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Abstract: It has been argued that semantic systems reflect pressure for efficiency, and a current debate concerns the cultural evolutionary process that produces this pattern. We consider efficiency as instantiated in the Information Bottleneck (IB) principle, and a model of cultural evolution that combines iterated learning and communication. We show that this model, instantiated in neural networks, converges to color naming systems that are efficient in the IB sense and similar to human color naming systems. We also show that some other proposals such as iterated learning alone, communication alone, or the greater learnability of convex categories, do not yield the same outcome as clearly. We conclude that the combination of iterated learning and communication provides a plausible means by which human semantic systems become efficient.

Our previous work revealed that the vision‐based color representation of congenitally color‐deficient observers (CDOs) was mostly C‐shaped bending at yellow and blue that differed from circular shape of the observers with no color vision deficiencies called CNOs in the study. In this study, the color‐name‐based internal color representation was investigated for the same observers and its relation to the vision‐based color representation was examined. First, psychological difference of all combinations of 10 color names corresponding to the Munsell basic hues was rated using a 5‐point scale. The distances of all pairs of CNOs and the CDOs agreed well with each other, in contrast to the distinctive differences in the vision‐based color representation. Second, color‐naming was conducted to the 10 color chips for each of high and medium chroma to link the vision‐based and color‐name‐based representations through the test stimuli. For the high chroma chips, color naming property of the CDOs was similar to that of the CNOs. In contrast, CDOs showed distinctively larger intra‐ and inter‐observer variabilities than CNOs for the medium chroma chips. The difference between two color chips was estimated using the results of the color naming and extended color‐name difference ratings which is called "color‐naming difference." No systematic relationship was observed among the color‐chip difference, color‐name difference, and color naming difference in individual comparisons. It indicated that the color‐naming difference is greater for the pairs including YR/Y/GY versus G/B, and vice versa for the pairs consisting of BG, B, PB, P, and RP. These suggest the followings; first, CDOs seem to utilize lightness difference strategically in the visual assessment, second, psychological differences among "blue," "green," "purple," or "gray" are distinct for CDOs although the color chips given those names in our experiment appear close. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), children show reduced processing speed (PS). Evidence suggests that slowed PS after TBI is associated with working memory deficits. Our aim was to investigate several forms of PS and to examine its impact on working and episodic memory performance in children after mTBI. We included data of 64 children after mTBI and 57 healthy control children aged 8–16 years. PS (Color Naming, Coding, Symbol Search, Alertness) was compared between groups 1 week (T1) and 3–6 months (T2) after the injury; working and episodic memory outcome was compared between groups at T2. Alertness at T1 and Color Naming at T1 and T2 were significantly reduced following mTBI compared to controls, although most group differences in PS disappeared when patients with previous impairments and mTBI were excluded. PS was predictive for episodic and working memory performance 3–6 months after injury, whereas group was a significant predictor of working memory. Compared to healthy controls, children after mTBI showed reduced performance in verbal PS, which was associated with working memory. In children who are symptomatic after mTBI, diagnostic screening of PS could be helpful in identifying patients that could profit from speed-improving strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the products of conceptual engineering in contemporary media communication and mass culture. The analysis examines the mechanisms and communicative consequences of intentionally creating color categories. The shade known as peach fuzz, selected by the Pantone Institute as the color of the year 2024, is used as a case study. It is shown that in the case of the color of the year, the transmission of the conceptual idea involves two channels simultaneously (visual and verbal), each in two different forms. The author notes that the visual channel is used to ostensively present the shade with specific chromatic characteristics and to develope a complex visual image on this basis. Special attention is paid to the verbal channel, which is utilized in the form of intentionally constructed color designations and supporting stories (conceptual myths). It is concluded that from the perspective of color communication, verbal and visual texts serve fundamentally different functions. The visual representation shows how the viewer should see the color, while the verbal explanation clarifies why this shade is needed. It is demonstrated that the image embedded in the color name sets the desired connotation, which can transform the perception of the shade by adding necessary meanings to it. The verbal story defines a cognitive “point of view” for introducing a new category into an existing color system.

Abstract: It has been proposed that semantic systems evolve under pressure for efficiency. This hypothesis has so far been supported largely indirectly, by synchronic cross-language comparison, rather than directly by diachronic data. Here, we directly test this hypothesis in the domain of color naming, by analyzing recent diachronic data from Nafaanra, a language of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, and comparing it with quantitative predictions derived from the mathematical theory of efficient data compression. We show that color naming in Nafaanra has changed over the past four decades while remaining near-optimally efficient, and that this outcome would be unlikely under a random drift process that maintains structured color categories without pressure for efficiency. To our knowledge, this finding provides the first direct evidence that color naming evolves under pressure for efficiency, supporting the hypothesis that efficiency shapes the evolution of the lexicon.

