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Background: The omission of charted (prescribed) doses for hospitalized patients is an important problem in the UK. Inappropriate drug omission can clearly lead to harm from lack of therapeutic effect. However, healthcare professionals administering medicines may decide that omission of a dose is appropriate in certain circumstances, e.g. when patients show signs of a possible adverse drug reaction (ADR).Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize dose omissions to understand the factors that influence non-administration of therapy and to determine the proportion of doses that are appropriately omitted due to ADRs.Methods: We used data from a bespoke hospital-wide electronic prescribing and administration system at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. We extracted data on 6.01 million drug administrations during 2010 and then randomly selected four 7-day periods, concentrating on doses that were charted but not given. Omitted medicines were counted if either there was a charted 'non-administration' (i.e. an active acknowledgement of the omitted dose) or there was no charting of that dose (i.e. no record of either administration or omission). Paused medicines were not counted. When a dose was omitted, staff indicated the reasons for non-administration using codes ('hard coded') or free text in the electronic system. We used both to compare the contribution of different factors, including ADRs, to the total rates of dose omissions.Results: In the four 7-day periods analysed, 60 763 (12.4%) of the 491 894 charted doses were omitted. The most common code was 'patient refused drug' (45.4%). Only 1.6% of doses were omitted for reasons of patient safety, of which 4 in 1000 omissions were coded as directly due to an ADR.Conclusions: Measures to improve the quality of care should seek to reduce dose omissions, but in some cases omission may be rational. Electronic medication administration records allow for detailed analysis of decisions made by healthcare professionals at the point of administration. While dose omissions related to ADRs are uncommon, they are important both for patient safety and for therapeutic decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: : Electronic decision support can reduce medication errors, and dose-range checking is one element of that support.Objective: : The aim of this study was to design an approach to setting upper dose warning limits in electronic prescribing systems where there are historical data on dosing.Method: : We used historical data on 56 drug-form combinations for which over 100 prescriptions had been issued between 1 June 2009 and 31 May 2010 in a bespoke electronic prescribing system at University Hospital Birmingham, UK. First, two experts derived dose limits for each drug-form combination, then the drugs were randomly divided into a training set and a test set. A variation of the 'Nearest Rank' approach to estimate statistical limits was used to derive the percentile with the optimal sensitivity and specificity.Results: : For the 28 drug-form combinations in the test set, the 86th percentile of dose gave a mean sensitivity of 95.3% and a mean specificity of 97.9% for warning limits, representing the highest reasonable dose; the 96th percentile gave a mean sensitivity of 90.2% and mean specificity of 99.5% for disallow limits, beyond which no dose should be prescribed.Conclusions: : Dosing decision support within electronic prescribing systems can be derived by statistical analysis of historical prescription data. We advocate a combined theoretical and statistical derivation of dose checking rules in order to ensure that prescribers are alerted appropriately to potentially toxic doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contraindications to medicines define circumstances in which the medicines must not be given. Computerized prescribing systems with decision support should display alerts to warn prescribers of contraindications. However, for such systems to be effective, alerts should only be displayed when relevant.Objective: We set out to construct an algorithm that would classify contraindications according to the data available to a computerized system, and allow them to be displayed in context as far as possible.Method: We drafted an initial algorithm from first principles, refined it by classifying further datasets, and then tested it on a further set of 95 phrases for contraindications.Results: We were able to classify 94 of the 95 phrases; 13 related to age or sex and four related to allergies, but the majority depended on co-morbid conditions.Conclusions: We have constructed a practicable algorithm for classifying alerts to contraindications. The classification used will allow alerts to be displayed when relevant. However, most contraindications relate to co-morbid conditions, and prescribing systems will only be able to display these in context if they have access to relevant clinical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes perceptioris of African American mothers related to infant health care. The study s significance arises from the increased incidence of SIDS and disparity in infant mortality among African Americans. SIDS disproportionately affects African American infants and failure of parents to adhere to supine sleep is offered as a contributing factor. An understanding of parents' perceptions of healthcare provider interactions can uncover barriers to adherence with recommendations for safe infant sleep. Interviews revealed that African American mothers valued care from friendly, caring, attentive, respectful nurses. As a result of receiving respectful care, mothers indicated increased likelihood of adhering to health teachings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Factors such as age, sex and disease state alter a patient's susceptibility to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Ethnicity may also alter the risk of an ADR.Objective: To review the evidence for ethnic differences in susceptibility to adverse reactions to drugs used to treat psychoses and depression.Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE (from 1951), EMBASE (from 1974), and PsycINFO (from 1950) to March 2006.Study Selection: Studies were included if there was a mention of ethnicity, ethnic or racial groups and a description of a procedure to investigate ADRs specifically or a description of ADRs that were a result of drugs in therapeutic use. Studies selected by any two reviewers were retained if they referred to drugs used in the treatment of psychoses and related disorders or antidepressant drugs. Of 124 studies describing ADRs to antipsychotics or antidepressants, 51 reported data from different ethnic groups.Data Extraction: Data were extracted independently from those studies selected for inclusion by two reviewers, using a standard data extraction form. Studies were assessed for bias in order to determine the quality of the study.Data Synthesis: In a pooled analysis of patients treated with antipsychotics, the relative risk (RR) of tardive dyskinesia in Black compared with White patients was 1.03 (95% CI 0.85, 1.24); the RR of extrapyramidal symptoms in East Asian compared with non-East Asian patients was 1.38 (95% CI 1.11, 1.72); the RR of hyperglycaemia in Black compared with non-Black patients was 1.55 (95% CI 0.95, 2.53); and the RR of diabetes mellitus in non-White compared with