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Purpose: The aim of the studies was to identify the characteristics of local government units in Poland that chose to have their primary bank accounts conducted by cooperative banks. Design/methodology/approach: The studies encompassed communes from six voivodeships displaying significant differences in the conditions and traditions of cooperative banking development (annexations) and population density. A total of 1,116 communes were analyzed. The main data sources for the analysis and inference were the official websites of the analyzed units, Statistics Poland’s Local Data Bank, and the online map platform Google Maps. Structure indicators, descriptive statistics methods, and the Classification and Regression Tree (C&RT) method were used to analyze the empirical material. Findings: The analyses enabled the identification of the characteristics of the communes served by the cooperative banking sector. The findings confirmed the dominant role of the cooperative sector in communes with the smallest populations and local budgets. A significant determinant of communes’ reliance on cooperative banking services was the percentage of inhabitants employed in agriculture. Communes with a higher proportion of agricultural workers more frequently had their budgets serviced by cooperative banks. Research limitations/implications: The conducted research allowed for a deeper understanding of the analysed research problem relating to the factors that determine the choice of the organisational form of a bank serving a commune. Practical implications: The results obtained are important for the management staff of cooperative banks. Having information about the factors that determine the choice of a bank serving the municipal budget, they can design financial products that meet the expectations of this customer segment. Social implications: Socially, they contribute to strengthening the positive image of the cooperative banking sector among various stakeholders (consumers, agricultural producers, municipal authorities). Originality/value: The results obtained in the conducted research enrich the existing scientific achievements of management and quality sciences as well as economics concerning the identification of the current features of communes that determine the choice of the type of bank (cooperative bank/commercial bank) by the commune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting decentralization is currently high on the global agenda. To date, the existing literature in the African context, and more specifically in Cameroon, has not established a link between the size of local authorities and the efficiency of their infrastructure spending. This study therefore attempts to fill this gap in the literature by empirically examining the effect of population size on the efficiency of local public spending in Cameroon. Using the two‐stage Data Envelopment Analysis model on a sample of 100 communes for the period 2017–2020 to estimate composite efficiency scores and the censored Tobit model to determine the effect of population size on the efficiency of local public spending, the results show that population size and density positively and very significantly affect the efficiency of local public spending. In light of these results, we recommend that the state make population size the main allocation key for transfers and subsidies to local authorities and that communes organize themselves into inter‐municipalities to benefit from economies of scale and curb spillover effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of the community entrepreneurs of the Carabuela commune, the reason for their actions is not limited to the generation of individual benefits, on the contrary they seek to satisfy the needs of the community, promoting the development of the productive fabric and, in turn, local development. However, the causes and consequences of these undertakings must be analyzed to support actions where they are promoted based on local development. The objective of this study is to characterize the management of cantonal actors for community entrepreneurship in the Carabuela commune. It is a qualitative research, descriptive-explanatory study that establishes the fundamental contents of the concepts and categories evaluated through the interview and observation with the cantonal actors who were 15 subjects who identified themselves as cantonal managers for the entrepreneurship. As essential results, it is shown that local and community entrepreneurship in the Carabuela commune of the Otavalo canton constitutes one of the essential elements for the local and community development of this context, which is supporting the management of this process and its multiple future potentials that They can generate more employment and raise the quality and lifestyle of their community members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to analyse and provide details about the phenomenon of energy poverty in Poland and Polish, especially by characterizing the issue from a factual and legal point of view. Therefore, it focuses both on the meaning of energy poverty existing in research and its reflection in the legal system by linking it with the concepts of energy safety and the right to energy and power resources. The suitability of the normative separation of the phenomenon of energy poverty shows its interrelation with the public interest, which makes it the responsibility of administrative authorities, especially the self-government in communes, to counteract the issue. It also determines a new role of communes and extends the scope of tools introduced to rectify the situation of residents suffering from energy poverty. At the same time, it also burdens communes with new responsibilities (i.e., providing financial support to residents and balancing the need to combat energy poverty with other values and obligations, such as environmental protection). It also aggravates the existing multi-faceted nature of energy poverty and its effects.

