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Systems of many nanoparticles or volume-discretized bodies exhibit collective radiative properties that could be used for enhanced, guided, or tunable thermal radiation. These are commonly treated as assemblies of point dipoles with interactions described by Maxwell's equations and thermal fluctuations correlated by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Here, we unify different theoretical descriptions of these systems and provide a complete derivation of many-dipole thermal radiation, showing that the correct use of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem depends on the definitions of fluctuating and induced dipole moments. We formulate a method to calculate the diffusive radiative thermal conductivity of arbitrary collections of nanoparticles; this allows the comparison of thermal radiation to other heat transfer modes and across different material systems. We calculate the radiative thermal conductivity of ordered and disordered arrays of SiC and SiO2 nanoparticles and show that thermal radiation can significantly contribute to thermal transport in these systems. We validate our calculations by comparison to the exact solution for a one-dimensional particle chain, and we demonstrate that the dipolar approximation significantly underpredicts the exact results at separation distances less than the particle radius., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures

Increased power density in modern microelectronics has led to thermal management challenges which can cause degradation in performance and reliability. In many high-power electronic devices, the power consumption and heat removal are limited by the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) at the interfaces of dissimilar materials. Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have attracted interest as a conductor/insulator pair in next-generation devices because of their unique physical properties; however, the thermal transport at the interfaces must be understood to accurately predict the performance of heterostructures composed of these materials. We use time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) to estimate the TBC at the interface of h-BN and graphene to be 35.1 MW/m2-K. We compare the phonon transmission and TBC at the h-BN/graphene interface predicted by two different formulations of the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) for anisotropic materials. The piecewise anisotropic DMM model, which uses two different phonon velocities near the center and at edge of the first Brillouin zone, results in better prediction of phonon transmission rates. The phonon transmission and temperature dependence of TBC confirms the flexural branch in ab-plane and c-plane longitudinal acoustic branch of graphene and h-BN are the dominant contributor when implementing both the A-DMM and PWA-DMM models. The methodology used here can be employed to heterostructures of other 2D materials.

Photons typically do not contribute to thermal transport within a solid due to their low energy density and tendency to be quickly absorbed. We propose a practical material system - infrared plasmonic resonators embedded in a semiconductor nanowire - that leverages near-field electromagnetic coupling to achieve photonic thermal transport comparable to the electronic and phononic contributions. We analytically show photonic thermal conductivities up to about 1 W m-1 K-1 for 10 nm diameter Si and InAs nanowires containing repeated resonators at 500 K. The nanowire system outperforms plasmonic particles in isotropic environments and presents a pathway for photonic thermal transport to exceed that of phonons and electrons., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, plus supplementary information

In chains of closely-spaced nanoparticles supporting surface polaritons, near-field electromagnetic coupling leads to collective effects and super-Planckian thermal radiation exchange. Researchers have primarily used two analytical approaches to calculate radiative heat transfer in these systems: fluctuational electrodynamics, which directly incorporates fluctuating thermal currents into Maxwell's equations, and a kinetic approach where the dispersion relation provides modes and propagation lengths for the Boltzmann transport equation. Here, we compare results from the two approaches in order to identify regimes in which kinetic theory is valid and to explain differing results in the literature on its validity. Using both methods, we calculate the diffusive radiative thermal conductivity of nanoparticle chains. We show that kinetic theory is valid and matches predictions by fluctuational electrodynamics when the propagation lengths are greater than the particle spacing., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, preprint accepted for the 9th International Symposium on Radiative Transfer

The development of electronic devices, especially those that involve heterogeneous integration of materials, has led to increased challenges in addressing their thermal operational-temperature demands. The heat flow in these systems is significantly influenced or even dominated by thermal boundary resistance at interface between dissimilar materials. However, controlling and tuning heat transport across an interface and in the adjacent materials has so far drawn limited attention. In this work, we grow chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond on silicon substrates by graphoepitaxy and experimentally demonstrate tunable thermal transport across diamond membranes and diamond-silicon interfaces. We observed the highest diamond-silicon thermal boundary conductance (TBC) measured to date and increased diamond thermal conductivity due to strong grain texturing in the diamond near the interface. Additionally, non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics (NEMD) simulations and a Landauer approach are used to understand the diamond-silicon TBC. These findings pave the way for tuning or increasing thermal conductance in heterogeneously integrated electronics that involve polycrystalline materials and will impact applications including electronics thermal management and diamond growth.

