these media in men and women. Understanding mechanisms can help create more targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of Fitspiration. This research examined if selected implicitly or explicitly measured constructs moderated or mediated the effects of Fitspiration. The purposes were to examine the believability (finding the media truthful) of Fitspiration (study one; data from 139 women and 125 men aged 18–33 years were analyzed), the effects of Fitspiration on exercise intention (study two; data from 195 women and 173 men aged 18–30 years were analyzed), and whether these effects were moderated by exercise-related cognitive errors (negatively biased perception of exercise) or mediated by implicit (evaluative responses to stimuli) or explicit (reasoned evaluation of stimuli) attitudes.MethodsIn two separate studies, self-identified men and women first completed a measure of exercise-related cognitive errors, then viewed gender-specific Fitspiration media, followed by measures of implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, believability, and demographics. In study two, participants were randomly assigned to Fitspiration or control media conditions and also completed measures of fitspiration-related cognitive errors and intention to exercise. In the first study, one model was tested for each gender sample. It was hypothesized that implicit and explicit attitudes would be positively related to believability, and that exercise-related cognitive errors would moderate these relationships. In study two, separate models were tested with exercise-related or Fitspiration-related cognitive errors as the moderators with each gender sample. It was hypothesized that implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, and believability would be positively related to intention, that the control media would lead to greater intention to exercise than the Fitspiration media, and that exercise-related cognitive errors and Fitspiration-related cognitive errors would moderate these relationships.ResultsThe majority of hypothesized relationships were not supported. A negative relationship between exercise-related cognitive errors and believability was found.DiscussionOverall, these studies identify and exclude factors that predict Fitspiration believability and the role that factors such as cognitive errors and attitudes may play in that.

Background: Empirical studies between anger and anger-provoking cognitive variables in children and adolescents are lacking, despite numerous studies on internalising and externalising problems. Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop new questionnaires for anger-provoking cognitive errors and automatic thoughts, and examine relationships between anger, cognitive errors, and automatic thoughts in children and adolescents. Method: Participants were 485 Japanese children and adolescents aged 9–15 years old (254 females; average age 12.07; SD = 1.81). They completed the Anger Children's Cognitive Error Scale (A-CCES) and the Anger Children's Automatic Thought Scale (A-CATS), which were developed in this study, as well as the Anger Scale for Children and Adolescents and the Japanese version of Short Spence Children's Anxiety Scale. Results: Both the A-CCES and the A-CATS had adequate reliability (internal consistency) and validity (face validity, structural validity and construct validity). A hierarchal regression analysis indicated that automatic thoughts were positively and moderately related to anger (β =.37) after controlling for age, gender, anxiety symptoms, cognitive errors and interaction term. Moreover, a mediation analysis indicated that automatic thoughts significantly mediated the relationship between cognitive errors and anger (indirect effect, 0.24; 95% CI:.020 to.036). Conclusions: This study developed the new questionnaires to assess anger-provoking cognitive errors and automatic thoughts. In addition, this study revealed that automatic thoughts rather than cognitive errors are associated with anger in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the PBS Nova show Mind Over Money to introduce a number of topics in behavioral finance. Instructors can also use the video as a jumping off point for expanding the discussion to the "second generation" of behavioral finance, where many of the decisions that differ from what are considered optimal are due to individuals deriving desires and wants that are not accounted for in the traditional models. This paper also provides a unique approach for using the video in the classroom and for maintaining student engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day, we must make decisions that range from simple and risk-free to difficult and risky. Our cognitive sources' limitations, as well as the need for speed, can frequently impair the quality and accuracy of our reasoning processes. Indeed, cognitive shortcuts lead us to solutions that are sufficiently satisfying to allow us to make quick decisions. Unfortunately, heuristics frequently misguide us, and we fall victim to biases and systematic distortions of our perceptions and judgments. Because suboptimal diagnostic reasoning processes can have dramatic consequences, the clinical setting is an ideal setting for developing targeted interventions to reduce the rates and magnitude of biases. There are several approaches to bias mitigation, some of which may be impractical. Furthermore, advances in information technology have given us powerful tools for addressing and preventing errors in health care. Recognizing and accepting the role of biases is only the first and unavoidable step toward any effective intervention proposal. As a result, our narrative review aims to present some insights on this contentious topic based on both medical and psychological literature.