Copyright of Communication & Culture Online / Komunikacija i Kultura Online is the property of FOKUS: Forum za Interkulturnu Komunikaciju and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The etymological and historical-semasiological analysis of the word ‘shkhue’, the designation of one of the most significant sacred flowers in the Adyghe linguoculture, has been carried out. The analysis of this linguistic unit is accompanied by a study of the semantic development and word-formation relations of single-root words grouped around the main generating base, represented by the root word ‘shkhue’, in the modern language. The purpose of the study is to research the historical and semantic development of the color lexeme ‘shkhue’in the Adyghe linguistic culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the genesis and further development of the word is reconstructed, which is at the head of the systemic semantic and word-formation relations between linguistic units united by genetic kinship. In the course of the study of cognate words, not only the type of semantic relations, but the possibilities of maintaining or breaking (full or partial) semantic links are studied. Results: Based on the analysis of texts and dictionaries, language units that form a nest with a ‘shkhue’ top were collected. The chain of semantic transitions in this group of nominations is restored. The internal form of derived units is clarified. The originality of metaphors is commented. It has been established that the continuants of this nest implement semantic models that are characterized by seriality and regularity. On the basis of color naming, other color naming conventions of a wide range (all shades of the changing color of the sky), the names of birds as inhabitants of the sky (or by the color of their plumage), animals by coat color, as well as designations from the sphere of magic and traditional medicine (drugs, poison), and finally, words denoting fear, blurred perception, etc.

The question of the relationship and interdependence of the colors used and color nominations in the polycode text and the pragmatic tasks that this text is aimed at is considered. The study was conducted on the material of memes and demotivators dedicated to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as extremist memes and demotivators. In the course of the analysis, the regularities observed in the analyzed material and associated with the use of color and color nominations to enhance the influencing effect of the polycode text were determined. These patterns include: the isolation of color within a certain form, the classifying function of color and the associative function inherent in color. The conclusion is made about the use of blue (blue-green) and red (dark red) as the characteristic color dominants of polycode texts (memes and demotivators) dedicated to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is noted that polycode texts of an extremist orientation are also characterized by red color, a combination of red and black, the presence of white (including as a verbal component).

There is a robust positive relationship between reading skills and the time to name aloud an array of letters, digits, objects, or colors as quickly as possible. A convincing and complete explanation for the direction and locus of this association remains, however, elusive. In this study, we investigated rapid automatized naming (RAN) of everyday objects and basic color patches in neurotypical illiterate and literate adults. Literacy acquisition and education enhanced RAN performance for both conceptual categories but this advantage was much larger for (abstract) colors than everyday objects. This result suggests that (a) literacy/education may be causal for serial rapid naming ability of non-alphanumeric items and (b) differences in the lexical quality of conceptual representations can underlie the reading-related differential RAN performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color name is one of the important features for computer vision. Many existing methods proposed to classify colors into a small number of color names. In this paper, we propose an alternative method with the goal to improve the accuracy for assigning a color name to an object in the given image. We here use the least-squares probabilistic classifiers (LSPC) with the local scaling parameters for solving this task. The benefit of the LSPC is that its solution can be computed analytically so that the obtained solution is global optimum, while the local scaling parameters play an important role to deal with the data including clusters with different local statistics as appeared in the real-world data. To deal with this task, the LSPC is learned to assign a color name to each pixel with the highest of the class-posterior density distribution. Then, the estimations of the class-posterior density distributions are utilized to compute the scores for predicting a color name to the given object. Lastly, the color name with the highest score is chosen as a predicted color name for that object. The experimental results on the eBay data set show the improvements over previously proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction. There is an accumulating evidence of various ophthalmological symptoms, accompanied by visual impairment, post-COVID-19. We hypothesized that color vision may have been affected post-COVID-19 too manifesting as changes in color-naming patterns. To test this hypothesis, we compared color naming in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 (N = 201, 54 men and 147 women, aged 19–65 years, M = 33.4, SD = 13.2) and those participants whose responses were obtained before the pandemic (hereafter, non-COVID-19 controls) (N = 2,457, 1,052 men and 1,402 women, aged 16–98 years, M = 41.36, SD = 17.7). Methods. We collected data in an online experiment (http://colournaming.com) with Russian respondents in their native language. Participants were presented, with virtual color cards selected from 606 stimuli randomly by a computer program. We asked respondents to name each color using the most appropriate color descriptor (an unconstrained color-naming method). Results. The study showed that, compared to non-COVID-19 controls, post-COVID-19 respondents revealed an altered pattern of color naming. In particular, we found a significant increase in ‘brown’, ‘green’, and ‘gray’ names, along with an increased use frequency of achromatic modifiers “dirty”, “pale”, “dull”, and “pastel”. Discussion. These differences suggest general “darkening” and decreased saturation of perceived colors. The change in the color-naming pattern provides an indirect evidence of the impact of coronavirus on color vision. We speculate that a relatively high frequency of use of color terms koričnevyj ‘brown’ and seryj ‘gray’ may reflect an accelerated aging of the crystalline lens, while general “darkening” and desaturation of perceived colors may point to an affected processing of luminance contrast. These assumptions are currently being tested (by the authors) in COVID-19 survivors by using a color vision diagnostic test.