As one of the basic components of phononics, thermal diodes transmit heat current asymmetrically similar to electronic rectifiers and diodes in microelectronics. Heat can be conducted through them easily in one direction while being blocked in the other direction. In this work, we report an easily-fabricated mesoscale chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond thermal diode without sharp temperature change driven by the gradient grain structure of CVD diamond membranes. We build a spectral model of diamond thermal conductivity with complete phonon dispersion relation to show significant thermal rectification in CVD diamond membranes. To explain the observed thermal rectification, the temperature and thermal conductivity distribution in the CVD diamond membrane are studied. Additionally, the effects of temperature bias and diamond membrane thickness are discussed, which shed light on tuning the thermal rectification in CVD diamond membranes. The conical grain structure makes CVD diamond membranes, and potentially other CVD film structures with gradient grain structure, excellent candidates for easily-fabricated mesoscale thermal diodes without a sharp temperature change.

The maximum output power of GaN-based high-electron mobility transistors is limited by high channel temperature induced by localized self-heating which degrades device performance and reliability. With generated heat fluxes within these devices reaching magnitude close to ten times of that at the sun surface, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond is an attractive candidate to aid in the extraction of this heat in order to keep the operating temperatures of these high power electronics as low as possible. Due to the observed inhomogeneous structure, CVD diamond membranes exhibit a 3D anisotropic thermal conductivity which may result in significantly different cooling performance from expected in a given application. In this work, time domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) is used to measure the thermal properties of an 11.8-{\mu}m CVD diamond membrane from its nucleation side. Starting with a spot size diameter larger than the thickness of the membrane, measurements are made at various modulation frequencies from 1.2 MHz to 11.6 MHz to tune the heat penetration depth, and subsequently the part of diamond sampled by TDTR. We divide the membrane into ten sublayers and assume isotropic thermal conductivity in each sublayer. From this, we observe a 2D gradient of the depth-dependent thermal conductivity for this membrane. By measuring the same region with a smaller spot size at multiple frequencies, the in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity are extracted respectively. Through this use of multiple spot sizes and modulation frequencies, the 3D anisotropic thermal conductivity of CVD diamond membrane is experimentally obtained by fitting the experimental data to a thermal model. This work provides insight toward an improved understanding of heat conduction inhomogeneity in CVD polycrystalline diamond membrane that is important for applications of thermal management of high power electronics.

The spectral characteristics of near-field thermal emission from nanoparticle arrays are explained by comparison to the dispersions for propagating modes. Using the coupled dipole model, we analytically calculate the spectral emission from single particles, chains, planes, and 3D arrays of SiO2 and SiC. We show that the differences in their spectra are due to the existence or absence of propagating surface phonon polariton modes and that the emission is dominated by these modes when they are present. This work paves the way for understanding and control of near-field radiation in nanofluids, nanoparticle beds, and certain metamaterials., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

Heat dissipation issues are the emerging challenges in the field of flexible electronics. Thermal management of flexible electronics creates a demand for flexible materials with highly anisotropic thermal conductivity, which work as heat spreaders to remove excess heat in the in-plane direction and as heat shields to protect human skin or device components under them from heating. This study proposes a self-assembled silver nanowire network with high thermal and electrical anisotropy with the potential to solve these challenges. The in-plane thermal conductivity of the network along the axial direction of silver nanowires is measured as 37 W/m-K while the cross-plane thermal conductivity is only 0.36 W/m-K. The results of measurements of electrical and thermal conductivities suggest that abundant wire-wire contacts strongly impede thermal transport. The excellent alignment of nanowires results in the same anisotropy ratio of 3 for both thermal and electrical conduction in the two in-plane directions. The ratio remains unchanged as the temperature decrease to 50 K, which indicates that wire-wire contacts lower the thermal and electrical conduction in the two directions to the same extent and their effect is independent of temperature. In addition, phonon softening markedly reduces the Debye temperatures of the network, which are fitted from the electrical resistivity data. As a result of phonon thermal conduction, the Lorenz numbers of the film in the two directions, which are approximately the same, are larger than the Sommerfeld value at room temperature and decrease as temperature decreases because of small angle scattering and the reduced phonon contribution. This nanowire network provides a solution to the emerging challenges of thermal management of flexible electronics.