White patients was 1.35 (95% CI 0.95, 1.92). It was impossible to perform pooled analysis of data from studies investigating antidepressants due to insufficient data.Conclusions: We found limited evidence of ethnic differences in the risk of ADRs. The clinical implications of these results remain unclear because of confounding factors. Further progress will require improved recruitment of patients from different ethnic groups and an established consensus on how to define ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2000 researchers have reported a decline in the administration of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications given by school nurses, although no decline has been noted in the incidence of ADHD in school-age populations. Government data for the same period show reduced levels of methylphenidate abuse as measured by its involvement in hospital emergency department (ED) admissions. Offsetting this, however, is an increase in the involvement of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine in hospital ED admissions for the same period. Because ADHD medications are often administered in the school setting, a survey of school nurses was undertaken to identify factors related to the administration as well as to the diversion, theft, and misuse of ADHD medications. Of 311 school nurses responding, 295 (95%) reported a significant or moderate decline between 2002 and 2004 in the need for school-based administration of ADHD medications. Respondents also reported reductions in diversion, theft, and misuse of ADHD drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the common assumption that increased therapist experience correlates with improved client outcomes, studies reveal inconsistent relationships between therapist experience and therapy effectiveness. Some studies have demonstrated a slight worsening of client outcomes as therapists gain more experience. Yet, there are few studies that have examined how therapists change in their client outcomes over time, especially across different outcomes (e.g., depression, life functioning, anxiety). The present study used the Behavioral Health Measure-17 to investigate therapist effectiveness over time on multiple treatment outcomes (e.g., general distress, life functioning, anxiety, alcohol/drug use) using a large naturalistic sample of 613 professional therapists and 42,690 clients over approximately 12 years of psychotherapy data. Our results show a significant decrease in client outcomes over time in three domains: general distress, life functioning, and anxiety, albeit small-sized effects. Our findings also indicate that therapist caseload and baseline severity were not associated with predicting client outcomes and that, unexpectedly, the severity of therapist caseloads decreased over time. These findings underscore the importance of a nuanced understanding of therapist effectiveness, challenging the assumption of universal improvement with experience. Furthermore, we believe that these findings may offer preliminary support for matching therapists with clients based on domain-specific strengths. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Despite the increase in firearm injury observed across the country, significant gaps remain relevant to our understanding of how firearm exposure translates to injury. Using acoustic gunshot detection and a collaborative hospital and law enforcement firearm injury database, we sought to identify the relationship between firearm discharge and injury over time., Study Design: From 2018 to 2021, instances of firearm discharge captured via acoustic detection in 6 square miles of Louisville, KY, were merged with data from the collaborative firearm injury database. Key outcomes included the total number of rounds fired, injury and fatality rates per round, and the percentage of rounds discharged from automatic weapons and high-capacity magazines., Results: During the study period, 54,397 rounds of ammunition were discharged resulting in 914 injuries, 435 hospital admissions, 2,442 hospital days, 155 emergent operations, and 180 fatalities. For each round of ammunition fired, the risk of injury and fatality was 1.7% and 0.3%, respectively. The total number of rounds fired per month nearly tripled (614 vs 1,623, p < 0.001) leading to increased injury (15 vs 37, p < 0.001) and fatality (3 vs 7, p < 0.001). The percentage of rounds fired from automatic weapons (0 vs 6.8%, p < 0.001) and high-capacity magazines (7.6 vs 28.9%, p < 0.001) increased over time., Conclusions: The increased burden of firearm injury is related to an overall increase in firearm exposure as measured by the total number of rounds discharged. High-capacity magazines and automatic weaponry are being used with increasing frequency in urban America., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Surgeons. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The United States is the third largest producer of cotton and the largest exporter of cotton globally. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum ( Fov ), was estimated to cause a $21 million cotton yield loss in 2022. Historically, Alabama was an important producer of cotton in the Southeastern United States and was the first state in which Fusarium wilt on cotton was described. To assess the genetic diversity of Fov field isolates in Alabama, 118 field isolates were collected from six counties across the state from 2014 to 2016. Phylogenetic analysis using TEF1 and RPB2 placed the Fov field isolates into 18 haplotypes. Upon profiling the Tfo1 transposon insertion in the NAT gene, it was determined that no race 4 isolates were recovered in Alabama. Representatives of all field isolate haplotypes caused disease on Upland cotton variety Rowden in a hydroponic test tube assay. Two haplotype A isolates were the most aggressive isolates recovered, and haplotype A isolate TF1 was more aggressive than the race 4 isolate 89-1A on Upland cotton and had similar symptom severity on Pima cotton. Karyotype profiling indicted an abundance of small chromosomes characteristic of karyotypes that include accessory chromosomes, with considerable variability between isolates. Collectively, our study indicates that Fov isolates from Alabama are genetically diverse, which may have been promoted by its persistence in cotton fields., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is the second most commonly used performance-based task in clinical practice. However, traditional TAT administration is time-consuming and raises accessibility issues. This study examines the effect of administration modifications (i.e., examiner handwriting versus typing, examiner recording versus participant recording, and re-prompting versus no re-prompting) on narrative length and richness as measured by the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G). A four-card TAT protocol was administered to 150 college students under one of five conditions. The resulting narratives were scored by two trained raters using the SCORS-G. MANOVA procedures showed (a) no significant differences between examiner handwriting versus typing; (b) the shortest, blandest narratives were produced when the examiner recorded the narratives without re-prompting; and (c) the longest, richest narratives were produced when the participant typed the narratives with re-prompts on the computer screen. Clinical and research implications and future directions will be discussed.