We present a novel statistical analysis of color categorizationusing a standard method from semantic typology. Our ap-proach shows that crosslinguistic color naming data exhibitslatent dimensions whose order of relative importance matchesthe evolutionary ordering of emergence of those distinctions.Moreover, we show that the importance ordering of these di-mensions holds even when controlling for frequency of the dis-tinctions by looking at languages within each stage of evolu-tion. Additionally, we find that the extreme points of the latentcolor dimensions correspond well to a small set of “univer-sal” focal colors. Thus we show that a simple mathematicalmethod simultaneously derives a consistent match both to theevolutionary stages and to the universal foci.

Gibson et al. () argued that color naming is shaped by patterns of communicative need. In support of this claim, they showed that color naming systems across languages support more precise communication about warm colors than cool colors, and that the objects we talk about tend to be warm-colored rather than cool-colored. Here, we present new analyses that alter this picture. We show that greater communicative precision for warm than for cool colors, and greater communicative need, may both be explained by perceptual structure. However, using an information-theoretic analysis, we also show that color naming across languages bears signs of communicative need beyond what would be predicted by perceptual structure alone. We conclude that color naming is shaped both by perceptual structure, as has traditionally been argued, and by patterns of communicative need, as argued by Gibson et al. -although for reasons other than those they advanced.

We derive a principled information-theoretic account of cross-language semantic variation. Specifically, we argue that languages efficiently compress ideas into words by optimizing the information bottleneck (IB) trade-off between the complexity and accuracy of the lexicon. We test this proposal in the domain of color naming and show that (i) color-naming systems across languages achieve near-optimal compression; (ii) small changes in a single trade-off parameter account to a large extent for observed cross-language variation; (iii) efficient IB color-naming systems exhibit soft rather than hard category boundaries and often leave large regions of color space inconsistently named, both of which phenomena are found empirically; and (iv) these IB systems evolve through a sequence of structural phase transitions, in a single process that captures key ideas associated with different accounts of color category evolution. These results suggest that a drive for information-theoretic efficiency may shape color-naming systems across languages. This principle is not specific to color, and so it may also apply to cross-language variation in other semantic domains.

Gibson et al. (2017) argued that color naming is shaped bypatterns of communicative need. In support of this claim, theyshowed that color naming systems across languages supportmore precise communication about warm colors than cool col-ors, and that the objects we talk about tend to be warm-coloredrather than cool-colored. Here, we present new analyses thatalter this picture. We show that greater communicative preci-sion for warm than for cool colors, and greater communicativeneed, may both be explained by perceptual structure. How-ever, using an information-theoretic analysis, we also showthat color naming across languages bears signs of communica-tive need beyond what would be predicted by perceptual struc-ture alone. We conclude that color naming is shaped both byperceptual structure, as has traditionally been argued, and bypatterns of communicative need, as argued by Gibson et al. –although for reasons other than those they advanced.

As observed in the World Color Survey (WCS), some univer-sal properties can be identified in color naming schemes overa large number of languages. For example, Regier, Kay, andKhetrapal (2007) and Regier, Kemp, and Kay (2015); Gib-son et al. (2017) recently explained these universal patterns interms of near optimal color partitions and information theoreticmeasures of efficiency of communication. Here, we introducea computational learning framework with multi-agent systemstrained by reinforcement learning to investigate these universalproperties. We compare the results with Regier et al. (2007,2015) and show that our model achieves excellent quantitativeagreement. This work introduces a multi-agent reinforcementlearning framework as a powerful and versatile tool to investi-gate such semantic universals in many domains and contributesignificantly to central questions in cognitive science.