The commune and the parish are units of two divisions: government and church administration. Both were created for the better functioning of structures and the implementation of central activities: government and the mission of the Church. Their functioning is based on meeting the needs of the local community. In turn, their goals, although seemingly divergent, often overlap, because the main mission of both types of units is the good of community members. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to address in this article the issue of methods of cooperation at the lowest level between local government authorities and parish priests operating in the commune. This article presents a theoretical introduction, analyzing the ways in which both spheres operate, with an emphasis on places of cooperation in order to create a unified community, which is defined as both a commune and a parish. The aim of this article is to outline a framework for future empirical research that could clearly indicate the factors shaping the methods and forms of cooperation between these two entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports, as a component of air transport, combine air transport with other modes of transport to strengthen the transportation accessibility of a place in space, attract investors, and stimulate the development of the area. Taking into account that these issues are less exposed in relation to their immediate surroundings, research was undertaken to determine how representatives of the authorities and residents of communes (taking into account the nature of the communes and the size and location of the airport) perceive airports, located within their communes, in the context of their impact on the socio-economic situation in the communes. This was achieved by analysing the communes' strategic documents and data on the operation of communes and airports from 2016 to 2021. These data were obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority, the Central Statistical Office, the International Air Transport Association, and the International Airports Council. In an effort to better understand the relationship between the airport and the commune in which it is located, poll research was carried out using survey and interview techniques. The research focused on 10 airports spread across Poland. A total of 1,200 surveys were conducted among residents of communes, and 10 interviews were conducted with representatives of local governments and the port. To analyse the collected data and present the results, Statistica v.13.3 and R/RStudio software were used.

The principle of openness of public administration is one of the basic principles in a democratic state. The openness of public administration is also regarded as its fundamental value. It defines the standards of administrative activity, access to information and the controlling functions of citizens, and builds trust in a public authority. The aim of the article is to present legal regulations concerning the openness of the commune in its financial administration. The paper presents the principle of openness of public administration, the dimensions of openness in the practice of communes, the relevant standards arising from the substantive law regulations, as well as selected international experience in this area. Therefore, the choice of the subject of the analysis was dictated by a gap in the legal literature. This is an additional premise that justifies undertaking the indicated research tasks. Against the background of the applicable legal provisions, it should be considered whether the actions taken by the legislator allowed for the creation of a properly functioning model of transparency in the financial management of a commune. Over the years, it has undergone some transformations, which may cause freedom or lack of the possibility of a logically correct, functional, and systemically consistent interpretation. The set goals determined the choice of the layout of the study and research methods. The work assumes methodological pluralism. The two main research methods used in the work are the dogmatic-legal method and the theoretical-legal method. The historical-legal method and legal functionalism were used as an auxiliary, which allowed to present the subject of research from the point of view of its evolution, and thus obtain a full picture of the discussed issues.

In this article I present a series of reflections on the concept of graffiti. What begins as a critique of the ideological relation between “street art” and “graffiti” on the one hand and “center” and “periphery” on the other, unfolds as a schematic exploration of the relation between graffiti and social crisis. These theses argue that graffiti can and should be interpreted, and that this interpretation depends upon analyzing graffiti’s character as both text and image. In doing so they explore graffiti in crisis across the American hemisphere, moving from “center” to “periphery” and back again. In the ruin of New York, the commune of Oaxaca, the explosion of Santiago, we catch a vivid glimpse of the social form and latent content of graffiti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to analyse and provide details about the phenomenon of energy poverty in Poland and Polish, especially by characterizing the issue from a factual and legal point of view. Therefore, it focuses both on the meaning of energy poverty existing in research and its reflection in the legal system by linking it with the concepts of energy safety and the right to energy and power resources. The suitability of the normative separation of the phenomenon of energy poverty shows its interrelation with the public interest, which makes it the responsibility of administrative authorities, especially the self-government in communes, to counteract the issue. It also determines a new role of communes and extends the scope of tools introduced to rectify the situation of residents suffering from energy poverty. At the same time, it also burdens communes with new responsibilities (i.e., providing financial support to residents and balancing the need to combat energy poverty with other values and obligations, such as environmental protection). It also aggravates the existing multi-faceted nature of energy poverty and its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion among activists, artists, and scholars to center communalism as a political process and methodology in and across geographical and cultural political "Souths." One of the central questions that this article raises is how to create diverse and heterogeneous strategies for the sustainability and creation of the collective spirit during the conjunctural and structural crises of the Global South and the exhaustion that it produces among those living there. Among themes in the discussion are art, culture, and spirituality as decolonial practices with a historical and ethnic perspective of Black communalism of the South in the context of the United States and Venezuela based on collective life existing before and beyond the European legacies of the commune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the factors that influence agricultural productivity is critical for promoting sustainable food production, economic growth, and rural livelihoods. Despite the fact that numerous theoretical and empirical studies on agricultural productivity have been conducted in recent decades, few have focused on the local geographical level, investigating the impact of specific agroecological conditions and farming systems. The current study examines the geographical micro-level determinants of labor productivity for all farmers and agricultural holdings in Portugal by estimating the parameters of an extended Cobb–Douglas production function and using panel data techniques. In general, the findings support major findings in empirical and theoretical literature that show a positive relationship between labor productivity and farm size, mechanization, irrigation, and human capital. Labor productivity is higher in regions with a higher prevalence of Mediterranean farming systems, such as orchards, vineyards, and horticultural crops, possibly due to crop suitability and ancient specialized knowledge, implying that a shift in farming techniques and crop selection, in balance with local natural and social specificities, may increase agricultural output and income for rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commune is the basic unit of local government, implementing public tasks of various nature. In terms of non-authoritarian tasks, the commune manages its own assets and provides public services to residents. The commune’s activities are not economic activities under the Entrepreneurs’ Law. However, it may be a business activity under the Goods and Services Tax Act. This Act provides for the exclusion from VAT of commune activities undertaken by it as a public authority, while activities undertaken as a VAT payer are subject to this tax. The aim of the article is to examine, in the light or Article 15 of the Act on Tax on Goods and Services, Article 13 od the Eu Council Directive No 112/2006 on the common system of value added tax and the resulted case law, in the scope of which activities a commune acts as VAT payer.