The study aims to reveal the attitude of students and teachers to mobile learning; explore the possibility of developing critical thinking skills in mobile learning; and also evaluate knowledge after a short training course involving the use of mobile technologies in the context of the development of critical thinking. The research relies on an interview and a test. It was attended by 275 people (93 teachers and 182 students). The results showed that 58% of teachers and 55% of students believe that mobile learning does not contribute to the development of critical thinking. The test results showed that the study participants who pre-listened to the course of lectures on their mobile devices did not cope with the questions well enough, and cognitive errors were identified. The research has shown that improving the skills of interpreting, analyzing, evaluating and explaining information can increase the effectiveness of mobile learning. The research is a contribution to the study of various aspects of the impact of mobile learning on students and will be of interest to teachers, students, academic administration, parents, as well as to those who are interested in modern pedagogy and educational psychology.

The Angry Cognitions Scale (ACS; Martin and Dahlen in J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Therapy 25(3): 155–173, 2007) is a comprehensive instrument designed to test cognitions that are related to anger. This paper presents data on the Italian-language version of the Angry Cognition Scale-Revised (ACS-R; Soto and DiGiuseppe in which beliefs best predict anger, 2016) in a sample of adolescents aged 11–19 years. The revised version attempted to refine the ACS to better represent Ellis's theory of irrational beliefs and clarify the coping strategies subscale. Our study attempted to (a) test the factorial structure of the ACS-R-adolescent version, (b) provide psychometric information on internal consistency and test–retest reliability data on the questionnaire in the Italian culture, and (c) test the convergent and predictive validity of the ACS-R-adolescent version relative to other questionnaires. Factor analysis supports a multidimensional model, but the distribution of the items is different from the original validation; in particular, a three-factor solution was supported rather the hypothesized seven factors. Specifically, we labelled the factors as follows: Factor 1 is labelled as Hostile verbal and involves catastrophic cognitive attributions; Factor 2 is labelled Adaptive thoughts on the negative consequences of anger; and Factor 3 is called Demandingness and generalizations. The internal consistency appears optimal for all three factors (from.720 to.888). In addition, analyses reveal good test–retest reliability and convergent validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to reveal the attitude of students and teachers to mobile learning; explore the possibility of developing critical thinking skills in mobile learning; and also evaluate knowledge after a short training course involving the use of mobile technologies in the context of the development of critical thinking. The research relies on an interview and a test. It was attended by 275 people (93 teachers and 182 students). The results showed that 58% of teachers and 55% of students believe that mobile learning does not contribute to the development of critical thinking. The test results showed that the study participants who pre-listened to the course of lectures on their mobile devices did not cope with the questions well enough, and cognitive errors were identified. The research has shown that improving the skills of interpreting, analyzing, evaluating and explaining information can increase the effectiveness of mobile learning. The research is a contribution to the study of various aspects of the impact of mobile learning on students and will be of interest to teachers, students, academic administration, parents, as well as to those who are interested in modern pedagogy and educational psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the accreditation of international standards of hospitals and the necessity to improve the safety and quality of patients’ care, this study aimed at evaluating reliability among nurses using predictive analysis of cognitive errors and human event analysis techniques. Material and Methods: The analysis of nurses̓ tasks was done by HTA method. Then, the types of errors and their causes were identified by TRACER method. In the next step, the error probability of each task was calculated by ATHEANA method. In order to calculate the probability of total event, the probability of human error was imported to probabilistic risk assessment. Results: Factors affecting performance of the nurses were included: the complexity of the work, high workload, nurse’s experience, work environment design, fatigue, anxiety, shortage of the workforce, insufficient time period for doing job, sleep disturbance, and poor lighting and noise pollution. According to the instruction of ATHEANA method, the error probability for each base event was considered 0.001. Given that there are 15 base events, the probability of human error in the heart attack event was calculated 0.015. Conclusion: The finding of this study was indicated the need for providing required nursing workforce, reducing overtime, scientific planning for nurses’ work shifts and giving practical training and stress management methods in the emergency conditions.