The results of a comprehensive study of color names derived from the names of colored stones in the system of color names of the modern Russian language are presented in the article. The research was conducted in 2018-2020 in two stages using the methods of content analysis and an online psycholinguistic experiment. At the first stage, the state of the semantic group of names of colored stones, potential objects-referents of color names, was assessed by analyzing four different groups of sources: specialized dictionaries of colored stones, dictionaries of color, individual author's dictionaries of color names and explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language. At the second stage, the state of the color terms formed from the names of colored stones in the active vocabulary of modern Russian speakers was investigated on the basis of data from an online psycholinguistic experiment, in which 2,457 people aged 16 to 95 took part. The results of a comparative analysis of the lists of colored stones-prototypes of color names in the passive and active dictionaries of the speakers of the modern Russian language are presented. The scope of denotation and the function of color names derived from the names of colored stones are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the derivative productivity of the names of referent objects of the studied class and the frequency of use of individual color names in the responses of Russian speakers with different socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, professional experience).

The article focuses on specifics of advertising names given to cosmetic products. The purpose of work is to study the efficiency of the considered linguistic units influence on the addressee’s perception, and to analyze the information value of these nominations. The associative experiment was carried out among Russian women within the framework of the study. The word trademarks of cosmetic products formed from toponyms and adjectival and genitive phrases were the stimulus material for the experiment. As a result, it was found out that the majority of advertising names for hair dyes, lipsticks, and lip gloss should be recognized ineffective from the point of view of informative value, because the ideas about color are noticeably different from the objective information which manufacturer or consumers demonstrate. The results of the study are of interest to advertising experts, marketing specialists and linguists, as well as the presented information can be useful in translation practice and creation of new advertising names. Conclusions are drawn that effectively operating advertising name is such a name that should be easily remembered, cause positive associations, be understandable to consumers, have emotional and evaluative connotation, which can appeal to the addressee’s emotions, values.

Why do languages parcel human experience into categories inthe ways they do? Languages vary widely in their categorysystems but not arbitrarily, and one possibility is that thisconstrained variation reflects universal communicative needs.Consistent with this idea, it has been shown that attestedcategory systems tend to support highly informativecommunication. However it is not yet known what processproduces these informative systems. Here we show thathuman simulation of cultural transmission in the lab producessystems of semantic categories that converge toward greaterinformativeness, in the domains of color and spatial relations.These findings suggest that larger-scale cultural transmissionover historical time could have produced the diverse yetinformative category systems found in the world’s languages.

The ways in which languages have come to divide the visible spectrum with their color terminology, in both their variety and the apparent universal tendencies, are still largely unexplained. Building on recent work in modeling color perception and categorization, as well as the theory of signaling games, we incrementally construct a color categorization model which combines perceptual characteristics of individual agents, game-theoretic signaling interaction of these agents, and the probability of observing particular colors as an environmental constraint. We also propose a method of transparent evaluation against the data gathered in the World Color Survey. The results show that the model’s predictive power is comparable to the current state of the art. Additionally, we argue that the model we suggest is superior in terms of motivation of the principles involved, and that its explanatory relevance with respect to color categorization in languages is therefore higher. Our results suggest that the universal tendencies of color categorization cannot be explained solely in terms of the shape of the color space induced by our perceptual apparatus. We believe that only by taking the heterogeneity of the phenomenon seriously can we acquire a deeper understanding of why color categorization takes the forms we observe across languages.

Language is an integral part of society which enables communication among its members. To shed light on how words gain their meaning and how their meaning evolves over time, color naming is often used as a case study. The color domain can be defined by a physical space, making it a useful concept for studying denotation of meaning. Though humans can distinguish millions of colors, language provides us with a small, manageable set of terms for categorizing the space. Partitions of the color space vary across different language groups and evolve over time (e.g. new color terms may enter a language). Investigating universal patterns in color naming provides insight into the mechanisms that give rise to the observed data. Recently, computational techniques have been utilized to study this phenomenon. Here, we develop a methodology for transforming a color naming data set—namely, the World Color Survey—which is based on constraints imposed by the stimulus space. This transformed data is used to initialize a nonparametric Bayesian machine learning model in order to implement a culture and theory-independent study of universal color naming patterns across different language groups. All of the methods described are executed by our Python software package called ColorBBDP.• Data from the World Color Survey is transformed from its original format into binary features vectors which can be given as input to the Beta-Bernoulli Dirichlet Process Mixture Model.• This paper provides a specific application of Variational Inference on the Beta-Bernoulli Dirichlet Process Mixture Model towards a color naming data set.• New mathematical measures for performing post-cluster analyses are also detailed in this paper.