Background: Due to the rapid advancement in information technology, changes to communication modalities are increasingly implemented in healthcare. One such modality is Computerised Provider Order Entry (CPOE) systems which replace paper, verbal or telephone orders with electronic booking of requests. We aimed to understand the uptake, and user acceptability, of CPOE in a large National Health Service hospital system., Methods: This retrospective single-centre study investigates the longitudinal uptake of communications through the Prescribing, Information and Communication System (PICS). The development and configuration of PICS are led by the doctors, nurses and allied health professionals that use it and requests for CPOE driven by clinical need have been described.Records of every request (imaging, specialty review, procedure, laboratory) made through PICS were collected between October 2008 and July 2019 and resulting counts were presented. An estimate of the proportion of completed requests made through the system has been provided for three example requests. User surveys were completed., Results: In the first 6 months of implementation, a total of 832 new request types (imaging types and specialty referrals) were added to the system. Subsequently, an average of 6.6 new request types were added monthly. In total, 8 035 132 orders were requested through PICS. In three example request types (imaging, endoscopy and full blood count), increases in the proportion of requests being made via PICS were seen. User feedback at 6 months reported improved communications using the electronic system., Conclusion: CPOE was popular, rapidly adopted and diversified across specialties encompassing wide-ranging requests., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Plant diseases significantly impact food security and food safety. It was estimated that food production needs to increase by 50% to feed the projected 9.3 billion people by 2050. Yet, plant pathogens and pests are documented to cause up to 40% yield losses in major crops, including maize, rice, and wheat, resulting in annual worldwide economic losses of approximately US$220 billion. Yield losses due to plant diseases and pests are estimated to be 21.5% (10.1 to 28.1%) in wheat, 30.3% (24.6 to 40.9%) in rice, and 22.6% (19.5 to 41.4%) in maize. In March 2023, The American Phytopathological Society (APS) conducted a survey to identify and rank key challenges in plant pathology in the next decade. Phytopathology subsequently invited papers that address those key challenges in plant pathology, and these were published as a special issue. The key challenges identified include climate change effect on the disease triangle and outbreaks, plant disease resistance mechanisms and its applications, and specific diseases including those caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and Xylella fastidiosa . Additionally, disease detection, natural and man-made disasters, and plant disease control strategies were explored in issue articles. Finally, aspects of open access and how to publish articles to maximize the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse of digital assets in plant pathology were described. Only by identifying the challenges and tracking progress in developing solutions for them will we be able to resolve the issues in plant pathology and ultimately ensure plant health, food security, and food safety., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Background: In-house calls contribute to loss of sleep and surgeon burnout. Although acknowledged to have an opportunity cost, home call is often considered less onerous, with minimal effects on sleep and burnout. We hypothesized home call would result in impaired sleep and increased burnout in acute care surgeons., Study Design: Data from 224 acute care surgeons were collected for 6 months. Participants wore a physiological tracking device and responded to daily surveys. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered at the beginning and end of the study. Within-participant analyses were conducted to compare sleep, feelings of restedness, and burnout as a function of home call., Results: One hundred seventy-one surgeons took 3,313 home calls, 52.5% were associated with getting called and 38.5% resulted in a return to the hospital. Home call without calls was associated with 3 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.01), home call with 1 or more call resulted in a further 14 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.0001), and home call with a return to the hospital led to an additional 70 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.0001). All variations of home call resulted in decreased feelings of restedness (p < 0.0001) and increased feelings of daily burnout (p < 0.0001, Fig. 1)., Conclusions: Home call is deleterious to sleep and burnout. Even home call without calls or returns to the hospital is associated with burnout. Internal assessments locally should incorporate frequency of calls and returns to the hospital when creating call schedules. Repeated nights of home call can result in cumulative sleep debt, with adverse effects on health and well-being., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Surgeons. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to develop an updated brief self-report post-session measure, suitable for collecting systematic feedback on clients' session reactions in the context of measurement-based care (MBC). Method: The Session Reactions Scale-3 (SRS-3; 33 items) was developed by extending and adjusting the Revised Session Reactions Scale. In Study 1, the psychometric properties of the SRS-3 were tested on N  = 242 clients. In Study 2, a brief version of the SRS-3 (SRS-3-B; 15 items) was developed using a combination of conceptual, empirical, and pragmatic criteria. In Study 3, the psychometric properties of the SRS-3-B were tested on a new sample of N  = 265 clients. Results: Exploratory factor analysis supported the use of the SRS-3-B as a two-factor (helpful reactions, hindering reactions) or unidimensional (overall session evaluation) instrument. The SRS-3-B was meaningfully related to another process measure (Individual Therapy Process Questionnaire) both on the item and factor levels. Conclusions: The SRS-3-B is a reliable process measure to elicit rich and clinically meaningful feedback from clients within the MBC context and as a research instrument to assess the helpful and hindering aspects of therapy sessions.

Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States continues to lead to a substantial number of preventable deaths and disability. The development of opioid dependence has been strongly linked to previous opioid exposure. Trauma patients are at particular risk since opioids are frequently required to control pain after injury. The purpose to this study was to examine the prevalence of opioid use before and after injury and to identify risk factors for persistent long-term opioid use after trauma., Methods: Records for all patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center over a 1-year period were analyzed. Demographics, injury characteristics, and hospital course were recorded. A multistate Prescription Drug Monitoring Program database was queried to obtain records of all controlled substances prescribed from 6 months before the date of injury to 12 months after hospital discharge. Patients still receiving narcotics at 1 year were defined as persistent long-term users and were compared against those who were not., Results: A total of 2,992 patients were analyzed. Of all patients, 20.4% had filled a narcotic prescription within the 6 months before injury, 53.5% received opioids at hospital discharge, and 12.5% had persistent long-term use after trauma with the majority demonstrating preinjury use. Univariate risk factors for long-term use included female sex, longer length of stay, higher Injury Severity Score, anxiety, depression, orthopedic surgeries, spine injuries, multiple surgical locations, discharge to acute inpatient rehab, and preinjury opioid use. On multivariate analysis, the only significant predictors of persistent long-term prescription opioid use were preinjury use and a much smaller effect associated with use at discharge., Conclusion: During a sustained opioid epidemic, concerns and caution are warranted in the use of prescription narcotics for trauma patients. However, persistent long-term opioid use among opioid-naive patients is rare and difficult to predict after trauma., Level of Evidence: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III., (Copyright © 2023 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.)

Abstract: Patients with emergency general surgery (EGS) diagnoses comprise over 10% of all hospital admissions, resulting in a projected number of 4.2 million admissions for 2023. Approximately 25% will require emergency surgical intervention, half will sustain a postoperative complication, and 15% will have a readmission within the first 30 days of surgery. In the face of this growing public health burden and to better meet the needs of these acutely ill patients, it was recognized that a formal quality improvement program, including standardization of data collection and the development of systems of care specifically for EGS have been lacking. Establishing standardized processes for quality improvement, including a national databank, and maintaining adherence to these processes as ensured by a robust verification process has improved outcomes research and patient care in the field of trauma, another time-sensitive specialty. In response to this perceived deficit, the "Optimal Resources for Emergency General Surgery" was developed. An extension of the current National Surgical Quality Improvement Program platform, specifically for operative and non-operative EGS cases, was developed and implemented. A robust set of standards were outlined to verify EGS programs/services. Defining the elements of an effective EGS program and developing hospital and practice standards consolidated EGS as an integral component of Acute Care Surgery. The verification program addresses a societal need and allows hospitals to better organize EGS care delivery and benchmark their results nationally., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: We sought to quantify the effects of in-house call(IHC) on sleep patterns and burnout among acute care surgeons (ACS)., Background: Many ACS take INC, which leads to disrupted sleep and high levels of stress and burnout., Methods: Physiological and survey data of 224 ACS with IHC were collected over 6 months. Participants continuously wore a physiological tracking device and responded to daily electronic surveys. Daily surveys captured work and life events as well as feelings of restfulness and burnout. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered at the beginning and end of the study period., Results: Physiological data were recorded for 34,135 days, which includes 4389 nights of IHC. Feelings of moderate, very, or extreme burnout occurred 25.7% of days and feelings of being moderately, slightly, or not at all rested occurred 75.91% of days. Decreased amount of time since the last IHC, reduced sleep duration, being on call, and having a bad outcome all contribute to greater feelings of daily burnout ( P <0.001). Decreased time since last call also exacerbates the negative effect of IHC on burnout ( P <0.01)., Conclusions: ACS exhibit lower quality and reduced amount of sleep compared with an age-matched population. Furthermore, reduced sleep and decreased time since the last call led to increased feelings of daily burnout, accumulating in emotional exhaustion as measured on the MBI. A reevaluation of IHC requirements and patterns as well as identification of countermeasures to restore homeostatic wellness in ACS is essential to protect and optimize our workforce., Competing Interests: K.E.H. is a paid employee of and has an equity interest in WHOOP Inc. J.K. is a paid employee of WHOOP Inc. WHOOP Inc. had no financial interest in this study and did not participate in study design or approval of the results or manuscript. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Beauveria bassiana is a cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungus that can infect over 1000 insect species. During growth inside the host, B. bassiana transitions from hyphal to yeast-like unicellular growth as blastospores. Blastospores are well suited as an active ingredient in biopesticides due to their ease of production by liquid fermentation. Herein, we investigated the impact of hyperosmotic growth environments mediated by ionic and non-ionic osmolytes on two strains of B. bassiana (ESALQ1432 and GHA) relevant to growth morphology, blastospore production, desiccation tolerance, and insecticidal activity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG200) increased osmotic pressure in submerged cultures leading to decreased blastospore size but higher blastospore yields for one strain. Morphologically, decreased blastospore size was linked to increased osmotic pressure. However, smaller blastospores from PEG200 supplemented cultures after air-drying exhibited delayed germination. Ionic osmolytes (NaCl and KCl) generated the same osmotic pressure (2.5-2.7 MPa) as 20% glucose and boosted blastospore yields (> 2.0 × 10 9 blastospores mL -1 ). Fermentation performed in a bench-scale bioreactor consistently promoted high blastospore yields when using NaCl (2.5 MPa) amended media within 3 days. Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) were similarly susceptible to NaCl-grown blastospores and aerial conidia in a dose-time-dependent manner. Collectively, these results demonstrate the use of hyperosmotic liquid culture media in triggering enhanced yeast-like growth by B. bassiana. Understanding the role of osmotic pressure on blastospore formation and fitness will hasten the development of viable commercial fungal biopesticides. KEY POINTS: • Osmotic pressure plays a critical role in submerged fermentation of B. bassiana. • Ionic/non-ionic osmolytes greatly impact blastospore morphology, fitness, and yield. • Desiccation tolerance and bioefficacy of blastospores are affected by the osmolyte., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) constitutes at least 77 phylogenetically distinct species including several agriculturally important and clinically relevant opportunistic pathogens. As with other Fusaria, they have been well documented to produce many secondary metabolites-compounds that are not required for the fungus to grow or develop but may be beneficial to the organism. An analysis of ten genomes from fungi within the terminal clade (clade 3) of the FSSC revealed each genome encoded 35 ( F. cucurbitcola ) to 48 ( F. tenucristatum ) secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). A total of seventy-four different BGCs were identified from the ten FSSC genomes including seven polyketide synthases (PKS), thirteen nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), two terpene synthase BGCs, and a single dimethylallytryptophan synthase (DMATS) BGC conserved in all the genomes. Some of the clusters that were shared included those responsible for producing naphthoquinones such as fusarubins, a red pigmented compound, squalestatin, and the siderophores malonichrome, ferricrocin, and triacetylfusarinine. Eight novel NRPS and five novel PKS BGCs were identified, while BGCs predicted to produce radicicol, gibberellin, and fusaoctaxin were identified, which have not previously described in members of the FSSC. The diversity of the secondary metabolite repertoire of the FSSC may contribute to the expansive host range of these fungi and their ability to colonize broad habitats., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Verticillium wilt is primarily caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and represents one of the most important worldwide soilborne plant diseases. The causal agent can be spread by microsclerotia and conidia attached to seeds during national/international trade or in soil between fields. Consequently, accurate, sensitive, and rapid detection of V. dahliae from complex samples is critical for restricting entry of the pathogen to a new region/environment and enforcing early management of Verticillium wilt. Based on CRISPR/Cas12a and recombinant polymerase amplification (RPA) technologies, we developed an accurate, sensitive, and rapid detection method for V. dahliae with paper-based lateral flow strips. A highly efficient and specific CRISPR RNA (crRNA) was designed for the GAPDH gene of V. dahliae and was validated using several closely related Verticillium spp. Excluding the time required for the DNA extraction from the complex samples, a minimum of 40 min was required for the detection time. The RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection system had a lower detection limit of ∼10 copies of genomic DNA per reaction and was able to successfully detect as little as one microsclerotium per gram of soil. In addition, field samples displaying symptoms suggestive of V. dahliae were able to be positively identified for the presence of V. dahliae . Taken together, this study broadens the applications of CRISPR/Cas12a nucleic acid detection to soilborne crop diseases and will contribute to the future development of field-deployable diagnostic tools., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease worldwide on cultivated cereals, caused by several Fusarium species. FHB can cause not only yield reduction but also accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain contaminating the food supply. Much of the earlier research has focused on Fusarium pathogenesis, conditions required for disease development and toxin accumulation, and FHB management. However, the Fusarium community composition within the micro-habitat of a single diseased wheat head in the field has had limited investigation. Similarly, the relationship between the Fusarium community structure and mycotoxin accumulation within diseased heads remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the Fusarium community in diseased heads sampled from different geographical sites in China. Several sites in Shandong province formed a transitional region which contained highly variable profiles of Fusarium OTUs, where a single diseased head could contain more than 10 Fusarium OTUs. Mycotoxin accumulation was independent of geographical properties, however, deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations showed a significant negative correlation with Fusarium diversity on diseased heads while a significant positive correlation between nivalenol concentration and Fusarium diversity was observed. Taken together, the Fusarium OTU diversity within diseased heads in the field significantly influences mycotoxin accumulation, providing an important point to consider in FHB disease management and mycotoxin research., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aims and Objectives: This study sets out to describe benefits from the implementation of electronic observation charting in intensive care units (ICU). This was an extension to the existing hospital wide digital health system. We evaluated error reduction, time-savings and the costs associated with conversion from paper to digital records. The world health emergency of COVID-19 placed extraordinary strain on ICU and staff opinion was evaluated to test how well the electronic system performed., Methods: A clinically led project group working directly with programmers developed an electronic patient record for intensive care. Data error rates, time to add data and to make calculations were studied before and after the introduction of electronic charts. User feedback was sought pre and post go-live (during the COVID-19 pandemic) and financial implications were calculated by the hospital finance teams., Results: Error rates equating to 219 000/year were avoided by conversion to electronic charts. Time saved was the equivalent of a nursing shift each day. Recurrent cost savings per year were estimated to be £257k. Staff were overwhelmingly positive about electronic charts in ICU, even during a health pandemic and despite redeployment into intensive care where they were using the electronic charts for the first time., Discussion: Electronic ICU charts have been successfully introduced into our institution with benefits in terms of patient safety through error reduction and improved care through release of nursing time. Costs have been reduced. Staff feel supported by the digital system and report it to be helpful even during redeployment and in the unfamiliar environment of intensive care., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Between 1999 and 2019, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 450,000 people died from overdoses involving prescribed opioids. This review examines how drug overdose deaths are compiled by the CDC using the coding system of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). When it comes to drug-involved deaths, the ICD may not tell the whole story or even the right story. To learn why, the authors examined the CDC's source data and the standard death certificate. In fatal drug overdose cases, death certificates are issued often before the results of post-mortem toxicology are known by the certifier. The CDC believes that this delay in the death investigation process may account for errors when, for example, certifiers list ambiguous terms such as "suspected acute drug intoxication" or "possible drug overdose" as a cause of death. When incomplete data are coded according to the ICD, the error is passed along while potentially useful information is lost. The result may reflect accurately the annual total of drug-involved overdose deaths while obscuring the lethality of individual substances, consumed alone or in combination, which contributed to, or caused, drug-involved deaths. The true cause of most fatal drug overdoses-polysubstance abuse-often is lost in this process. A key objective of this paper is to describe the process used by the CDC to report drug-involved mortality and how the current iteration of the ICD may be ill-suited for this important task.