All physicians have an ethical duty towards their patients to protect them from harm (nonmaleficence) and to do what is in their best interest (beneficence). This, in essence, relates to patient safety. Many patients have the expectation that the health profession should function without ever making a mistake. In reality, medical professionals are also humans and humans make mistakes. A safer healthcare system depends on awareness about the vulnerability of the entire system. Critical incident analysis provides an opportunity to identify areas of concern and to institute corrective measures even in cases where a critical incident did not result in harm.1,2 Anaesthetists should be trained in understanding cognitive processes related to decision making, as well as the potential errors that can occur in the system and in themselves. They should recognise the possible contributors to cognitive errors and develop ways to mitigate those risks. Institutions should have policies in place to avoid system errors that can lead to individual errors and subsequent patient harm. It is everyone's responsibility to ensure proper team management, leadership, assertiveness, communication, collaboration, professionalism, and self-reflection.3,4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents the psychometric investigation of the Georgian version of the Cognitive Distortion Scale (G-CDS) (Covin et al., 2011). The Cognitive Distortion Scale measures the 10 cognitive distortions in interpersonal and achievement domains. Altogether 941 individuals, across seven samples (37 clinical participants amongst them) participated in the standardization of the instrument. Confirmatory factory analysis demonstrated good model fit with a 10-factor solution. The G-CDS exhibited acceptable internal reliability and correlated in expected directions with other clinically relevant inventories. Although women scored higher than men on one factor (Should Statements) there were no other gender differences. There were significant differences in all cognitive distortions scores between clinical and control group. Given its respectable psychometric properties, the G-CDS appears to have a high degree of both clinical and research potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Interdisciplinary fetal-neonatal neurology (FNN) training considers a woman's reproductive and pregnancy health histories when assessing the "four great neonatal neurological syndromes". This maternal-child dyad exemplifies the symptomatic neonatal minority, compared with the silent majority of healthy children who experience preclinical diseases with variable expressions over the first 1000 days. Healthy maternal reports with reassuring fetal surveillance testing preceded signs of fetal distress during parturition. An encephalopathic neonate with seizures later exhibited childhood autistic spectrum behaviors and intractable epilepsy correlated with identified genetic biomarkers. A systems biology approach to etiopathogenesis guides the diagnostic process to interpret phenotypic form and function. Evolving gene-environment interactions expressed by changing phenotypes reflect a dynamic neural exposome influenced by reproductive and pregnancy health. This strategy considers critical/sensitive periods of neuroplasticity beyond two years of life to encompass childhood and adolescence. Career-long FNN experiences reenforce earlier training to strengthen the cognitive process and minimize cognitive biases when assessing children or adults. Prioritizing social determinants of healthcare for persons with neurologic disorders will help mitigate the global burden of brain diseases for all women and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary fetal neonatal neurology (FNN) training requires integration of reproductive health factors into evaluations of the maternal-placental-fetal (MPF) triad, neonate, and child over the first 1000 days. Serial events that occur before one or multiple pregnancies impact successive generations. A maternal-child dyad history highlights this continuity of health risk, beginning with a maternal grandmother's pregnancy. Her daughter was born preterm and later experienced polycystic ovarian syndrome further complicated by cognitive and mental health disorders. Medical problems during her pregnancy contributed to MPF triad diseases that resulted in her son's extreme prematurity. Postpartum maternal death from the complications of diabetic ketoacidosis and her child's severe global neurodevelopmental delay were adverse mother-child outcomes. A horizontal/vertical diagnostic approach to reach shared clinical decisions during FNN training requires perspectives of a dynamic neural exposome. Career-long learning is then strengthened by continued interactions from al stakeholders. Developmental origins theory applied to neuroplasticity principles help interpret phenotypic expressions as dynamic gene-environment interactions across a person's lifetime. Debiasing strategies applied to the cognitive process reduce bias to preserve therapeutic and prognostic accuracy. Social determinants of health are essential components of this strategy to be initiated during FNN training. Reduction of the global burden of neurologic disorders requires applying the positive effects from reproductive and pregnancy exposomes that will benefit the neural exposome across the lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term “cognitive errors” refers to the errors in the perception and analysis of information about the environment. In our study healthy people and patients with schizophrenia were presented with a “silent” video clip in which the main character makes a cognitive error in perceiving some situation. After watching the video clip the subjects explained the character’s behavior and described his or her cognitive error. We analyzed the differences in eye movements in the subjects who recognized and failed to recognize the character’s cognitive error. We identified three factors that support the recognition of other person’s cognitive errors: (1) co-operative orientation of cognitive activity; (2) specific cognitive activity of the observer; (3) the observer’s ability to compare his/her own cognitive activity with that of the observed person. We show that in subjects with schizophrenia the difficulties in recognizing other people’s cognitive errors may be associated with the impairment of each of these factors.