Polyamory means having a sexual and/or intimate relationship with more than one person at a time. In this study, we use in-depth interviews with 22 persons in Sweden who have experience of polyamorous or non-monogamous relationships to explore how polyamory can include imagining utopian relationships and spaces. Thematic analysis was done which indicated narratives of politically invested attempts to create communal living or societal change that resists capitalist and heteronormative nuclear-family arrangements as well as stories of everyday events that do not explicitly involve political ambitions. The range of utopian dreams and practices of the non-monogamous participants in our study, we argue, are examples of what Muñoz calls concrete utopias, filled with joy and laden with disappointment in the face of potentiality and reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports, as a component of air transport, combine air transport with other modes of transport to strengthen the transportation accessibility of a place in space, attract investors, and stimulate the development of the area. Taking into account that these issues are less exposed in relation to their immediate surroundings, research was undertaken to determine how representatives of the authorities and residents of communes (taking into account the nature of the communes and the size and location of the airport) perceive airports, located within their communes, in the context of their impact on the socio-economic situation in the communes. This was achieved by analysing the communes' strategic documents and data on the operation of communes and airports from 2016 to 2021. These data were obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority, the Central Statistical Office, the International Air Transport Association, and the International Airports Council. In an effort to better understand the relationship between the airport and the commune in which it is located, poll research was carried out using survey and interview techniques. The research focused on 10 airports spread across Poland. A total of 1,200 surveys were conducted among residents of communes, and 10 interviews were conducted with representatives of local governments and the port. To analyse the collected data and present the results, Statistica v.13.3 and R/RStudio software were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Angelis discusses the monograph by D. Internullo that focuses on the intellectual foundations of the commune of Rome, understood as a symbolic capital which the political leaders and cultured elites of the city used in the dual, concomitant process of theorizing and legitimizing the new institutional formation. It is a book about the central role of culture - documentary culture, no less than historical culture - and its ability to guide shared choices and influence political practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article rests upon two kinds of deductions: first a lack of scholarly engagement within cultural constructs of religion in mainstream social movement studies; and the second, the quasi-religious aspects of occupy-like movement. These two problematics, one theoretical, and one ethnographic, are drawn together through Edith Turner's conceptualization of communitas in light of the fieldwork findings derived from the encampment established at Istanbul's Gezi Park in 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main goal of the research was to determine the importance of the income base in the process of financial stability building in local government units. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were used because the comparison method and the diagnostic survey method were involved. The survey covered 189 small communes (up to 5,000 inhabitants) from the Eastern Poland macroregion. The choice of the Eastern Poland macroregion was intentional and dictated by its poor financial potential. The time range of the research covered data for the years 2019-2021. The main source of data was information obtained from the Ministry of Finance and the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office. The obtained results confirmed that among small communes of the Eastern Poland macroregion, the level of income that forming their income base was varied and changed in the analyzed period. The nature of changes in the income base of communes was not uniformed, as the number of communes with the lowest level of total and own income decreased, while the number of communes with a higher level of the mentioned income categories increased. The stability of the number of communes with the highest values of these incomes was also confirmed. The importance of income in building the financial stability of small communes was proved by the opinions of their authorities. Differences were found between the five voivodeships in the perception of significant factors determining the financial stability of small communes in the opinion of their commune heads.

Saint Martin is a very popular character in the Christian tradition. His life and deeds have had a considerable impact on successive generations of Christians, beginning with the Middle Ages and he is still present in the minds of believers. The popularity of this saint in Poland and Europe is reflected in many names of churches, parishes, chapels, altars as well as in art, names and heraldry. This paper presents selected local self-government coats of arms displaying an image of St. Martin or attributes associated with him. The full figure of St. Martin in Polish local self-government heraldry can be found on the coats of arms of five rural communes (the communes of Biskupice, