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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.010 Byline: I.J. Bateman (a)(b), M.A. Cole (c), S. Georgiou (a)(b), D.J. Hadley (b) Abstract: This paper contrasts applications of both the contingent valuation (CV) and contingent ranking (CR) methods as applied to a common issue, the valuation of improvements to the water quality of an urban river (the River Tame, running through the city of Birmingham, UK). Building upon earlier experimental work, the CV design used ensures that respondents are fully aware of all impending valuation tasks prior to undertaking any one of those tasks. Such an approach is directly comparable to the CR design for which full awareness of all options is a pre-requisite. Findings indicate that the CV responses exhibit strong internal consistency with expected relationships observed between values and theoretically expected parameters. External comparisons show that CR valuations are substantially larger than those elicited through CV (with protest votes excluded), and that the response rate for the CR survey is significantly higher than that for the CV survey. Author Affiliation: (a) Programme on Environmental Decision Making (PEDM), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (b) Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (c) Department of Economics, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Article History: Received 16 September 2003; Accepted 22 June 2005

Most developing and transition regions will encounter a growth in emissions of all five pollutants namely nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter and carbon dioxide as a result of the Uruguay Round. The trade negotiations will also likely to result in the growth of heavy industrial businesses and the textile sector in all developing countries, which would eventually lead to a greater increase in emissions of all four local air pollutants. In developed regions, emissions of 3 local air pollutants are likely to drop while nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions will generally increase.

Muscle energetics and function were investigated in the hindlimb of mice lacking dystrophin (mdx), utrophin and dystrophin (utr-dys) and controls (C57Bl/10) using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance techniques, electrical nerve stimulation and direct biochemical analysis. At rest, [adenosine triphosphate] and [total creatine] were lowest in utr-dys, while [inorganic phosphate] was elevated. Calculated [adenosine diphosphate] was 3-fold higher in mdx and 5-fold higher in utr-dys than in controls, consistent with an increased adenosine triphosphate requirement for ion pump activity. During stimulation, force production was low only in utr-dys, and this was reflected in the bioenergetic changes. Initial recovery rates of [phosphocreatine] and [adenosine diphosphate] after stimulation were rapid in all groups, indicative of normal mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production in utr-dys and mdx. Recovery of pH was slow in utr-dys. The data indicate that the severe abnormalities which are present in the absence of utrophin and dystrophin leave basic muscle energetics intact and appear confined to processes involving the sarcolemma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]