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Documentation of CH is paramount to preserve its memory and allow its study, especially when CH is meant to be dismantled, as for the architectures of World’s Fairs. Very few efforts are undertaken to achieve this goal and national and international institutions rarely adopt innovative digital technologies. Digital technologies and products like 3D digital models are successfully and largely applied in CH domains, while webGIS is less explored for CH. Nevertheless, 3D digital models are rarely adopted to accompany digital archives and Digital Humanities studies. Very few cases use 3D models for World’s Fairs’ study and documentation. WebGIS is not used for World’s Fairs, and are scarcely adopted and not fully exploited by Digital Humanities and digital archives for sharing data and information about CH. Turin 1911 is the first digital project aimed to virtually document, recreate, and study an entire World’s Fair. Combining digital technologies (geo-DB, 3D digital reconstruction, and 3D webGIS) with cataloging standards, Turin 1911 is a pioneering initiative that applies these innovations to Digital Humanities in order to share information online. In this paper, dedicated webGIS applications are developed for the Turin 1911 needs, reporting the designed procedure, challenges in the development phase, and potentialities for Digital Humanities research. Finally, BIM models are also integrated in webGIS apps, making visible no more visible architectures. The paper discusses how webGIS apps could become a way for sharing information and data, but also a working environment for Digital Humanities studies where the research takes place in 3D environments.

This chapter explores the issue of temporality in undertaking ethnographic fieldwork, drawing on research that examined urban automated management, wherein the software is used to automatically regulate traffic flow in a city. In this case, the study addressed: 1) polyrhythmia at different scales produced by algorithms, technology, management, and urban life, and; 2) the process of organizing multiple timelines to tune the ‘heartbeat’ of the city. Time is a resource for coordination and regulation, as well as for making sense of actions and experience. Being increasingly dispersed, and black-boxed in a multiplicity of processes affecting and configuring the way the past, present, and future are perfomed and lived, time also represents a new object of concern for the ethnographic investigation of algorithmic management. I argue that ethnography allows us to understand the material organizing of dispersed and heterogeneous temporalities while tuning in with such temporalities.

Since the 1950s digital technologies have been used by governments in the global North for the purposes of managing populations and delivering services. Over time, with the development of more sophisticated hardware and software, and the creation of the internet, the use of digital technologies for the purposes of governance has expanded in scope and depth. This has included the use of computation to monitor, manage and govern urban infrastructures and systems (Mitchell, 1995; Graham and Marvin, 1996). From the late 2000s, networked digital technologies that algorithmically produce, manage, analyse and act on streams of big data to augment and mediate the operation and governance of urban systems and life were branded as smart city technologies (Townsend, 2013). Such technologies include: city operating systems, integrated control rooms, coordinated emergency management systems, intelligent transport systems, smart energy grids, smart lighting and parking, sensor networks, building management systems, social and locative media, and city apps. A number of scholars have argued that a key transformative effect created through the adoption of smart city technologies is the reconfiguring of urban governmentality and the practices of governance (Kitchin and Dodge, 2011; Braun, 2014; Gabrys, 2014; Klauser et al., 2014; Vanolo, 2014; Davies, 2015; Sadowski and Pasquale, 2015; Luque-Ayala and Marvin, 2016; Krivy, 2018). The general conclusion is that algorithmic forms of governance are producing a shift from disciplinary forms of governmentality towards social control.

In cities around the world, digital technologies are utilized to manage city services and infrastructures, to govern urban life, to solve urban issues and to drive local and regional economies. While “smart city” advocates are keen to promote the benefits of smart urbanism – increased efficiency, sustainability, resilience, competitiveness, safety and security – critics point to the negative effects, such as the production of technocratic governance, the corporatization of urban services, technological lock-ins, privacy harms, and vulnerability to cyberattack. This book, through a range of international case studies, suggests social, political and practical interventions that would enable more equitable and just smart cities, reaping the benefits of smart city initiatives while minimizing some of their perils. Included are case studies from Ireland, the United States of America, Colombia, the Netherlands, Singapore, India and the United Kingdom. These essays discuss a range of issues including political economy, citizenship, standards, testbedding, urban regeneration, ethics, surveillance, privacy and cybersecurity. This book will be of interest to urban policymakers, as well as researchers in Regional Studies and Urban Planning.

