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The British Army struggled to treat shell shock during the First World War. Their poor response is no surprise given the almost complete inability of the army to deal with soldier's mental health in the previous half-century. The military increasingly sought to discharge "soldier lunatics" back to their families and home parishes. Short-term military hospitals functioned to cure the treatable and identify malingerers. The rest were left to languish in pauper asylums. This article traces shifting regulations around the care of soldiers suffering from severe mental illness; these policies reflect significant Victorian debates about pensions, poor laws, and the duty the state owed to its veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Since February 24, 2022, military personnel of the Ukrainian Defense Forces have been resisting the military aggression of the Russian Federation. After participating in combat operations, military personnel accumulated combat stress. Drinking alcohol was one of the ways to overcome it. The purpose of the article is to identify the types of coping strategies for the risk of developing alcohol addiction among Ukrainian military personnel who participated in intense hostilities. Material and methods. Ukrainian Defense Forces military personnel (n=162 males, between 20 and 60 years of age) took part in this study. To determine coping strategies and the risk of developing alcohol addiction the AUDIT and the COPE Inventory were used. Results. Cluster analysis made it possible to identify 4 types of coping strategies with different prevalence and levels of risk of developing alcohol addiction among participants. Conclusion. Productive coping has been associated with a reduced risk of alcohol use in military personnel, but the ability to be situational flexible in the use of coping is important. Compulsive alcohol use was preceded by a period of intensive use of social support coping by military personnel. This period is sensitive to the risk of developing alcohol addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two documentary films by women filmmakers dealing with combat stress: Irit Gal's Harmed Forces (1999) and Nurit Kedar's On the Edge (2003). The first Israeli female directors to deal with combat stress reactions, their work is distinguished from that of male directors in its criticism of the establishment and society and a camera perspective that identifies and empathizes with combat stress victims, including a cinematic strategy for representing the trauma of war. The article offers close readings of the films' narratives that reveal their radical criticism of hegemonic attitudes and examines their different ethical concepts, forms of trauma discourse, and modes of identification with combat-stressed soldiers. Reading these films from the historical perspective of women's documentary cinema reveals two different approaches to creating counter cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combat stress psychological injury, with an incidence of 30% to 75%, is a kind of incapacitating psychological injury in officers and soldiers during wartime, which is similar to physical injury and moral injury. The key to its rehabilitation lies in early treatment within 72 h. Many new theories and technologies have been reported over the years. In order to provide new ideas and methods and promote the rescue capabilities of Chinese PLA on the battlefield, we have sorted out the literature in 3 aspects. ①From the perspective of the development, the cognition of this concept mainly experienced 4 stages: personality and emotional problems, neurological and mental diseases, combat stress reactions and combat psychological injury. ②The main factors affecting the incidence of combat psychological injury are the combat intensity, the duration of the war, the stage of the battle, the number of times of participating in the battle, the morale of the troops and their own psychological resources. ③ There are 3 "Golden Times" for early treatment, namely "the 10-minute first aid period", "the half-hour symptom control period", and "the 72-hour combat effectiveness reconstruction period". Further research and practice should be carried out to explore the mechanism of combat stress psychological injury, key technologies for prevention, control and treatment, and service support and training mode of psychological health in wartime.

The article analyzes the 1929 novel "The Maltese Falcon," by Dashiell Hammett and its 1941 film adaptation directed by John Huston and starring Humphrey Bogart. Topics discussed include the elements of shell shock and historical hysteria during World War I acknowledged by Hammett in his novel, the image of masculine fantasy associated with the character of Bogart in the film, and observations on the structure and tropes presented on both works.