The article analyzes some characteristics of the phraseological locution with designation of black color and its negative and positive connotations in the modern Spanish.

The potential interaction between color naming and psychophysical color recognition has been historically debated. To study this interaction, here we utilized two approaches based on individual differences in color naming and variation of color name density along the color wheel. We tested a pool of Persian speaking subjects with a simple color matching task under two conditions: perceptual and memory-based matching. We also asked subjects to freely name 100 evenly sampled hues along the color wheel. We found that, individuals who possess more names to describe the color wheel have a strong edge in color memorization over those with fewer names. Nevertheless, having more or fewer color names was not related to the subjects' performance in perceptual color matching. We also calculated the density of color names along the color wheel and observed that parts of the color wheel with higher density of color names are held in memory more accurately. However, similar to the case of individual differences, the density of color names along the wheel did not show any correlation with perceptual color matching performance. Our results demonstrate a strong link between color naming and color memorization both across different individuals and different parts of the color wheel. These results also show that low-level perceptual color matching is not related to color naming, suggesting that the variation in color naming--among the individuals and across the color wheel--is neither the cause nor the effect of variation in low-level color perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the cross‐cultural generality of Hering's (1878/1964) color‐opponent theory of color appearance. English‐speaking and Somali‐speaking observers performed variants of two paradigms classically used to study color‐opponency. First, both groups identified similar red, green, blue, and yellow unique hues. Second, 25 English‐speaking and 34 Somali‐speaking observers decomposed the colors present in 135 Munsell color samples into their component Hering elemental sensations—red,green,blue, yellow, white, and black—or else responded "no term." Both groups responded no term for many samples, notably purples. Somali terms for yellow were often used to name colors all around the color circle, including colors that are bluish according to Hering's theory. Four Somali Grue speakers named both green and blue elicitation samples by their term for green. However, that term did not name the union of all samples called blue or green by English speakers. A similar pattern was found among three Somali Achromatic speakers, who called the blue elicitation sample black or white. Thus, color decomposition by these Somali‐speaking observers suggests a lexically influenced re‐dimensionalization of color appearance space, rather than a simple reduction of the one proposed by Hering. Even some Somali Green‐Blue speakers, whose data were otherwise similar to English, showed similar trends in yellow and blue usage. World Color Survey data mirror these results. These within‐ and cross‐cultural violations of Hering's theory do not challenge the long‐standing view that universal sensory processes mediate color appearance. However, they do demonstrate an important contribution of language in the human understanding of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although correlation filter-based trackers (CFTs) have made great achievements on both robustness and accuracy, the performance of trackers can still be improved, because most of the existing trackers use either a sole filter template or fixed features fusion weight to represent a target. Herein, a real-time dual-template CFT for various challenge scenarios is proposed in this work. First, the color histograms, histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and color naming (CN) features are extracted from the target image patch. Then, the dual-template is utilized based on the target response confidence. Meanwhile, in order to solve the various appearance variations in complicated challenge scenarios, the schemes of discriminative appearance model, multi-peaks target re-detection, and scale adaptive are integrated into the proposed tracker. Furthermore, the problem that the filter model may drift or even corrupt is solved by using high confidence template updating technique. In the experiment, 27 existing competitors, including 16 handcrafted features-based trackers (HFTs) and 11 deep features-based trackers (DFTs), are introduced for the comprehensive contrastive analysis on four benchmark databases. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed tracker performs favorably against state-of-the-art HFTs and is comparable with the DFTs.