Initial empirical research concerning the development of smart urbanism focused largely on smart city rhetoric, the marketing materials of companies promoting smart city products and services, and the policy and visioning documents of lobbying bodies and city administrations. This chapter examines how the smart city idea has been enacted through a set of smart city initiatives and brought into common discourse in the Dublin city region through the Smart Dublin programme. It charts how Dublin has moved from an 'accidental smart city' to an articulated vision with its own projects. So successful has this re-articulation been that Dublin was one of six shortlisted finalists for smart city of the year at the Smart City Expo and World Congress 2017. A key factor in the revival of Dublin's fortunes was the adoption of entrepreneurial urbanism to stimulate property development and attract service-based foreign direct investment.

We argue that the ideas, ideals and the rapid proliferation of smart city rhetoric and initiatives globally have been facilitated and promoted by three interrelated communities: (i) ‘urban technocrats’; (ii) a smart cities ‘epistemic community’; (iii) a wider ‘advocacy coalition’. We examine their roles and the multiscale formation, and why despite their influence they encounter a ‘last mile problem’; that is, smart city initiatives are yet to become fully mainstreamed. We illustrate this last mile problem through a discussion of plans to introduce smart lighting in Dublin.

Lo sviluppo dei sistemi sanitari in Italia sembra muovere in modo sempre più deciso verso un ripensamento del lavoro che questi svolgono sui territori. Il processo avviene secondo strategie pensate localmente e attraverso una dialettica complessa tra ospedale, medici di medicina generale (MMG) e reti di cura familiari. Attraverso il riferimento a focus group condotti con i MMG di una provincia montana del nord-est d’Italia, e 45 interviste rivolte a pazienti anziani dello stesso territorio e rappresentativi di diversa complessità terapeutica, il capitolo analizza le principali strategie messe in atto dai medici e alcuni esiti delle stesse nei contesti di cura dei pazienti a domicilio. I risultati confermano il ruolo centrale svolto dai MMG, ri-proponendo la centralità di questi ultimi all’interno dei sistemi sanitari territoriali e nell’orchestrazione delle reti su cui poggiano i processi e le pratiche di cura. Al contempo, osservando cosa succede nei contesti domiciliari dei singoli pazienti, verrà messo in evidenza il lavoro di tessitura delle relazioni di fi ducia tra MMG e caregiver, familiari e professionali, riarticolando continuamente l’alleanza e il coordinamento con i medici specialisti.

Today, withdrawing from digital space would mean giving up on countless pleasures and conveniences afforded by communication and navigation devices. Even if one wanted to withdraw, living offline has become rather difficult. Around the world urban life has become digitized and datafied to a degree that any attempt at living even for a few days without engagement with digital space would likely require a withdrawal from urban life altogether: from travel, work, and personal relations as we nowadays experience and live them. Many urbanites produce digital data through almost everything they do. We get up in the morning and use a mobile phone that is constantly emitting information to check our email, the news, and social media. We travel to work using an electronic travel card or in a car with various GPS and digital systems. We walk down streets where signals from our phones and other devices are captured and read by wifi beacons and MAC address sensors, and our images by CCTV. We use apps that emit details of our location, we tweet, we tag, we check in. We make phone calls through particular antennas set up by our mobile phone providers. We interact with the city digitally by paying our taxes, living in our houses, using city services, and offering feedback to the authorities. All day, digital signatures are embedded in the technologies we use, emitted as we communicate and move around, and signaled by most of our activities. The picture that builds up about us in the course of every day is both behavioral and spatial in ways that are often opaque to us. Actual and possible effects of digitalization and datafication of urban life are critically debated in scholarly and policy circles; and Liesbet Van Zoonen (2015) has observed that city governments today are faced with a super-wicked problem of data governance (Levin et al. 2012). In this context citizens are both contributors to the digitalization and datafication, as well as being affected by these processes.