Queer Black joy is the grand ridiculer creating possibilities for organisms to collaborate, fracture, rock with, and throw shade. In this paper, the collective analytical frameworks of racial and Queer battle fatigue are brought together to consider the implications for Queer Black communities in light of the simultaneous disparagements created through normalized violent collectives of heteronormative, cisgender White supremacist ideologies. As exemplars of Queer Black joy, an analysis of the embodiments and music from disco innovator Sylvester and New Orleans bounce artist and "Queen Diva" Big Freedia are examined to consider the ways in which they enacted Queer Black joy in the public sphere, simultaneously in connection with the witnessing ways in which their Black Queer joy was and is attacked. In conclusion, Black Queer joy is situated as an enlivenment to embolden qualitative research lenses in the equity imagining/building project for the overall eradication racial and Queer battle fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no concise guideline on how to manage a full range of emergency psychiatric conditions that are likely to be encountered on the battlefield. This article examines the best practices on how to best assess and treat suicidality, psychosis, agitation, malingering, and combat stress reactions in accordance with multiple clinical practice guidelines. The result is a proposed model for battlefield emergency psychiatric care., (2024.)

This essay sheds new light on the character of Passing 's Brian Redfield, whose restlessness and mood swings bear a striking resemblance to contemporaneous accounts of shell shock among Great War veterans. Brian, himself such a veteran as well as a physician, is so insecure about his wartime past that he looks to Claire Bellew as a model for how to pass successfully, even if the nature of his passing is not based on race, as hers is, but based on a facade of emotional stability. Larsen's novel reveals how the intertwined discourses of shell shock and racial passing attempted to explain whiteness's insidious role in America's postwar "return to normalcy." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article studies psychoanalysis in the 1910s and aims to understand the impacts of the Great War and soldiers’ neurosis on the psychoanalytic movement and knowledge through the Fifth International Psychoanalytic Congress in 1918 in Budapest. Methodology: In dialogue with cultural studies on the Great War and intellectual history, this paper investigates psychoanalytical spaces of sociability, such as the International Psychoanalytical Association and its congresses. Originality: A thorough historiographical review reveals few detailed publications on the Budapest Congress itself. This article fills the gap by synthesizing prior findings about the congress, connecting the historiographies of psychoanalysis and World War I. Conclusions: The congress in Budapest was a milestone for psychoanalysis, considering the first governmental recognition of psychoanalytical treatment, theoretical changes produced by war neurosis, and institutional modifications in the International Psychoanalytical Association, such as the expansion and democratization of psychoanalytical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the 1973 novel "Sula," by Toni Morrison is presented. Topics discussed include the depiction of the shell shock and trauma of the character named Shadrack, a World War I veteran, the central themes addressed in the novel such as morality, friendship, and sisterhood with regard to the relationship of the female characters named Nel and Sula, and the way the National Suicide Day function featured in the novel may be associated with communal mourning following the war.

"Timely, near, and expectation" is the main principle of battlefield rescue for military combat stress reaction (CSR). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common form of CSR and a long-term persistent mental disorder that is caused by unusual threatening or catastrophic psychological trauma. Chinese medicine (CM) has abundant resources, is simple, easy to master, with few side effects. This article summarizes the cellular and animal experimental mechanisms of CM treatment on PTSD, suggesting that traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture can protect brain functional areas, and adjust hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture have shown good anti-stress efficacy and fewer side effects in clinical application, which may improve the CSR in the battlefield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asks how fighting on the modern battlefields of the First World War shaped an architect-soldier's perception and concept of space and changed his architectural designs. Against the background of a brief discussion of contemporary and recent accounts that discuss the war experience in spatial terms, the article presents an exemplary case study of the military career of the English architect Adrian Berrington (1886-1923). Before the war Berrington belonged to the circle of the urban sociologist Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), during the war he underwent shell-shock therapy at Craiglockhart War Hospital together with the war poet Wilfred Owen (1893-1918). A detailed analysis of Berrington's war letters and selected designs shows how the war changed his concept of space to a degree that pre-war principles no longer offered guidance for his post-war designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes several works clearly suggesting that many Civil War veterans in the United States suffered from physical and mental disabilities that can be traced back to their traumatic wartime experiences. Postwar adjustment problems; Wartime experiences and injuries.