Abstract Background Establishing a diagnosis is a complex, iterative process involving patient data gathering, integration and interpretation. Premature closure is a fallacious cognitive tendency of closing the diagnostic process before sufficient data have been gathered. A proposed strategy to minimize premature closure is the use of a checklist to trigger metacognition (the process of monitoring one’s own thinking). A number of studies have suggested the effectiveness of this strategy in classroom settings. This qualitative study examined the perception of usability of a metacognitive mnemonic checklist called TWED checklist (where the letter “T = Threat”, “W = What if I am wrong? What else?”, “E = Evidence” and “D = Dispositional influence”) in a real clinical setting. Method Two categories of participants, i.e., medical doctors (n = 11) and final year medical students (Group 1, n = 5; Group 2, n = 10) participated in four separate focus group discussions. Nielsen’s 5 dimensions of usability (i.e. learnability, effectiveness, memorability, errors, and satisfaction) and Pentland’s narrative network were adapted as the framework to study the usability and the implementation of the checklist in a real clinical setting respectively. Results Both categories (medical doctors and medical students) of participants found that the TWED checklist was easy to learn and effective in promoting metacognition. For medical student participants, items “T” and “W” were believed to be the two most useful aspects of the checklist, whereas for the doctor participants, it was item “D”. Regarding its implementation, item “T” was applied iteratively, items “W” and “E” were applied when the outcomes did not turn out as expected, and item “D” was applied infrequently. The one checkpoint where all four items were applied was after the initial history taking and physical examination had been performed to generate the initial clinical impression. Conclusion A metacognitive checklist aimed to check cognitive errors may be a useful tool that can be implemented in the real clinical setting.

Background: Cognitive errors have been presented as effective factors in the creation and continuation of obsessive–compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder. Psychological resilience is an important factor in the tolerance of cognitive errors. Objective: The present study aimed to compare cognitive errors and the psychological resilience of patients with social anxiety disorder and those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated a total of 60 patients, 30 with social anxiety disorder and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), seen at a hospital in Zanjan city, Iran, in 2017. Participants were aged between 15 and 50 years. Participants were chosen using convenience sampling and on the basis of psychiatrist diagnosis and structured diagnostic interviews (SCID-I, II) according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CET) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to assess the variables. Results: A significant difference was observed between the two patient groups in the cognitive errors components (P ≤ 0.05). In patients with OCD, the highest average rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing and splitting error. In patients with SAD, the highest mean rate of cognitive errors was related to catastrophizing. There was no significant difference in psychological resilience between the two groups. Conclusion: Cognitive errors play an important role in OCD and social anxiety disorder (SAD). OCD patients were observed to make more cognitive errors than SAD patients. However, psychological resilience was equal between both groups.

Abstract Background Cognitive errors have a considerable effect on procedural outcome. They play a major role in situational judgement and decision making, especially during cognitively demanding tasks. As such they need to be considered an important factor in medical and surgical procedures. However, whereas cognitive diagnostic errors are well known, as of yet the occurrence of errors due to cognitive heuristics may have been downplayed, underestimated, or simply been ignored during the course of surgical treatment. Methods All colorectal resections with anastomosis in 2015 and 2016 (n = 230) were prospectively screened for anastomotic failure (n = 17/230). During structured Morbidity and Mortality Conferences (MMC) all anastomotic failures were analyzed for both tactical and technical decisions in the pre- and intraoperative setting with potential meaning for the postoperative course, based on the London Protocol. In order to demonstrate the significance of cognitive errors in surgical procedures a structured interview with the individual surgeon was conducted including the video and photo documentation of the individual surgical procedure. The interviews were coded by independent coders who were instructed to identify defined cognitive errors. Inter-coder agreement was calculated using Krippendorff’s alpha. Results In 12/17 patients with anastomotic failure after colorectal surgery tactical or technical decisions with potential negative influence on anastomotic healing or the postoperative course were assessed during MMC. In 8/12 procedures a structured interview could be conducted with the operating surgeon. In 7/8 procedures cognitive errors could be identified. In particular we found Anchoring (n = 1), Availability Bias (n = 1), Commission Bias (n = 1), Overconfidence Bias (n = 1), Omission Bias (n = 2) and Sunk Costs (n = 1). Conclusion Cognitive errors seem to play an important role during surgical therapy of patients with anastomotic failure after colorectal resection. Consequently, we suggest cognitive errors should attract more interest in research as well as attention in clinical practice.

[West J Emerg Med 2013;14(2):164.]