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In un contesto di sempre maggiore frammentazione e decentramento dei sistemi sanitari nazionali, la medicina di territorio sta guadagnando una nuova centralità, assistendo e affiancando i pazienti nella gestione quotidiana della malattia. Il presente lavoro si sofferma sulle strategie messe in atto dai Medici di Medicina Generale (MMG) nel supportare una categoria particolarmente fragile, i pazienti anziani con terapie complesse. Attraverso l'analisi di alcuni Focus Group, svolti in una provincia di montagna del nord-est d'Italia, si sono individuate diverse strategie messe in atto dai medici a seconda delle circostanze. Così facendo si mostrerà come i MMG cerchino, non senza difficoltà, di guadagnarsi ed occupare un ruolo centrale all'interno dei sistemi sanitari territoriali: sviluppando e mettendo al lavoro nuove e vecchie competenze, cercando la legittimità presso pazienti sempre più informati ed esigenti, tessendo relazioni di fiducia e potere con i loro caregivers, coordinandosi e alleandosi con i medici specialisti.

Aims: H2S is known to confer cardioprotection; however, the pathways mediating its effects in vivo remain incompletely understood. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the contribution of cGMP-regulated pathways in the infarct-limiting effect of H2S in vivo. Methods and results: Anaesthetized rabbits were subjected to myocardial ischaemia (I)/reperfusion (R), and infarct size was determined in control or H2S-exposed groups. The H2S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, an agent that generates H2S) increased cardiac cGMP and reduced the infarct size. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)-I inhibitor DT2 abrogated the protective effect of NaHS, whereas the control peptide TAT or l-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME) did not alter the effect of NaHS. Moreover, the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide, partially reversed the effects of NaHS, whereas inhibition of mitochondrial KATP did not modify the NaHS response. NaHS enhanced phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLN), in a PKG-dependent manner. To further investigate the role of PLN in H2S-mediated cardioprotection, wild-type and PLN KO mice underwent I/R. NaHS did not exert cardioprotection in PLN KO mice. Unlike what was observed in rabbits, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of eNOS abolished the infarct-limiting effect of NaHS in mice. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate (i) that administration of NaHS induces cardioprotection via a cGMP/PKG/PLN pathway and (ii) contribution of nitric oxide to the H2S response is species-specific. © 2015 Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2015.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a reducing agent and an antioxidant molecule, exerts protective effects against hyperglycemic stress in the vascular endothelium. The mitochondrial enzyme 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) is an important biological source of H2S. We have recently demonstrated that 3-MST activity is inhibited by oxidative stress in vitro and speculated that this may have an adverse effect on cellular homeostasis. In the current study, given the importance of H2S as a vasorelaxant, angiogenesis stimulator and cellular bioenergetic mediator, we first determined whether the 3-MST/H2S system plays a physiological regulatory role in endothelial cells. Next, we tested whether a dysfunction of this pathway develops during the development of hyperglycemia and diabetes-associated vascular complications. Intraperitoneal (IP) 3-MP (1 mg/kg) raised plasma H2S levels in rats. 3-MP (10 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L) promoted angiogenesis in vitro in bEnd3 microvascular endothelial cells and in vivo in a Matrigel assay in mice (0.3–1 mg/kg). In vitro studies with bEnd3 cell homogenates demonstrated that the 3-MP-induced increases in H2S production depended on enzymatic activity, although at higher concentrations (1–3 mmol/L) there was also evidence for an additional nonenzymatic H2S production by 3-MP. In vivo, 3-MP facilitated wound healing in rats, induced the relaxation of dermal microvessels and increased mitochondrial bioenergetic function. In vitro hyperglycemia or in vivo streptozotocin diabetes impaired angiogenesis, attenuated mitochondrial function and delayed wound healing; all of these responses were associated with an impairment of the proangiogenic and bioenergetic effects of 3-MP. The antioxidants DL-α-lipoic acid (LA) in vivo, or dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) in vitro restored the ability of 3-MP to stimulate angiogenesis, cellular bioenergetics and wound healing in hyperglycemia and diabetes. We conclude that diabetes leads to an impairment of the 3-MST/H2S pathway, and speculate that this may contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperglycemic endothelial cell dysfunction. We also suggest that therapy with H2S donors, or treatment with the combination of 3-MP and lipoic acid may be beneficial in improving angiogenesis and bioenergetics in hyperglycemia. © 2015 Molecular Medicine. All rights received.