In order to overcome the semantic gap between low-level features and high-level semantic concepts of images and reduce the dependence of top-down saliency detection methods on particular object prior, this paper proposed a novel saliency detection method based on high-level semantic color names. It first extracted stmctural color features from color images and achieved color naming of image pixels in multiple kernel leaming( MKL) framework. And the detection method also computed high-level semantic features maps based on the distribution of color names. Finally, a linear support vector machine(SVM) explored the high-level semantic features and low-level Gist features as input data to train a saliency classifier for detecting the salient or non-salient pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed method can detect eye fixation more accurately. And comparing to traditional low-level color features. the high-level sematic color feature can obtain better saliency detection performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Russian color naming was explored in a web‐based experiment. The purpose was 3‐fold: to examine (1) CIELAB coordinates of centroids for 12 Russian basic color terms (BCTs), including 2 Russian terms for “blue”, sinij “dark blue”, and goluboj “light blue”, and compare these with coordinates for the 11 English BCTs obtained in earlier studies; (2) frequent nonBCTs; and (3) gender differences in color naming. Native Russian speakers participated in the experiment using an unconstrained color‐naming method. Each participant named 20 colors, selected from 600 colors densely sampling the Munsell Color Solid. Color names and response times of typing onset were registered. Several deviations between centroids of the Russian and English BCTs were found. The 2 “Russian blues”, as expected, divided the BLUE area along the lightness dimension; their centroids deviated from a centroid of English blue. Further minor departures were found between centroids of Russian and English counterparts of “brown” and “red”. The Russian color inventory confirmed the linguistic refinement of the PURPLE area, with high frequencies of nonBCTs. In addition, Russian speakers revealed elaborated naming strategies and use of a rich inventory of nonBCTs. Elicitation frequencies of the 12 BCTs were comparable for both genders; however, linguistic segmentation of color space, employing a synthetic observer, revealed gender differences in naming colors, with more refined naming of the “warm” colors from females. We conclude that, along with universal perceptual factors, that govern categorical partition of color space, Russian speakers’ color naming reflects language‐specific factors, supporting the weak relativity hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QArt-Learn approach for style painting categorization based on Qualitative Color Descriptors (QCD), color similarity ( SimQCD ), and quantitative global features (i.e. average of brightness, hue, saturation and lightness and brightness contrast) is presented in this paper. k -Nearest Neighbor ( k -NN) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques have been used for learning the features of paintings from the Baroque, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism styles. Specifically two classifiers are built, and two different parameterizations have been applied for the QCD. For testing QArt-Learn approach, the Painting-91 dataset has been used, from which the paintings corresponding to Velázquez, Vermeer, Monet, Renoir, van Gogh and Gauguin were extracted, resulting in a set of 252 paintings. The results obtained have shown categorization accuracies higher than 65%, which are comparable to accuracies obtained in the literature. However, QArt-Learn uses qualitative color names which can describe style color palettes linguistically, so that they can be better understood by non-experts in art since QCDs are aligned with human perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longstanding and unresolved question is how observers construct a discrete set of color categories to partition and label the continuous variations in light spectra, and how these categories might reflect the neural representation of color. We explored the properties of color naming and its relationship to color appearance by analyzing individual differences in color-naming and hue-scaling patterns, using factor analysis of individual differences to identify separate and shared processes underlying hue naming (labeling) and hue scaling (color appearance). Observers labeled the hues of 36 stimuli spanning different angles in cone-opponent space, using a set of eight terms corresponding to primary (red, green, blue, yellow) or binary (orange, purple, blue-green, yellow-green) hues. The boundaries defining different terms varied mostly independently, reflecting the influence of at least seven to eight factors. This finding is inconsistent with conventional color-opponent models in which all colors derive from the relative responses of underlying red-green and blue-yellow dimensions. Instead, color categories may reflect qualitatively distinct attributes that are free to vary with the specific spectral stimuli they label. Inter-observer differences in color naming were large and systematic, and we examined whether these differences were associated with differences in color appearance by comparing the hue naming to color percepts assessed by hue scaling measured in the same observers (from Emery et al., 2017). Variability in both tasks again depended on multiple (7 or 8) factors, with some Varimax-rotated factors specific to hue naming or hue scaling, but others common to corresponding stimuli for both judgments. The latter suggests that at least some of the differences in how individuals name or categorize color are related to differences in how the stimuli are perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color naming is a central study subject in Lexicology, although its systematic morphological description in Portuguese is still lacking. In this study we describe the morphological and semantic aspects of complex nouns and adjectives constructed on the basis of the basic color terms from the Portuguese language. We focus on a description of the internal structure of these complex words, as well as on aspects concerning the productivity of the morphological processes, and attempt to associate those aspects with the referential capacities of the studied words. Lexicographical data were used, collected from the Vocabulário Ortográfico do Português, and the theoretical framework of this research is SILEX’s constructional model of Morphology. We verified that suffixation is the most productive process, followed by composition. Prefixation is rather unproductive. There are differences in the way that derived nouns and adjectives, on the one hand, and compounds, on the other, may name color tones and degrees of saturation. Derived words give rise to the naming of tones in a very imprecise manner, while compounds are much more effective and precise in the way they may name them, and composition is the most efficient resource available to denote degrees of brightness.