The article substantiates the need of takinginto considerationthe psychosocial factors during the process developing criteria, in diagnosing the neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, as well as the peculiarities of diagnosing the state of combat stress reaction among servicemen as an independent social group. Particularly, among servicemen participating in the anti-terrorist operation in Ukraine

This article analyses the evidence for war trauma suffered by First World War Belgian female refugee civilians using a range of primary sources which describe the period of their residence in Scotland. Evidence of such war trauma is explored by analysing the descriptions of symptoms and applicant behaviour for a cohort of case studies of women (and several children and men) which have been constructed from the detailed personal information provided in Poor Law admission registers and patient case notes from psychiatric and general hospital stays. The individual case histories discussed are considered in relation to internationally recognised definitions of war trauma. The article places the original primary source findings in the context of the vast traditional historiography on 'shell shock' and the more recent writing on female civilians in war. This article sheds fresh light on historical debates about human security in the First World War, gender issues in war, understandings of war trauma, and family life on the home front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the concept of 'accident neurosis', popularised by neurologist Henry Miller in studies published in 1961. It aims to realise two goals. First, it introduces Miller's concept of accident neurosis to the broader history of trauma—to a field, that is, more preoccupied with military traumata and clear-cut psychiatric aetiologies. Secondly, I use Miller's studies, and the considerable legacy they created, to reflect on how historians of trauma construct historical narratives, asking whether there is sufficient appreciation of the ways in which events seem to leak into or retroactively animate one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the role of combat stress reaction (CSR) in predicting all-cause mortality over a 33-year period following the end of the war. Method: Two groups of male veterans from the 1982 Lebanon War participated in this study in 1983 (T1) and 2016 (T2): the CSR group (n = 375) and a matched comparison group (n = 305) consisting of combatants who had participated in combat in the same units as the CSR group but were not identified as having CSR. Participants were assessed for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in T1 and mortality in T2. Results: The distribution of mortality rates was significantly different between the 2 groups and higher among the CSR group (n = 32, 8.5%) as compared to the comparison group (n = 12, 3.9%; X² = 5.89, p = .01). Both posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms were controlled for because they have been shown to be risk factors for all-cause mortality. The mortality curve of the CSR group increased steeply around the age of 40 years, whereas in the comparison group, the increase was less substantial. Conclusions: CSR was found to be a significant predictor of all-cause mortality. The risk for mortality was higher and earlier among the CSR group compared with the comparison group. The findings of this study call attention to the importance of immediately identifying CSR to better care for the individual and minimize long-term negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the prevalence of mental health outcomes in UK personnel at the end of the British involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.AimsWe examined the prevalence of mental disorders and alcohol misuse, whether this differed between serving and ex-serving regular personnel and by deployment status.Method: This is the third phase of a military cohort study (2014-2016; n = 8093). The sample was based on participants from previous phases (2004-2006 and 2007-2009) and a new randomly selected sample of those who had joined the UK armed forces since 2009.Results: The prevalence was 6.2% for probable post-traumatic stress disorder, 21.9% for common mental disorders and 10.0% for alcohol misuse. Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan and a combat role during deployment were associated with significantly worse mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse in ex-serving regular personnel but not in currently serving regular personnel.Conclusions: The findings highlight an increasing prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and a lowering prevalence of alcohol misuse compared with our previous findings and stresses the importance of continued surveillance during service and beyond.Declaration Of Interest: All authors are based at King's College London which, for the purpose of this study and other military-related studies, receives funding from the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). S.A.M.S., M.J., L.H., D.P., S.M. and R.J.R. salaries were totally or partially paid by the UK MoD. The UK MoD provides support to the Academic Department of Military Mental Health, and the salaries of N.J., N.G. and N.T.F. are covered totally or partly by this contribution. D.Mu. is employed by Combat Stress, a national UK charity that provides clinical mental health services to veterans. D.MacM. is the lead consultant for an NHS Veteran Mental Health Service. N.G. is the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Lead for Military and Veterans' Health, a trustee of Walking with the Wounded, and an independent director at the Forces in Mind Trust; however, he was not directed by these organisations in any way in relation to his contribution to this paper. N.J. is a full-time member of the armed forces seconded to King's College London. N.T.F. reports grants from the US Department of Defense and the UK MoD, is a trustee (unpaid) of The Warrior Programme and an independent advisor to the Independent Group Advising on the Release of Data (IGARD). S.W. is a trustee (unpaid) of Combat Stress and Honorary Civilian Consultant Advisor in Psychiatry for the British Army (unpaid). S.W. is affiliated to the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, in collaboration with the University of East Anglia and Newcastle University. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, the Department of Health, Public Health England or the UK MoD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World War I was a watershed both for military psychiatry and British imperial mobilization. This article investigates how clinicians, psychiatrists, and British and Indian officials responded to the psychological crises of their South Asian servicemen, of whom over 1.4 million served between 1914 and 1918. It argues that mental health treatment in the Great War served as an experimental site where officers and soldiers contested ideas about race, pain, and the body, revealing the flexibility of racial ideologies. Army and medical personnel routinely mobilized racial taxonomies in order to diagnose – and, at times, ignore altogether – non-white servicemen's mental disorders. As the mental health crisis among British and Indian Army soldiers expanded, some experts began to acknowledge psychological illness among Indian troops and rethink the interplay of therapeutic care and racial identity. This insight was willfully forgotten in the interwar decades, an amnesia facilitated by medical authorities' investment in pre-war ideas of 'martial races' and ethnic difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case reports of the abrupt recovery of hysterical disorders during World War I (1914–18), though undoubtedly subject to publication bias, raise both aetiological and treatment issues regarding pseudo-neurological conversion symptoms. Published clinical anecdotes report circumstantial, psychotherapeutic, hypnotic, persuasive (and coercive) methods seemingly inducing recovery, and also responses to fright and alterations of consciousness. The ethics of modern medical practice would not allow many of these techniques, which were reported to be effective, even in the chronic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gongjin-dan (GJD) is an herbal drug commonly used in Korea and China to combat fatigue, but there are only few clinical studies on its effectiveness and experimental studies on its mechanism of action, and no randomized controlled trial of GJD on the efficacy and mechanism of action has been reported. Here, we performed an exploratory study to evaluate both questions regarding GJD use in humans. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted in the Republic of Korea. Healthy male participants were recruited and randomly allocated to groups receiving GJD-placebo or placebo-GJD in sequence. Fatigue was artificially induced by sleep deprivation for 2 nights. The primary outcome was a change in serum cortisol level; levels of biomarkers for stress hormones as well as oxidative stress and immunologic factors were also assessed, and questionnaires on fatigue and sleep quality were conducted. Results: Twelve and 11 participants were assigned to the GJD-placebo and placebo-GJD groups, respectively. Of all 23 participants, depending on crossover design, we analyzed a total of 20 participants for GJD, and 21 for placebo. An increase in serum cortisol appeared to be attenuated by GJD administration (p = 0.25), but the effect was not statistically significant; a similar pattern was observed in salivary cortisol levels (p = 0.14). Overall, GJD showed a tendency to reduce fatigue according to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI, p = 0.07) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS, p = 0.13) questionnaires. BFI and FSS scores in the first stage (before the crossover), however, were significantly improved (BFI, p = 0.02; FSS, p = 0.05) after GJD treatment (relative to placebo). GJD also seemed to improve sleep quality as assessed by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (p = 0.06), with a significant improvement specifically in the condition "Getting To Sleep" (p = 0.02). Five participants experienced minor adverse events, but no adverse events were specific to the GJD administration period. Conclusions: This trial produced the first clinical evidence that GJD might have anti-fatigue properties, especially under sleep deprivation; however, the investigation of cortisol-mediated mechanisms requires further larger-scale studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Combat stress reaction (CSR), now called «acute stress reaction» (ICD-10), refers to a transient anxiety reaction in the soldier, which has historically led to an inability to face the struggle of war. Most military, historical and medical analyzes of the activity carried out by the Wehrmacht in World War II reported no serious problems due to stress. The reasons are based on the exceptional quality of the small military units and the leadership of the German Army. However, over the years, it was no longer possible to avoid reporting the high number of casualties secondary to combat stress reactions, which has cast doubt on the myth of the German soldiers' immunity to the stress of war. Conclusions: At the end of WWII, the CSR was a common topic in official reports, meetings and guides. The psychiatrists who had the opportunity to report it were those who continuously underestimated the role of this stress disorder in the Wehrmacht. Thus, the widespread perception that the Wehrmacht did not suffer serious problems of emotional breakdown in soldiers, typical of combat stress, can be modified to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to decrease the risk of developing mental health problems after military deployment, it is important to find biological markers to identify those at risk. Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are potential biomarkers for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because they are involved in the regulation of stress and anxiety. Therefore, the aim was to examine whether plasma OT ( p OT) and AVP ( p AVP) levels before and after deployment are biomarkers for the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms over time in addition to other known risk factors. This study is part of a large prospective cohort study on candidate markers for stress-related mental health symptoms and resiliency after deployment to a combat zone; Prospective Research in Stress-related Military Operations (PRISMO; N = 907). Data was collected prior to deployment and follow-ups were performed at 1 and 6 months, and 1, 2, and 5 years post-deployment. Blood samples were collected in the first three assessments. The levels of p OT and p AVP were not significantly related to the development of PTSD symptoms over time. The results confirm that age, the experience of early life trauma, combat-related stressors and the presence of depressive symptoms are predictive for the development of PTSD symptoms over time. These findings showed that peripherally measured OT and AVP currently do not qualify as useful susceptibility biomarkers for the development of PTSD symptoms over time in military men after combat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study assessed yoga as an adjuvant strategy for symptoms of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Methods: Subjects had significant, combat-related PTSD. Control data were collected during an eight-week waiting period. Trauma-sensitive yoga sessions of 90 minutes duration were provided every seven days for eight weeks. Assessments included the PTSD checklist (PCL); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS); the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile (AASP); the SF36 Quality of Life instrument; and a brief, structured pre-enrolment assessment of attitudes towards yoga. Biomarkers were also assessed.Results: Thirty participants were recruited, with 28 completing the protocol ( Mage=63.5 years). For most variables, there was no significant change in results after the waiting period. Comparing measurements obtained immediately prior to the commencement of the intervention to those taken after completion of eight yoga sessions, significant changes included an increase in the serum dehydroepiandrosterone concentration, decreased total PCL score (and all PCL sub-scales), decreases in all DASS sub-scale scores and significant improvements in PSQI and SF36 scores. No adverse events were reported.Conclusions: A range of benefits were observed after yoga, consistent with the theoretical construct for the long history of yoga as a strategy to reduce stress and promote well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The management of Combat and Operational Stress Reactions (COSR) within an operational environment is a multidimensional process. The aim is to help prevent behavioral health problems, preserve combat power, and increase return to duty rates for combat stress related casualties. In some COSR cases, enhanced services are required and the Combat and Operational Stress Control (COSC) Clinic refers Service Members (SMs) to the Freedom Restoration Clinic (FRC). The purpose was to describe a deployed restoration center in Afghanistan and examine the long-term effectiveness of those services.Methods: The data analyzed were obtained by a retrospective clinical records review from the participants' responses to the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ-45.2) and a 30-Day Post-Restoration Program Survey created by the occupational therapist. The OQ-45.2 was administered pretreatment and immediately post-treatment. In addition, the OQ-45.2 and 30-Day Post-Restoration Program Survey was sent electronically by secure e-mail to each participant 30 days after treatment. These outcome measures were part of the standard operating procedures and were ongoing for the duration of the FRC restoration program. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were computed to describe participant characteristics. Paired t-tests were used to compare the means of the OQ45.2 total and subscale scores at pretreatment versus post-treatment and post-treatment versus 30-day follow-up.Findings: There were 37 participants with an average age of 29 years, primarily Army (81.1%), served in combat-support roles (75.6%), and reported no exposure to combat (89.2%). The results showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001) in OQ-45.2 scores from pre to post for the total score and for each subscale. There was no significant difference in means when comparing post versus 30 days. Lastly, the top five utilized classes were anger management (78%), goal setting (76%), resiliency (76%), stress management (76%), and positive thinking (76%); 81% of SMs reported that they are almost always or