NF-kB blockade by decoy oligonucleotides (ODNs) able to interfere with NF-kB transcriptional activity may be of great help in limiting the progression of CF lung chronic inflammation. Although data proving the validity of this approach are just emerging, early studies on CF airway epithelial cell lines are encouraging. Major concerns arise from the need of appropriate systems for ODN inhalation, that are able to efficiently target the desired region of the lungs, protect the ODN in the biological environment and release it in a sustained manner. The technological approaches currently adopted for lung delivery of ODNs reliy on the use of lipidic nanoparticles or cationic liposomes, providing new formulation options for dispersed liquid droplet dosage forms (i.e., bulky, expensive and more time-consuming nebulizers) with poor control over ODN release rate. Prompted by this, we are currently developing respirable dry powders, for prolonged pulmonary delivery of a decoy ODN to NF-kB (dec-ODN), consisting of biodegradable large porous particles (LPP) based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). The effects of dec-ODN LPP on NF-kB/DNA binding activity as well as IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were studied on DF508 CFTR-mutated human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with LPS from P. aeruginosa for 24 and 72 h. Finally, the effects of intratracheally administered naked dec-ODN or dec-ODN LPP on neutrophil lung recruitment induced by LPS from P. aeruginosa at 6, 24 and 72 h were investigated in a rat model of airway inflammation.

Aims Risk stratification after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction is mostly applied by either symptom-limited post discharge exercise electrocardiography or pre-discharge submaximal exercise test. Aim of the present study was to determine if early pharmacological stress echocardiography and discharge within 24 hours of the test in cases without induced myocardial ischemia leads to lower costs and similar clinical outcome during 1 year follow up when compared to clinical evaluation and exercise electrocardiography after discharge. Methods and results Four-hundred fifty-eight patients from 10 participating centers with a recent uncomplicated myocardial infarction were randomized to pharmacological stress echocardiography on day 3–5 followed by early discharge in the case of negative test result (early discharge strategy) (n=233) or clinical evaluation with hospital discharge on day 7–9 and symptom-limited post-discharge exercise electrocardiography at 2–4 weeks after myocardial infarction (usual care strategy) (n=225). At 1 year follow up there were 63 events (4 deaths, 9 non fatal reinfarctions, 50 chest pains requiring hospitalization) in patients randomized to early discharge, and 69events (6 deaths, 13 reinfarctions, 50 chest pains requiring hospitalization) in usual care (p=ns). Total median individual costs calculated on the basis of hospitalizations, investigations and interventions during 1 year follow up were 3561 for early discharge strategy vs 3850 for usual care strategy (p

Come operano i muri nel dare forma allo spazio e alle pratiche urbane? Di che cosa sono fatti? Il capitolo propone una riflessione sui muri urbani interrogandosi sulla loro composizione, sulla capacità d’azione e sulla dimensione organizzativa che essi chiamano in causa. Lo studio prende le mosse dall’analisi di alcune controversie urbane che hanno avuto luogo nella città di Trento e che hanno avuto risalto nella stampa locale. Si tratta di episodi che permettono di seguire il modo in cui lo spazio prende forma nelle narrazioni e nelle pratiche. Il materiale giornalistico raccolto non è stato trattato tanto per la funzione informativa quanto per la capacità performativa delle notizie di orientare il discorso pubblico (Park 1949): nel connotare e organizzare il discorso degli spazi, la stampa locale contribuisce infatti a creare un immaginario e uno status specifico del luogo.