The Capsicum genus has significant economic importance since it is cultivated and consumed worldwide for its flavor and pungent properties. In 2021, Mexico produced 3.3 billion tons on 45,000 hectares which yielded USD 2 billion in exports to the USA, Canada, Japan, etc. Soil type has a dramatic effect on phosphorus (P) availability for plantsdue to its ion retention.In a previous study, novel fungal isolates were shown to solubilize and mineralize P in different kinds of soils with different P retention capacities. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the mineralogy of different kinds of "milpa" soils on the germination, biomass production, and P absorption of chili plants ( Capsicum annuum ). The germination percentage, the germination speed index, and the mean germination time were significantly increased in the plants treated with dual inoculation. Foliar phosphorus, growth variables, and plant biomass of chili plants grown in a greenhouse were enhanced in different soil types and with different inocula. Correlation studies suggested that the most significant performance in the foliar P concentration and in the growth response of plants was achieved in Vertisol with dual inoculation of 7 × 10 6 mL -1 spores per chili plant, suggesting this would be an appropriate approach to enhance chili cultivation depending on the soil type. This study stresses the importance of careful analysis of the effect of the soil type in the plant-microbe interactions., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is advocated for hemorrhage control in pelvic fracture patients in shock. We evaluated REBOA in patients undergoing preperitoneal pelvic packing (PPP) for pelvic fracture-related hemorrhage., Methods: Retrospective, single-institution study of unstable pelvic fractures (hemodynamic instability despite 2 units of red blood cells (RBCs) and fracture identified on x-ray). Management included the placement of a Zone III REBOA in the emergency department (ED) for systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg. All PPP patients were included and analyzed for injury characteristics, transfusion requirements, outcomes and complications. Additionally, patients who received REBOA (REBOA+) were compared to those that did not (REBOA-)., Results: During the study period (January 2015 - January 2019), 652 pelvic fracture patients were admitted; 78 consecutive patients underwent PPP. Median RBCs at PPP completion compared to 24 h post-packing were 11 versus 3 units (p<0.05). Median time to operation was 45 min. After PPP, 7 (9%) patients underwent angioembolization. Mortality was 14%. No mortalities were due to ongoing pelvic fracture hemorrhage or physiologic exhaustion; all were a withdrawal of life sustaining support, most commonly due to neurologic insults (TBI/fat emboli = 6, stroke/spinal cord injury = 3). REBOA+ patients (n = 31) had a significantly higher injury severity score (45 vs 38, p<0.01) and higher heart rate (130 vs 118 beats per minute, p = 0.04) than REBOA-. The systolic blood pressure, base deficit, and number of RBCs transfused in the ED, and time spent in the ED were similar between groups. REBOA+ had a higher median transfusion of RBCs at PPP completion (11 units vs 5 units, p<0.01) but similar RBC transfusion in the 24 h after PPP (2 vs 1 units, p = 0.27). Mortality, pelvic infection, and ICU length of stay was not different between these cohorts., Conclusion: PPP with REBOA was utilized in more severely injured patients with greater physiologic derangements. Although REBOA patients required greater transfusion requirements, there were no deaths due to acute pelvic hemorrhage. This suggests the combination of REBOA with PPP provides life-saving hemorrhage control in otherwise devastating injuries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no COI/external funding aside from: Dr. Moore: Research support: Haemonetics, Instrumentation Laboratory, Stago, and Prytime; Co-founder: ThromboTherapeutics. Dr. Fox: Clinical Advisory Board, Prytime Medical Inc., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Ice nucleation activity (INA) is the capacity of certain particles to catalyze ice formation at temperatures higher than the temperature at which pure water freezes. INA impacts the ratio of liquid to frozen cloud droplets and, therefore, the formation of precipitation and Earth's radiative balance. Some Fusarium strains secrete ice-nucleating particles (INPs); they travel through the atmosphere and may thus contribute to these atmospheric processes. Fusarium INPs were previously found to consist of proteinaceous aggregates. Here, we determined that in F. avenaceum , the proteins forming these aggregates are smaller than 5 nm and INA is higher after growth at low temperatures and varies among strains. Leveraging these findings, we used comparative genomics and transcriptomics to identify candidate INA genes. Ten candidate INA genes that were predicted to encode secreted proteins were present only in the strains that produced the highest number of INPs. In total, 203 candidate INA genes coding for secreted proteins were induced at low temperatures. Among them, two genes predicted to encode hydrophobins stood out because hydrophobins are small, secreted proteins that form aggregates with amphipathic properties. We discuss the potential of the candidate genes to encode INA proteins and the next steps necessary to identify the molecular basis of INA in F. avenaceum ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to plague patients in intensive care units (ICUs) throughout the world. Persistent leukocytosis despite antibiotic treatment for VAP can have many etiologies including normal inflammatory response, inadequate VAP antimicrobial therapy, and the presence of additional infectious diagnoses. Hypothesis: Surgical patients with VAP and a second infectious source have a different white blood cell count (WBC) trend than patients with VAP alone. Patients and Methods: Retrospective, single-center study of surgical ICU patients diagnosed with VAP (>10 4 CFU/mL on semi-quantitative culture) between January 2019 and June 2020. Chart review identified additional infections diagnosed during VAP treatment. White blood cell count values were compared between patients treated for VAP alone (VAP-alone) and those with additional infections (VAP-plus) using a Wilcoxon test. Univariable analysis compared admission type, surgeries, and steroid use between cohorts. Results: Eighty-eight VAPs were included for analysis; 61 (69%) were VAP-alone and 27 (31%) VAP-plus. Average age was 47.1 ± 16.7 years, 78% were male, and 93% were trauma admissions. Median hospital day of VAP diagnosis was six (interquartile range [IQR], 4-10). Nearly all patients (99%) were started on initial antibiotic agents to which the VAP organism was sensitive. Daily WBC was higher for VAP-plus compared with VAP-alone on days five, six, and seven of treatment. The maximum WBC was higher for VAP-plus (21.6 k/mcL vs. 16.1 k/mcL; p = 0.02). There were no differences in admission types, number of surgeries, or steroid use between groups. Conclusions: Providers should have increased suspicion for additional sources of infection when ICU patients with a VAP continue to have elevated WBC despite appropriate antibiotic therapy.

