Search

Abstract Sediment phosphorus (P) removal is crucial for the control of eutrophication, and the in-situ adsorption is an essential technique. In this study, modified maifanite (MMF) prepared by acidification, alkalization, salinization, calcination and combined modifications, respectively, were first applied to treat sediment P. The morphology and microstructure of MMF samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Various adsorption parameters were tested, such as dosage of maifanite, time, operation pH and temperature. The adsorption mechanisms were also investigated and discussed. Results showed that CMMF-H2.5-400 (2.5 mol/L H2SO4 and calcined at 400 °C) exhibited the highest P adsorption capacity. Thus, it was selected as the in-situ adsorbent material to control the internal P loading. Under the optimal conditions of dynamic experiments, the adsorption rates of TP, IP, OP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P by CMMF-H2.5-400 were 37.22%, 44.41%, 25.54%, 26.09% and 60.34%, respectively. The adsorption mechanisms analysis revealed that the adsorption of P onto CMMF-H2.5-400 mainly by ligand exchange. Results of this work indicated that the modification treatment could improve the adsorption capacity of maifanite, and CMMF-H2.5-400 could be further applied to eutrophication treatment.

Modified starch is widely used in pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Various modifications such as functionalization, reorganization of the structure, or depolymerization may be used to tune ionicity, hydrophilicity, mucoadhesion, susceptibility to amylolysis by α‐amylase, or porosity. These chemical, physical, or enzymatic modifications modulate and adapt the properties of starches to different usages as tablet excipients, drug carriers, transdermal patches, injectables, wound dressing materials, transient embolizants, scaffolds, and stents. Through an understanding of the starch structure, this Review aims to aid the design of new starch materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The correlation between structure and properties is analyzed and various phenomena are discussed from this perspective, with particular eye toward the envisaged functionality of new starch‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and annealing are hydrothermal starch modifications. HMT is performed using high temperature and low moisture content range, whereas annealing uses excess of water, a long period of time, and temperature above the glass transition and below the gelatinization temperature. This review focuses on: research advances; the effect of HMT and annealing on starch structure and most important properties; combined modifications; and HMT-starch and annealed-starch applications. Annealing and HMT can be performed together or combined with other modifications. These combinations contribute to new applications in different areas. The annealed and HMT-starches can be used for pasta, candy, bakery products, films, nanocrystals, and nanoparticles. HMT has been studied on starch digestibility and promising data have been reported, due to increased content of slowly digestible and resistant starches. The starch industry is in constant expansion, and modification processes increase its versatility, adapting it for different purposes in food industries. • Recent advances in HMT and annealing applied on starches are reviewed. • Annealing and HMT are applied alone or combined by technologists and food industries. • Annealed-starch and HMT-starch are used in biodegradable films and food products. • Annealing and HMT can reduce the starch digestibility. • Future studies on the in vivo digestibility of modified starch products are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]