Lo studio che presento descrive gli allestimenti spaziali e narrativi delle organizzazioni prodotti a partire dallo sportello al pubblico di una Pubblica Amministrazione locale e si interroga sul lavoro delle soglie nell’attivazione degli spazi organizzativi. In primo luogo, l’obiettivo è quello di comprendere il modo in cui un’organizzazione e le sue norme si iscrive e spazializza nelle pratiche quotidiane, e come le pratiche ne trasformano l’esistenza. In secondo luogo, si tratta di capire in che modo un oggetto prende parte alla formazione del discorso organizzativo. Osservando le dinamiche che lo sportello innesca nella prestazione del servizio pubblico, la domanda di ricerca che verrà posta non sarà dunque quali valori lo spazio fisico incarna o evoca, bensì come gli attori umani e non umani attivano e negoziano in pratica specifiche disposizioni spaziali, a un tempo discorsive e materiali. Ciò di cui si intende render conto è dunque l’agire, l’agire situato, e in particolare la capacità pratica degli oggetti. Il discorso del design riguarda in questo caso il ruolo di un oggetto nel mantenimento e nella trasformazione del tessuto di relazioni nelle organizzazioni. Cosa fa un oggetto nei processi organizzativi? Quale ruolo ha il materiale di cui è fatto e la forma che gli è stata data nell’attivare configurazioni spaziali, umane e normative? E, per cominciare, in che senso ad un oggetto è dato di agire?

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This paper discusses the relevance of rhetorical concepts as powerful tools to address the workings and meaning of visual Bio-Design reflecting on biotechnology. It examines the visual rhetoric of two Bio-Design projects making for an effective agency of emotions on the one hand and intellectual considerations on science and ethics on the other hand. The paper applies common devices from classical rhetoric for the first time to these contemporary forms of visual design and combines rhetorical analysis with the art historical methodology of iconography and iconology. In so doing, the paper aims to produce meaning while acknowledging a common method of semiotics and literary studies as to personal subjectivity of the viewer as narrator.

Siamo a Trento. Il 19 febbraio 2008 un articolo a fondo pagina di un quotidiano locale titola:“Giro di vite sull’arte di strada”. Il consiglio comunale sta approvando delle modifiche al regolamento di polizia urbana che prevedono misure restrittive per l’arte di strada. Questo perché, scrivono i giornali, la polizia municipale riceve continue lamentele da parte di chi risiede e lavora in centro: “Credetemi, – è il ritornello – ascoltare per ore ‘O sole mio’ sotto l’ufficio non è affatto piacevole”.

Background and Purpose: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signalling molecule that belongs to the gasotransmitter family. Two major sources for endogenous enzymatic production of H2S are cystathionine β synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ lyase (CSE). In the present study, we examined the selectivity of commonly used pharmacological inhibitors of H 2S biosynthesis towards CSE and CBS. Experimental Approach: To address this question, human CSE or CBS enzymes were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with GSH-S-transferase. After purification, the activity of the recombinant enzymes was tested using the methylene blue method. Key Results: β-cyanoalanine (BCA) was more potent in inhibiting CSE than propargylglycine (PAG) (IC50 14 ± 0.2 μM vs. 40 ± 8 μM respectively). Similar to PAG, L-aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) only inhibited CSE, but did so at much lower concentrations. On the other hand, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a frequently used CBS inhibitor, was more potent in inhibiting CSE compared with BCA and PAG (IC50 1.1 ± 0.1 μM); the IC50 for AOAA for inhibiting CBS was 8.5 ± 0.7 μM. In line with our biochemical observations, relaxation to L-cysteine was blocked by AOAA in aortic rings that lacked CBS expression. Trifluoroalanine and hydroxylamine, two compounds that have also been used to block H2S biosynthesis, blocked the activity of CBS and CSE. Trifluoroalanine had a fourfold lower IC50 for CBS versus CSE, while hydroxylamine was 60-fold more selective against CSE. Conclusions and Implications: In conclusion, although PAG, AVG and BCA exhibit selectivity in inhibiting CSE versus CBS, no selective pharmacological CBS inhibitor is currently available. © 2012 The British Pharmacological Society.