Based on statistical data, a contradiction is shown between an increase in financial investments in the information security (IS) of organizations and a steady increase in the number of IS incidents caused by internal users. A conclusion is made about the cognitive vulnerability and low degree of validity of modern IS risk assessment methods. Stereotypes have been identified, the result of which are cognitive errors in assessing IS risks: the priority of technical protection of information from external threats of IS over organizational and technical protection from internal threats; distrust of the internal client, perception of it exclusively as an object of tough managerial influence, ignoring its subjective role in IS management; restriction of work with personnel within the IS management system with one-time measures and static criteria for assessing human risks and inattention to systemic measures and dynamic, situational criteria. The necessity of updating standards for IS risk management, as well as the development of new methods and tools for assessing, IS risks based on rejecting outdated stereotypes, is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cognitive biases might partially account for public support of the ineffective AMBER Alert system. Hindsight bias is a cognitive error in which people with outcome knowledge overestimate the likelihood that this particular outcome would occur; outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision once the outcome is known. Two experiments assessed whether hindsight and outcome bias occur in child abduction scenarios. Study 1 was a pre/posttest experiment that examined whether hindsight bias occurs in situations in which the identity of the abductor (stranger or parent) is manipulated between groups, and all participants are told the child was killed. Study 2, a between‐subjects experiment, examined whether hindsight and outcome biases occur in situations in which no AMBER Alert was issued (because the situation did not meet the legal requirements to issue an Alert), and manipulated the identity of the abductor and the outcome (child safely returned, killed, or not outcome provided). Hindsight and outcome biases occurred in both studies, given the correct set of circumstances. Abductor identity also impacted outcome estimates. Results from the two studies indicate that hindsight and outcome bias occur, but this is dependent on the outcome (child killed, child returned safely, no outcome provided) and the identity of the abductor (stranger, dangerous parent, non‐dangerous parent). Limitations and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A key challenge clinicians face when considering differential diagnoses is whether the patient data have been adequately collected. Insufficient data may inadvertently lead to premature closure of the diagnostic process. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the application of a mnemonic checklist helps to stimulate more patient data collection, thus leading to better diagnostic consideration. Methods A total of 88 final year medical students were assigned to either an educational intervention group or a control group in a non-equivalent group post-test only design. Participants in the intervention group received a tutorial on the use of a mnemonic checklist aimed to minimize cognitive errors in clinical decision-making. Two weeks later, the participants in both groups were given a script concordance test consisting of 10 cases, with 3 items per case, to assess their clinical decisions when additional data are given in the case scenarios. Results The Mann-Whitney U-test performed on the total scores from both groups showed no statistical significance (U = 792, z = −1.408, p = 0.159). When comparisons were made for the first half and the second half of the SCT, it was found that participants in the intervention group performed significantly better than participants in the control group in the first half of the test, with median scores of 9.15 (IQR 8.00–10.28) vs. 8.18 (IQR 7.16–9.24) respectively, U = 642.5, z = −2.661, p = 0.008. No significant difference was found in the second half of the test, with the median score of 9.58 (IQR 8.90–10.56) vs. 9.81 (IQR 8.83–11.12) for the intervention group and control group respectively (U = 897.5, z = −0.524, p = 0.60). Conclusion Checklist use in differential diagnoses consideration did show some benefit. However, this benefit seems to have been traded off by the time and effort in using it. More research is needed to determine whether this benefit could be translated into clinical practice after repetitive use.

