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At present, the passenger traffic volume of civil aviation is gradually increasing, and the scale of the airline network is gradually expanding. In order to optimize the air traffic service mode more safely and scientifically, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has proposed a new concept of trajectory based operation (TBO). According to the basic principle and core structure of TBO, aiming at improving the accuracy of Four Dimensional (4D) Trajectory prediction and the reliability of multi-trajectory flight conflict detection, the trajectory prediction model is established by using convolutional neural networks-bidirectional gated recurrent unit (CNN-BiGRU), and the conflict evaluation of prediction results is realized by using trajectory distance detection function. The simulation experiment shows that the simulation experiment is carried out by introducing the real automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) historical track data in the terminal area of the busy airport. The experimental results are compared with the experimental results of the single long short-term memory (LSTM) model and the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model in the same data set. The results show that the CNN-BiGRU trajectory prediction model is superior to the comparison model in many evaluation indexes, and the conflict detection results can be evaluated for the future 800 seconds interval of the two trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From pandemic to seasonal, the COVID-19 pandemic experience suggests many common respiratory infections rather than likely having a fomite etiology as previously thought, are primarily caused by the inhalation of infectious aerosols shed by ill persons during coughing and normal breathing and talking. Given this new understanding, the good news is that, unlike indoor-sourced noxious and irritating gases that can only be mitigated practically by diluting them with outdoor air ventilation, the indoor infectious aerosol illness transmission route can be addressed by circulating already conditioned air through commonplace commercial filters. Given that infectious aerosols released from the breath of occupants were practically an unknown vector of respiratory disease in the healthcare community for many decades, understandably HVAC regulations have not addressed this issue yet. However, this is about to change. To further this new end, this paper develops the formulae needed to set conditioned air recirculation rates through such filters for design infectious aerosol emission and inhalation rates, HID values, exposure times and occupancies, and target significantly lower than currently normal airborne infection reproduction rates. The analysis extends the equations previously developed for group inhalation of infectious aerosols to develop equations predicting the number of infections likely to occur from this inhalation and the rate of disease spread (reproduction). The governing equations provided and exemplified use group exposures since the number of infections (reproduction number) is group based. Examples using the equations provided are given for many different settings and two case study findings are compared with their predictions. Some settings such as the typical office are shown to already have a relatively low infection reproduction rate. Alternatively, others such as a typical school classroom or a longer commercial air flight require increased filtered ventilation air flows to yield a similarly low reproduction rate. The formulae and their application will be of interest to government and industry health and HVAC standard setting bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the impact of the temporary flight subsidy policy on the operational performance of China's domestic air transport market. Using panel data from 42 days between May 7 and June 17, 2022, and applying a dynamic panel model with time-invariant variables, the study explores the factors influencing average load factor and average ticket price under short-term basic air service conditions. The results reveal that, during the pandemic, load factors exhibited weak dependence on historical data, with airlines adjusting to real-time demand fluctuations. Additionally, the flight subsidy policy failed to meet its intended goals, leading to a reduction in overall load factors, particularly for China Southern, China Eastern, and Hainan Airlines, while Air China demonstrated more flexibility in adapting to the policy. The study also identifies the significant influence of route distance and airport size on both load factors and ticket prices, with longer routes and major hub airports commanding higher prices. These findings suggest that future subsidy policies should be more flexible and tailored to specific market conditions to effectively support the recovery and long-term sustainability of the aviation industry. • The study examines the impact of a short-term subsidy policy on China's domestic air transport during COVID-19. • It uses a dynamic panel model to analyze how airlines adjusted load factors and prices. • Key findings suggest policy improvements for future aviation crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems remain underexplored within aviation, and as atmospheric pressure changes can independently affect insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring readings, this preliminary study assessed the feasibility of HCL safety evaluation, in both fasting and post-prandial states, by using hypobaric chamber to simulate flights. Participants with type 1 diabetes and on HCL were studied: Medtronic Guardian 4-Medtronic 780G-SmartGuard (n = 4), Dexcom G6-Omnipod DASH-Android APS (n = 1), and Dexcom G6-Ypsomed Pump-CamAPS (n = 1). Flight cabin pressures of 550 mmHg and 750 mmHg were simulated in a hypobaric chamber. Seven-hundred-50 glucose measurements were taken, with glucose levels demonstrating a stable decline to 4 mmol/L during fasting. To maintain a tight fasting and post-prandial glucose range across the different pressure settings, the HCL administered insulin as expected. While not demonstrating any apparent issues, repeating flight simulation protocol with other systems, examining longer flights, and undertaking larger, powered randomised controlled trials can confirm their safety in aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In future sixth-generation (6G) communication systems, it is foreseen that complex communication scenarios and critical performance requirements will necessitate more flexible air interface configurations. Traditional air interface adaptation will no longer be applicable to 6G due to issues such as high computational complexity, sub-optimal trade-offs among multi-objective performance metrics, outdated configurations due to fast-varying channels, etc. In this paper, the relevant user behaviors, communication environment, and system are virtualized via the digital twinning technique. Then, a knowledge graph-based multi-objective recommendation framework is proposed to configure the digital twinning air interface to adapt to channel conditions, while balancing various service requirements. First, the knowledge graph is applied to reveal complex dependencies between the air interface and the service requirements, and more importantly, to reconcile possibly contradictory performance targets. Furthermore, the air interface configuration, empowered by the digital twin technique, is able to exploit predicted prior knowledge about user behavior and the channel characteristics, thus improving the utilization efficiency of wireless resources promptly. Moreover, the digital twin technique allows the candidate air interfaces to be virtually verified and compared with little effort. Finally, two case studies are presented to demonstrate the potential of the knowledge graph-based recommendation method for the digital twinning air interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicopter imaging classification and detection are crucial for autonomous navigation, military operations, search and rescue, and civil aviation management. This study utilized two helicopter image datasets, applying data augmentation techniques such as random resizing, cutting, horizontal rotation, rotation, and color adjustments, along with histogram equalization for contrast enhancement. Twentyfour helicopter classes were trained using GoogleNet and AlexNet architectures, while the YOLOv9c model was employed for object detection. The results revealed that the GoogleNet classification model achieved an 81% F1 score, and AlexNet reached 73%. In contrast, the YOLOv9c model demonstrated an average mean Average Precision (mAP) of 87%. These findings indicate that CNN architectures and YOLO are effective for helicopter image classification and detection, highlighting their potential applications in military, search and rescue, and civil aviation contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reuben Baron's primary contribution to ecological psychology was in promoting the idea that we perceive other humans and animals in our environment in much the same way as we perceive inanimate objects, namely, by actively detecting information. Here, we explore how this insight can lead to a deeper understanding of real-world behavior. We look specifically at three case studies from the history of commercial aviation disasters. In our analysis we combine Baron's direct social perception strategy with the theoretical principles of the distributed cognition approach to functional group activity. We suggest that these approaches are deeply compatible, and that future work is needed to ground cognitive study of team activities in the analysis of the perceptual information available to the actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant expansion of the aviation industry highlights the crucial need for financial resilience and strategic governance among stakeholders, particularly emphasizing the essential role of air navigation service providers (ANSPs). The aim of the study was to present a model for the assessment and comparison of the financial performance of seventeen ANSPs. The financial performance of the seventeen ANSPs was evaluated using nine financial ratios, with the combined scores subsequently analyzed using the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method over a five-year period (2018-2022). The study revealed that DSNA demonstrated resilience in the face of the crisis, whereas ENAIRE was unable to sustain its previous financial performance among the seventeen ANSPs over the past years. It is recommended that further analyses be conducted using a range of criteria, that financial strategies for crisis resilience be investigated, and that global aviation trends across regions be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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How do aviation manufacturers work to prevent tragedy? After tragedy strikes, how does the legal system's imposition of a remedy change the operations and decision-making of these manufacturers, if at all? This Note explores whether the current products liability framework effectively achieves the goals of tort law--including whether it deters unsafe innovation in the high-risk commercial aviation manufacturing industry. The Note explores these topics through the lens of the recent Boeing 737 Max disasters of 2018 and 2019, using such disasters to exemplify the skewed incentive structure that manufacturers face in the modern products liability tort system. This Note argues that the current tort system does not adequately deter manufacturers from innovating their products in a way that sacrifices safety for profit. It critiques the negligence standard as applied to aviation manufacturing, discussing whether the deterrent goal of tort law could be better served by a strict liability standard for manufacturers in design defect cases, and advocates for policy changes that could help to strike the right balance between progress and accountability in aviation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSynthetic vision on head-mounted displays (HMDs) has developed into an increasingly common type of assistance for pilots, both in commercial and in general aviation. As synthetic vision only augments the view on objects in the outside world, there is untapped potential to extend the use of HMDs to assisting pilots with augmented reality (AR) inside of the cockpit. We present two in-cockpit AR assistance designs