A group of aggressive pathogens have evolved to colonize the plant xylem. In this vascular tissue, where water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant, pathogens must be able to thrive under acropetal xylem sap flow and scarcity of nutrients while having direct contact only with predominantly dead cells. Nevertheless, a few bacteria have adapted to exclusively live in the xylem, and various pathogens may colonize other plant niches without causing symptoms unless they reach the xylem. Once established, the pathogens modulate its physicochemical conditions to enhance their growth and virulence. Adaptation to the restrictive lifestyle of the xylem leads to genome reduction in xylem-restricted bacteria, as they have a higher proportion of pseudogenes in their genome. The basis of xylem adaptation is not completely understood; therefore, a need still exists for model systems to advance the knowledge on this topic.

Introduction: There is a paucity of data describing opioid prescribing patterns for trauma patients. We investigated pain medication regimens prescribed at discharge for patients with traumatic rib fractures, as well as potential variables predictive of opioid prescribing., Methods: A single-center, retrospective analysis was performed of 337 adult patients presenting with ≥1 traumatic rib fractures between January and December 2019. The primary outcome was oral morphine milligram equivalents (MME) prescribed on discharge. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors independently associated with above median (150) MME prescription at discharge., Results: The majority of patients were male (68.8%) with a median age of 53 y. Blunt trauma accounted for 97.3% of cases with a median Injury Severity Score(ISS) of 10. Locoregional pain procedures were utilized in 16.9% of patients. Opioids were the most common analgesic prescribed at discharge, and 74.1% of patients prescribed opioids on discharge were also prescribed a non-opioid adjunct. On multivariable analysis, daily MME prescribed during hospitalization (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02, P < 0.01) and number of rib fractures (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.36-3.74, P < 0.01) were predictive of high MME prescribed on discharge., Conclusions: For patients with traumatic rib fractures, daily MME during hospitalization and number of rib fractures were predictive of high MME prescribing on discharge. Further prospective studies evaluating strategies for pain management and protocolized approaches to opioid prescribing are needed to reduce unnecessary and inappropriate opioid use in this patient population., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Climate change continues to pose a dangerous threat to human health. However, not only is health impacted by this crisis, healthcare itself adds to the problem, through significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) is responsible for an estimated 4% of the overall national carbon footprint. Medicines account for a quarter of this and whilst they are vital for health now, through sustainable use they can also positively influence the environmental health of the future. In this review, we explore how clinical pharmacologists and other health care professionals can practice sustainable medicines use or eco-pharmaco-stewardship. We will discuss current and near future environmental practices within the NHS, which we suspect will resonate with other health systems. We will suggest approaches for championing eco-pharmaco-stewardship in drug manufacturing, clinical practice and patient use, to achieve a more a sustainable healthcare system., (© 2021 British Pharmacological Society.)

Objectives: To identify interventions implemented in hospital electronic prescribing systems and the outcome measures used to monitor their impact., Methods: We systematically searched CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Medline using keywords in three strands: (i) population: hospital inpatient or emergency department; (ii) intervention: electronic prescribing functionality; and (iii) outcome: antimicrobial stewardship. The interventions were grouped into six themes: alerts, order sets, restriction of access, mandated documentation, embedded guidelines and automatic prescription stop. The outcome measures were organized into those that measure the quality or quantity of prescribing or clinical decision support (CDS) activity. The impact of each intervention reported was grouped into a positive, negative or no change., Results: A total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion. There were 28 different interventions grouped into the six themes. Alerts visible to the practitioner in the electronic health record (EHR) were most frequently implemented ( n  = 11/28). Twenty different outcome measures were identified, divided into quality ( n  = 13/20) and quantity outcomes ( n  = 4/20) and CDS activity ( n  = 3/20). One-third of outcomes reported across the 28 studies showed positive change (34.4%, n  = 42/122) and 61.4% ( n  = 75/122) showed no change., Conclusions: The most frequently implemented interventions were alerts, the majority of which were to influence behaviour or decision-making of the practitioner within the EHR. Quality outcomes were most frequently selected by researchers. The review supports previous research that larger well-designed randomized studies are needed to investigate the impact of interventions on AMS and outcome measures to be standardized., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.)

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Health Education England (HEE) and the University of Birmingham provided National Health Service (NHS) staff free access to SCRIPT, a national eLearning programme for safer prescribing and therapeutics. The eLearning was particularly for those returning to work or being redeployed. In the year March 2020-21, 3412 users registered to access portfolios and opened an aggregate of 17 198 modules. Each user completed a median of 2 (range 1-50, interquartile range [IQR] 1-7) assessed learning modules. Marks improved from pre-test to post-test by a median of 2 (IQR 0-3) marks out of 10. The most frequently selected modules were Adherence and Concordance (1109 users), Fluids (981 users) and Diabetic Emergencies (818 users). A total of 878 users accessed the unassessed COVID-19 module. The SCRIPT modules provided standardised education in core principles relating to prescribing and therapeutics, and were used by professionals from many healthcare disciplines., (© 2021 British Pharmacological Society.)

Background: Many centers now perform surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF). This single center study aimed to investigate temporal trends by year in patient selection, operative characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes We hypothesized that, over time, patient selection, time to SSRF, operative time, and in-hospital outcomes varied significantly., Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained SSRF database (2010 to 2020) was performed. Patients were stratified by year in which they underwent SSRF. The primary outcome was operative time, defined in minutes from incision to closure. Secondary outcomes were patient and operative characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess for temporal trends, corrected for confounders. The outcomes ventilator-, Intensive Care Unit-, and hospital-free days (VFD, IFD, and HFD, respectively) were categorized based on the group's medians, and complications were combined into a composite outcome., Results: In total, 222 patients underwent SSRF on a median of one day after admission (P 25 -P 75 , 0-2). Patients had a median age of 54 years (P 25 -P 75 , 42-63), ISS of 19 (P 25 -P 75 , 13-26), RibScore of 3 (P 25 -P 75 , 2-5), and sustained a median of 8 fractured ribs (P 25 -P 75 , 6-11). In multivariable analysis, increasing study year was associated with an increase in operative time (p<0.0001). In addition, study year was associated with a significantly reduced odds of complications (Odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI], 0.63-0.92; p=0.005), VFD < 28 days (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.92; p=0.003), IFD < 24 days (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66-0.91; p=0.002), and HFD < 18 days (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53-0.76; p<0.0001)., Conclusion: In-hospital outcomes after SSRF improved over time. Unexpectedly, operative time increased. The reason for this finding is likely multifactorial and may be related to patient selection, onboarding of new surgeons, fracture characteristics, and minimally invasive exposures. Due to potential for confounding, study year should be accounted for when evaluating outcomes of SSRF., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest EMMVL and MMEW report grants from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), DepuySynthes, Stichting Coolsingel, and Ostheosynthesis and Trauma Care Foundation, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: The nursing workforce is not keeping pace with the racial demographics in the United States. In addition, attrition rates for ethnic minorities in schools of nursing remain high. This qualitative study examined African American students' perceptions of factors that affect successful completion of nursing school. Five themes emerged: being invisible, sense of isolation, proving myself, focus on school as protective, and being misunderstood. Findings suggest that attention to identified influencing factors may affect minority student graduation success, increasing the likelihood of a diverse nursing workforce., Competing Interests: The authors have declared no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 National League for Nursing.)

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 (FOV4) is a devastating fungus pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt in both domesticated cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum (Upland) and G. barbadense (Pima). Greenhouse and field-based pathogenicity assays can be a challenge because of nonuniform inoculum levels, the presence of endophytes, and varying environmental factors. Therefore, an in vitro coculture system was designed to support the growth of both domesticated cotton species and FOV4 via an inert polyphenolic foam substrate with a liquid medium. A Fusarium wilt-susceptible Pima cotton cultivar, G. barbadense 'GB1031'; a highly resistant Pima cotton cultivar, G. barbadense 'DP348RF'; and a susceptible Upland cotton cultivar, G. hirsutum 'TM-1', were evaluated for 30 days during coculture with FOV4 in this foam-based system. Thirty days after inoculation, disease symptoms were more severe in both susceptible cultivars, which displayed higher percentages of foliar damage, and greater plant mortality than observed in 'DP348RF', the resistant Pima cotton cultivar. This foam-based in vitro system may be useful for screening cotton germplasm for resistance to a variety of fungus pathogens and may facilitate the study of biotic interactions in domesticated cotton species under controlled environmental conditions.

Fusarium avenaceum is a filamentous fungus commonly associated with plants and soil. It is a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on maize and small-grain cereals and blights on other plant species, and is one of the very few fungal species known to have ice nucleation activity (i.e., it catalyzes ice formation). Here, we report the draft genome of the ice-nucleation-active F. avenaceum strain F156N33 isolated from the atmosphere above Virginia. The genome assembly is 41,175,306 bp long, consists of 214 contigs, and is predicted to encode 11,233 proteins, which were annotated using RNA-sequencing data obtained from the same strain.

F. oxysporum is a notorious filamentous pathogenic fungus that causes serious problems in agriculture and animal/human health. Knowing how the fungus interacts throughout the course of an infection is necessary to propose an effective control strategy, and consequently the manipulation of the F. oxysporum genome is essential to investigate the molecular interplay between the host and fungus. To facilitate assessing protein quantification and subcellular localization, we developed a simple, economical CRISPR/Cas9-mediated endogenous gene tagging (EGT) system based on two different strategies, homology-independent targeted integration (HITI) and homology-dependent recombination integration (HDRI). Reporter genes, including GFP and LacZ, can be inserted at the N- or C-terminus of an endogenous gene of interest at the original chromosomal locus, allowing partial characterization of the gene function., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)