sometimes using the lessons learned from the FRC.Discussion: This performance improvement project described an occupational therapist's role within a COSC restoration center and examined the effectiveness of the FRC program. There were several limitations: no control/comparison groups, use of only one clinical assessment tool, and a short follow-up. This performance improvement evaluation provides some empirical support for the utility of the COSC FRC program in reducing psychological distress in SM in a deployed environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1917, physician Arthur F. Hurst began filming the peculiar tics and hysterical gaits of 'shell-shocked' soldiers under his care. Editions of Hurst's films from 1918 and 1940 survive. Cultural products of their time, I argue, the films engaged with contemporary ideas of class, gender and nation. The 1918 version reinforced class-based notions of disease and degeneracy while validating personal and national trauma and bolstering conceptions of masculinity and the nation that were critical to wartime morale and recovery efforts. The 1940 re-edit of the film engaged with the memory of the First World War by constructing a restorative narrative and by erasing the troubled years of gender crisis, 'shell shock' culture and class struggle to reassert masculine virtue and martial strength, essential for the prosecution of the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the depiction of shell shock and other impairments in British magazine fiction published during the First World War, and the implications from this for teaching and studying the literary representation of the war. The main finding is that, contrary to the post-war use of shell shock in fiction, shell shock was barely mentioned in a large sample of fiction published during the war. The data also show that the figure of the ‘damaged man’ appeared in wartime literature much earlier than has hitherto been claimed, and that during the 1914–18 period, this ‘damage’ was predominantly physical, rather than psychological. The use of shell shock in war literature published from 1914 to 1918 is examined to reflect on how the occlusion of shell shock in contemporary literary responses has importance for the way its undeniable existence throughout the war is taught using post-war fiction. The research discussed here surveys the cultural field, looking at how the fiction in a defined market sector presented all impairments, rather than looking for examples of particular representations within a pre-selected literary canon. This derives from the social model of disability, by scrutinising how society erects barriers and creates attitudes that marginalise impaired individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

I will examine the HBO drama ‘Boardwalk Empire’ and the show’s depiction of WWI veterans Jimmy Darmody and Richard Harrow, the trials and tribulations of dealing with the fallout of shell shock, the psychological precursor to modern day PTSD. The drama provided two compelling characters who attempted to live 'normal' lives, but instead chose a life of crime and mobster violence in an effort to readjust to society. In that attempt, both struggled with what the war meant and if they ever really left the war behind. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research analyses the role of accounting in British disablement pensions awarded to men who sustained shell shock during their Army service in the First World War. In this context, “accounting” refers to the classification of medical conditions when determining pension eligibility and awards. Pension classifications were prejudiced towards men with physical disabilities and against men with shell shock. Accounting classification’s ability to make a medical condition invisible is central to this research. The invisibility of shell shock as a medical condition in the pension classification system led to financial discrimination against men with shell shock. The immorality of this discrimination was hidden by a system of accounting classification that distanced decision-makers from the ramifications of their decisions. In addition, the Minister of Pensions adopted blame avoidance techniques to protect his Ministry and the British government from criticism occasioned by the discriminatory treatment of men with shell shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combat stress reaction (CSR) has widespread long-term consequences, including profound psychopathology in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have established the link between combat, PTSD, and suicidality. However, little is known about the temporal course of suicidal ideation (SI) in general, specifically among war veterans. We aimed to trace the trajectories of SI in the aftermath of war and to explore the role of CSR and PTSD in SI trajectories. Israeli veterans with CSR ( n =164) and a matched control group (NCSR, n =111) were assessed, using self-report measures at three points over the course of 20 years. Veterans with CSR reported significantly higher levels of SI, compared to the NCSR group at all measurement points. Among veterans with CSR, SI increased 2 years after the war and then decreased 20 years following the war. This pattern was particularly characteristic of veterans with chronic PTSD. The results indicate that CSR is a strong predictor of subsequent PTSD and suicidality. These findings highlight the importance of prevention and treatment efforts for these traumatized veterans, who are at risk for suicide even 20 years after the end of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]