for in-flight emergency assistance in a simulator study with fifteen licensed pilots. The two AR assistances were designed to be sensitive to either temporal context, or to spatial and temporal context. The simulator study revealed that the presented AR assistances proved effective for mitigating an unexpected failure. Pilots preferred the fully context-sensitive AR assistance overall, while only the AR representation with temporal context showed significantly shorter reaction times than the conventional aid. Our findings suggest that AR can be a valuable tool for assisting pilots in critical flight phases, contributing to increased safety in aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Today, air medical services play a key part in providing emergency medical services in accidents and disasters in many countries, including Iran. The present study aims to investigate the barriers to air medical services in accidents and disasters in Iran and suggest solutions to them. Results: Analysis of the qualitative data resulted in extraction of 84 codes, which were classified into 13 subcategories and eventually into four themes, namely planning, management of resources, updating procedures, and empowerment of human resources. The findings also underscored the role of general policies, safety of flights and the scene of the accident, the cost and length of arriving at the scene of the accident, training programs designed to enhance the personnel's preparation, and management of disasters and accidents. Senior medical emergency services managers can use the findings of the present study to identify the challenges which pre-hospital emergency care personnel are faced to air medical services in accidents and disasters and take the necessary measures to eliminate them toward improving the quality of pre-hospital care in air medical services in accidents and disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the policies concerning Aerolíneas Argentinas, Argentina's flag carrier, during two periods of authoritarian rule: the self-titled Revolución Argentina (1966–1973) and Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976–1983). The article seeks to explain the apparent contradiction between the contrasting economic policies of the two dictatorships (one "developmentalist", the other neo-liberal), and the coherent trajectory of Aerolíneas, characterised by the efforts to implement a more efficient commercial management; the transformation of the fleet, the focus of domestic operations on profitable trunk routes; and finally, the boosting of international aviation. The central argument is that this consistency was the result of two factors: firstly, the fact that since 1955 Aerolíneas and aerocommercial policy were part of the sphere of action of the Argentine Air Force. Secondly, that between 1966 and 1968, the AAF was able to overcome its acute internal disputes and reach a consensus on the direction of airline policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human‐mediated transportation of stowaway individuals to non‐native regions is a major driver of new biological invasions, and the post‐establishment spread of the invader in its introduced range. In order for the stowaway individuals to successfully establish in the non‐native region, they must survive the harsh conditions during the journey (e.g., extreme temperatures, cramped spaces, and lack of food) and arrive in good condition. However, few studies have investigated the impact of human‐assisted transportation on the behaviour of stowaway individuals. Here, we examined whether human‐mediated transportation, via both air and road, impacted the activity and exploratory behaviour of the invasive delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata). We exposed delicate skinks to either flights on a commercial airliner (total ~2.5 h flight time, and car transport to/from the airport), or a 3 h drive in a car. We found that although the temperatures experienced by skinks during transportation were more variable than those experienced by control group lizards, the temperature during transit remained well within the thermal tolerances for the species. Human‐assisted transportation only had a relatively minor impact on the behaviour of the invasive delicate skink: transportation by plane did not influence activity or exploratory behaviour, and car transportation increased activity, but did not impact exploratory behaviour. The capacity of stowaways to cope with the stress associated with human‐mediated transportation is a key factor in the success of species introductions, and subsequent invasion. As such, there should be a greater focus on the behaviours that facilitate the success of potential invaders in the early stages of the introduction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes of information exchange and the movement of material flows form a communication space that reflects the relationship of complex intersystem interactions in various spheres of our life within the framework of the concepts of information-theoretical theory. One of these concepts, reflecting the mutual influence between processes at a qualitative level, is the transfer of entropy. The direction and intensity of these flows reflect the main social and economic processes. As it is known, air transport is one of the most reliable and high-speed modes of transport, influencing the processes of socio-cultural interaction between different regions. This indirectly affects the development of industrial relations, the development of technology and intercultural exchange. New technologies in aviation improve the flight performance of airliners and reduce the costs of transporting passengers. The size and range of modern airliners are increasing, and ticket prices are being optimized. The processes of the liberalization of developing air transportation markets, the emergence of low-cost air carriers, open skies agreements, and the reduction in restrictions on the nomenclature of carriers and routes have led to the growth and diversity of air transport links. This article considers air transport as a complex system that takes into account the interconnectedness of the elements of the transportation system and the influence of some subsystems on others, which are not always obvious. The