Background and Purpose: Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center is the largest hospital in Louisiana with 734 Bed licensed beds. Patient care in the adult care units is delivered by over 1200 nurses in 20 acute care units and 5 intensive care units. There are over 25,000 Inpatient discharges from the medical center annually. Stroke discharges for the fiscal year 2010 were 867. The Medical Center utilizes an electronic medical record and is supported by a health system department that drives the development and oversight for the IT implementation in the 4 hospitals within our system. With only 5 Certified Stroke Centers in Louisiana, none in our geographic region; OLOL set a goal to become stroke center certified. With competing priorities and multiple quality initiatives in the medical center and across our health system, OLOL was challenged to develop processes to insure compliance in meeting the nursing driven stroke measures; dysphagia screen and stroke patient education. Our task was to develop electronic triggers to insure that screenings and education occurred at the appropriate time during the patient stay. Methods: This effort required work across disciplines and the health system. Our caregivers (nurses, physicians, and pharmacists), quality leaders, technology team members, and process experts worked together to reach our collective goal. The team developed triggers, or tasks required to be completed, based on an admission diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of stroke. When completing either task, the electronic record would auto populate a specific form for the task to be completed. For stroke education, the electronic form navigates the nurse through the 5 required components of stroke education, allowing the nurse to print a hardcopy of the required education for patient review. For the dysphagia screen, the auto form directs the nurse how to complete the task and automatically implements orders based on a pass or fail of the screen. Results: Data collected from Get with the Guidelines, Stroke at our organization pre and post implementation of the triggers were measured. Compliance with dysphagia screen increased from 59% to 87%. Stroke education increased from 0% to 94.9%. Conclusion: Electronic triggers improved compliance with meeting nursing driven stroke measures for patient education and dysphagia screen. The need to provide quality stroke care and improvement efforts for documentation was identified as a need before the application for Stroke Center Certification. Stroke meaningful use requirements for stimulus dollars helped to provide the organizational focus of resources that otherwise might not have appropriated for Stroke.

The goal of the present studies was to investigate the role of Changes in hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) homeostasis in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemic endothelial dysfunction. Exposure of bEnd3 microvascular endothelial cells to elevated extracellular glucose (in vitro "hyperglycemia") induced the mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which resulted in an increased consumption of endogenous and exogenous H 2S. Replacement of H 2S or overexpression of the H 2S-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) attenuated the hyperglycemia-induced enhancement of ROS formation, attenuated nuclear DNA injury, reduced the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and improved cellular viability. In vitro hyperglycemia resulted in a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, an effect that was partially corrected by H 2S supplementation. Exposure of isolated vascular rings to high glucose in vitro induced an impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations, which was prevented by CSE overexpression or H 2S supplementation. siRNA silencing of CSE exacerbated ROS production in hyperglycemic endothelial cells. Vascular rings from CSE -/- mice exhibited an accelerated impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to in vitro hyperglycemia, compared with wild-type controls. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats resulted in a decrease in the circulating level of H 2S; replacement of H 2S protected from the development of endothelial dysfunction ex vivo. In conclusion, endogenously produced H 2S protects against the development of hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesize that, in hyperglycemic endothelial cells, mitochondrial ROS production and increased H 2S catabolismform a positive feed-forward cycle. H 2S replacement protects against these alterations, resulting in reduced ROS formation, improved endothelial metabolic state, and maintenance of normal endothelial function.

AIMS To compare the efficacy and safety of lanoteplase, a single-bolus thrombolytic drug derived from alteplase tissue plasminogen activator, with the established accelerated alteplase regimen in patients presenting within 6 h of onset of ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS 15,078 patients were recruited from 855 hospitals worldwide and randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either lanoteplase 120 KU. kg(-1)as a single intravenous bolus, or up to 100 mg accelerated alteplase given over 90 min. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality at 30 days and the hypothesis was that the two treatments would be equivalent. By 30 days, 6.61% of alteplase-treated patients and 6.75% lanoteplase-treated patients had died (relative risk 1.02). Total stroke occurred in 1.53% alteplase- and 1.87% lanoteplase-treated patients (ns); haemorrhagic stroke rates were 0.64% alteplase and 1.12% lanoteplase (P=0.004). The net clinical deficit of 30-day death or non-fatal disabling stroke was 7.0% and 7.2%, respectively. By 6 months, 8.8% of alteplase-treated patients and 8.7% of lanoteplase-treated patients had died. CONCLUSION Single-bolus weight-adjusted lanoteplase is an effective thrombolytic agent, equivalent to alteplase in terms of its impact on survival and with a comparable risk-benefit profile. The single-bolus regimen should shorten symptoms to treatment times and be especially convenient for emergency department or out-of-hospital administration.