Premise: In recent years, the importance and prevalence of cognitive biases has gained scholarly attention in medicine as well as management science regarding a wide range of human activities. Problem: The purpose of this review is to illustrate some of the many areas of Headache Medicine that exemplify some of these areas and to highlight the fact that our discipline is, in some cases, apparently more prone to some of these biases than other areas of clinical medicine. Potential Solution: The lack of prospective studies to identify and address unconscious cognitive processes that skew the process of clinical headache management indicates that this is a field of investigation that is ripe for attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People systematically underestimate exponential growth. This article illustrates this phenomenon, its implications, and some potential interventions in the context of saving for retirement, where savings grow exponentially over long periods of time. Experiment 1 shows that a majority of participants expect savings over 40 years to grow linearly rather than exponentially, leading them to grossly underestimate their account balance at retirement. Experiment 2 demonstrates that this misunderstanding leads to underestimates of the cost of waiting to save, which makes putting off saving more attractive than it should be. Finally, Experiments 3–5 show that highlighting the exponential growth of savings motivates both college students and employees to save more for retirement. Making clear to employees the exponential growth of savings before they make crucial decisions about how much to save may be a simple and effective means of increasing retirement savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Walking is the most prevalent form of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Advances in measurement of walking depend on understanding sources of error in self report. We examined the effect of prompting "walking for exercise, recreation, and sport" (WERS) upon surveillance estimates of LTPA and assessed what types of walking were recalled when reporting LTPA generally and when WERS was prompted specifically. Methods: Data were collected by telephone survey from a random sample of 3,415 Australian adults (≥15yrs). Respondents were asked first to recall any type of LTPA they participated in (unprompted) and if walking was not mentioned, WERS was prompted. All walkers were asked to describe the type of walking they did. Open-ended responses were categorized according to physical activity measurement dimensions. Results: Forty three percent did not report WERS unless prompted to do so. The prevalence of meeting recommendations by all LTPA was reduced by 10% for both genders and across all age groups if not prompted to recall WERS. The interpretation of WERS was broad and included travel related walking and dog walking whether unprompted or prompted. Conclusions: Current challenges in walking surveillance include ensuring that both researchers and respondents understand WERS in a standardized manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic literature review provides the association between memory processes, auditors judgement and decision-making process under the influence of cognitive errors. Due to limited cognitive resources, auditors are unable to analyze the population of accounting transactions, therefore, they use sampling and heuristics for information processing. In the context of Big Data (BD), auditors may face a similar problem of information overload and exhibit cognitive errors, resulting in the selection and analysis of irrelevant information cues. But Big Data analytics (BDA) can facilitate information processing and analysis of complex diverse Big Data by reducing the influence of auditor’s cognitive errors. The current study adapts Ding et al., (2017) framework in the auditing context that identify causes of cognitive errors influencing auditor’s information processing. This review identified 75 auditing related studies to elaborate the role of BD and BDA in improving audit judgement. In addition, role of memory, cognitive errors, and judgement and decision-making are highlighted by using 61 studies. The analysis provides useful insight in different open areas by proposing research propositions and research questions that can be explored by future research to gain extensive understanding on the association between memory and audit judgement in the context of BD and BDA.

Cognitive dysfunction represents a core deficit in schizophrenia, and a number of studies (Green, 1996; Green et al., 2000) illustrate how cognitive deficits may strongly influence the clinical presentation and daily functioning of people with this illness. Cognitive therapy based on the concept that the way we think about things affects how we feel emotionally. Cognitive restructuring (CR) can be thought as if an umbrella term for a variety of cognitive-based approaches aimed at reducing negative automatic thoughts and ameliorating maladaptive schemas. Present study is aimed to reduce cognitive errors and improved attribution style in the patients with schizophrenia using cognitive restructuring therapy. Method: Selected Five (5) patient having Schizophrenia according to ICD-10 DCR from different inpatient department from Tertiary mental health care setup were analysed using the simple random sampling technique. After taking informed consent from the patient, socio-demographic and Attribution Style Questionnaire and Cognitive Error Questionnaire were administered. All the five patients were assessed in pre-level and then after intervention of 18 sessions, they were assessed at post-level. Data was analyzed with the help of Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Result & Discussion: Results showed the significant differences in all the domains ofAttribution Style Questionnaire and Cognitive Error Questionnaire, in pre & post assessment at significant level of 0.01. In the study, it was found that application of cognitive restructuring therapy in the cases of schizophrenia has some effect in resolving cognitive error areas such as; catastrophization, over genralisation, personalisation and selective-abstraction as well improvement in their attribution style in areas such as; intemality, stability and globality at bed as well good situation. Though mixed results in cases shows attribution style of the participants changed from the previous understanding due to use of cognitive restructuring therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current efforts focusing on better defining the prevalence of diagnostic errors, their causes and remediation strategies should address the role of laboratory testing and its contribution to high-quality care as well as a possible source of diagnostic errors. Data collected in the last few years highlight the vulnerability of extra-analytical phases of the testing cycle and the need for programs aiming to improve all steps of the process. Further studies have clarified the nature of laboratory-related errors, namely the evidence that both system-related and cognitive factors account for most errors in laboratory medicine. Technology developments are effective in decreasing the rates of system-related errors but organizational issues play a fundamental role in assuring a real improvement in quality and safety in laboratory processes. Educational interventions as well as technology-based interventions have been proposed to reduce the risk of cognitive errors. However, to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient safety, clinical laboratories have to embark on a paradigmatic shift restoring the nature of laboratory services as an integral part of the diagnostic and therapy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]