object of the study was the communication space formed on the basis of air transportation between regions of the world. To assess the dynamic properties of the world communication space, ICAO data for the period of 1970–2021 were used. The subject of the analysis was a time series reflecting the flows of passengers and cargo over the considered time horizon. The entropy transfer algorithm was used as an analysis tool. In the course of the research, the features of dynamic changes in the properties of the communication space were revealed. The analysis showed that the flows of entropy transfer between regions of the world change depending on political, economic, social, and technological factors. Examples of the application of the proposed approach are considered: an analysis of the cognitive model of the air transport flow structure, an analysis of the regional communication space, and an analysis of changes in the global communication field. The results of the analysis can be useful for assessing the development of the communication field of various regions, which will allow us to solve the problems of forming forecasts and effective scenarios for the development of transport flows at different hierarchical levels of economic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure or increase enterprises' preference in the increasing competition in the civil aviation sector, they should give importance to customer satisfaction and, therefore, to personnel behavior. This study aims to investigate the effect of interactional justice on unethical behavior and the role of turnover intention in this interaction on personnel who are directly related to the customer and the organization. In this study, which was designed with quantitative research methods, the data obtained from 409 civil aviation workers in 2022-2023 using the convenience sampling method were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS 22 programs. In the findings obtained, it was seen that the effect of interactional justice perceptions on unethical behaviors was not significant and the intention to quit job did not have a moderating role in the relationship between interactional justice perceptions and unethical behavior. In addition to these results, it was seen that employees' intention to leave their jobs positively and significantly affects their unethical behaviors, and interactional justice perceptions affect their intention to leave their jobs negatively and significantly. Although it is possible to mention that the interactional justice perceptions have a negative effect on their unethical behaviors, it is seen that this effect is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the legal framework governing cross-border operations of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), highlighting the pressing need for a unified regulatory environment to match the rapid advancements in UAS technology. As UAS operations increasingly align with international air services, this study draws parallels between UAS governance and the regulation of airlines, which are currently authorized to provide international air services under air transport agreements. The analysis focuses on the applicability of both international law and EU regulations to UAS operations, particularly in the context of scheduled, non-scheduled, and cabotage services. It examines certification and licensing requirements under EU regulations, identifying their potential to serve as models for future international standards. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of regulatory challenges and opportunities, emphasizing the importance of harmonized global standards for the effective integration of UAS into international aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is a key contributor to the aviation sector's efforts to achieve net-zero targets. This article presents a bibliometric analysis and literature review of 243 SAF-related publications from social science and quantitative disciplines, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. It highlights the latest research trends on the economic analysis of technological pathways, feedstocks, and policy interventions. Although SAF usage in commercial aviation is below 0.1% as of 2024, its decarbonisation potential could exceed 68%, particularly for medium- and long-haul flights. While biomass-based SAF faces constraints due to feedstock availability, the power-to-liquid pathway may offer a long-term solution. Five key themes have been identified in the literature: (1) sustainable certification of pathways and feedstocks, (2) economic simulations of alternative solutions, (3) economic feasibility of pathways and feedstocks, (4) supply chain dynamics and involvement of multiple stakeholders, and (5) policy interventions. Future studies could focus on economic simulations of airline competition under different SAF quotas, case studies on supply chain stakeholders, and the inclusion of grey literature for discussion. This research underscores the importance of international collaboration to create a level playing field for SAF adoption. • We conduct a bibliometric analysis and literature review of 243 SAF-related publications. • Latest research trends on technological pathways, feedstocks, and policy interventions are discussed. • Five key themes are identified. • Future research directions are articulated. • This research underscores the importance of international collaboration in SAF adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air transport is energy-intense, and considerable attention has been paid to the sector's use of fuel and emissions of greenhouse gases. Commercial aviation is believed to currently emit about 1 Gt CO2 per year, if considering global bunker fuel use (scope 1 in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol). A growing database is becoming available on scope 1–3 emissions; this is, including up- and downstream emissions, and it is now possible to assess the aviation system's carbon intensity more comprehensively. This paper investigates the annual reports of 26 of the largest airlines in the world by market capitalisation, finding that reporting on emissions for scopes 1–3 is still inconsistent and characterised by reporting gaps. Yet, available data suggests that scope 3 emissions are significant (about 30% of scope 1 emissions). These findings have repercussions for the sector's net-zero ambitions, climate governance, consumer choices and air transport finance, as the overall contribution from air travel to climate change remains underestimated. Results suggest that it is in the sector's interest to present robust, transparent, consistent and accurate emission inventories – and to engage with the implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Warsaw Convention of 1929 for the unification of certain rules of international air transport is the basis of the legal regulation of international air transport. Agreements supplementing the Warsaw Convention: Hague Protocol of 1955, Guatemala Protocol of 1971 amending the Warsaw Convention, Guadalajara Convention of 1961, Montreal Protocol for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air (1975). The Montreal Interim Airline Agreement of 1966, the Montreal Agreement of 1999. The set of norms of these agreements as a whole constitutes the Warsaw System of Regulation of International Air Transport. IATA -- a special non-governmental organization, an association of airlines of ICAO member states -- is responsible for determining the specific conditions of international air transportation. On May 28, 1999, a significant event took place in the field of international private air law: as a result of the three-week work of the Diplomatic Conference on Air Law held at the ICAO headquarters with the participation of representatives of 121 states and 11 international aviation organizations, the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of International Aviation Law was adopted of air transportation (Montreal Convention of 1999), which defines the basic legal conditions of international air transportation in the 21st century. Scientific and technical progress, the rapid development of international air transport, the increase in the safety of its operation made it necessary to expand the scope and more clearly regulate the responsibility of the carrier. This international Convention is designed to provide firm legal guarantees and an adequate level of compensation to persons injured as a result of aviation events, to create a uniform and clear legal regime of responsibility of air carriers for failure to preserve cargo, baggage and delay during their transportation on international lines. On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention entered into force. Among the participants of the Convention are such countries as the USA, Japan, Canada, China, the countries of the European Union, including Ukraine. The article examines the early development of the aviation industry and the role of the Warsaw Convention in the construction of rules and mechanisms aimed at protecting the interests of both the carrier and the passenger or cargo owner. The development of the norms of the Warsaw Convention in various protocols is revealed. Such as the Hague Protocol (1955), the Guadalajara Convention (1961), the Guatemala City Protocol (1971) and the Montreal Four Protocols (1975), which significantly modernized the provisions on air transport regulations, as seen in the Montreal Convention (1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The booming air transportation industry inevitably burdens air traffic controllers' workload, causing unexpected human factor-related incidents. Current air traffic control systems fail to consider spoken instructions for traffic prediction, bringing significant challenges in detecting human errors during real-time traffic operations. Here, we present an automation paradigm integrating controlling intent into the information processing loop through the spoken instruction-aware flight trajectory prediction framework. A 3-stage progressive multi-modal learning paradigm is proposed to address the modality gap between the trajectory and spoken instructions, as well as minimize the data requirements. Experiments on a real-world dataset show the proposed framework achieves flight trajectory prediction with high predictability and timeliness, obtaining over 20% relative reduction in mean deviation error. Moreover, the generalizability of the proposed framework is also confirmed by various model architectures. The proposed framework can formulate full-automated information processing in real-world air traffic applications, supporting human error detection and enhancing aviation safety. Current air traffic control systems struggle to consider controlling intent for traffic prediction. Here, authors propose an automation approach integrating controlling intent into the information processing loop through the spoken instruction-aware flight trajectory prediction framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the applicability of Zermelo's equation within the context of 3D commercial aircraft trajectory optimization problems. The associated optimal control problem includes two singular controls, specifically aerodynamic path angle and throttle setting, and one regular control, specifically heading angle. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle and the direct adjoining method, we show that the optimal heading angle is defined by Zermelo's equation. The significance of the presented analysis is that Zermelo's equation holds for 3D commercial aircraft flights, even in the presence of standard state-inequality constraints and a more general objective function. With the help of Zermelo's equation, the control problem is initially analyzed for a 3D time-optimal climb-phase scenario, which is solved by an indirect approach. Through the analysis of the switching function, we demonstrate the dependency of the optimal aerodynamic path angle on the optimal heading angle. Next, by tackling a 3D time-fuel-optimal free-routing flight, solved by a direct approach, we show that Zermelo's equation can help reduce the overall dimension of the associated nonlinear programming. To successfully handle the initial guess in both indirect and direct problems, it is proposed a diminutive nonlinear programming technique as a fast and robust initializer. This simple-yet-effective initializer provides sufficient information about the optimal controls and state dynamics required for initializing a direct optimization, as well as the optimal switching times and co-states required for initializing an indirect optimization. • Demonstrating the applicability of Zermelo's equation to constrained optimization of 3D aircraft flights. • Solving 3D time-optimal problem in climb phase with Zermelo's identity using an Indirect method. • Solving 3D time-fuel-optimal free-routing problem with Zermelo's identity using a new Direct transcription method. • Brief discussion on aNLP for initialization of both Indirect and Direct methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, Ambient (outdoor) air pollution (who), 2020), outdoor air pollution is estimated to have caused 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2019. Under this scenario, the development of statistical tools for assessing the impact of a possible reduction of fossil fuels-based transportation systems on air quality is more relevant than ever. This type of instruments can help policy makers to take the right path to tackle the problem of air pollution in urban environments. Thus, this work proposes a method to evaluate the impact of the reduction of vehicle fleets on air quality. The method is based on the construction of counterfactual time series, which represent observed air pollutants under a treatment of interest. In this case, the treatment of interest are the vehicle fleets on the streets. The construction of the counterfactual time series is based on Bayesian dynamic linear models. Several impact assessment measures are implemented, taking advantage of the counterfactual and observed time series (the observed pollutant without the treatment). The flexibility of the Bayesian approach allows easy inference of the impact quantities via high posterior density intervals. Some simulation analyses show that the method works well under different impact scenarios, and one application regarding Medellin's case in Colombia is presented. For the application, it is shown that the drastic reduction in vehicle fleets during the COVID-19 mobility restrictions led to a significant reduction in the presence of different pollutants ( PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 , NO x ) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asia/Pacific region is recognized as an area of high air transportation growth, which will require increased air traffic management system efficiency. The Free Route Airspace (FRA) concept increases airspace user flexibility by allowing flight planning without reference to air traffic service routes. This enables more efficient flight plans and increases predictability by reducing the discrepancy between planned and flown trajectories. We propose introducing the FRA concept to the Incheon and Fukuoka Flight Information Regions, targeting a major international air traffic flow between Korea and North America. After analyzing the characteristics of the flow, we present the initial airspace design and concepts of operation. We estimate potential efficiency gains, and compare the air traffic complexity of the proposed FRA and the existing airspace. In addition to the EUROCONTROL complexity metric, a new complexity metric called “Hot Cell Ratio” is introduced to better represent complexity that arises from geographically dispersed traffic. The results show that there are potential flight plan distance reductions from FRA comparable to European targets, but the benefit is reduced by training and restricted-use airspaces. However, traffic complexity is not notably changed by FRA implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people travel by air more often, they become more demanding in the services that they expect and the price that they are willing to pay, which can affect their loyalty to a given airline or airport. Air transport companies must gain and retain customers in order to remain competitive. Here we assessed passenger perceptions of air travel service quality using multicriteria satisfaction analysis (MUSA) that may provide deeper insights into consumer behaviour than previous studies. During a three-year period from 2016 to 2018, we assessed perceptions of air travellers using a survey that asked about air travel experiences within Croatia in the year prior to the year of the survey in order to avoid the influence of current feelings. Then we analysed survey responses using MUSA method and found that overall passenger satisfaction depended strongly on service at the departure airport, which many of our respondents judged to be inadequate. We have additionally fine-tuned the improvement priority list by incorporating passenger demand levels. Our results may help guide efforts at air transport companies to improve service quality and to better understand how passengers perceive their services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lion Air is one of the leading airlines in Indonesia's low-cost carrier (LCC) market. However, the airline faces several public concerns related to service quality and customer experience. This study aims to explore the reasons behind customer retention and the dynamics of customer satisfaction in the face of operational shortcomings. The study employs a qualitative approach to explore and understand customer experiences, perceptions, and preferences in-depth. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources, and interviews were conducted with participants. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively through stages of collection, presentation, reduction, and conclusion. The results show that customer satisfaction and loyalty to Lion Air flight services are influenced by several factors, including product quality, price, and service quality. Among these factors, affordable ticket prices are the main factors that encourage customers to make repeat purchases, stay loyal customers, and provide positive recommendations to others. The findings of this study can guide Lion Air's management in formulating effective strategies to improve service quality, strengthen customer loyalty, and maintain its position as a leading airline in Indonesia. Furthermore, it is hoped that further research can produce more comprehensive and useful findings for Lion Air management in improving performance and competitiveness in the aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]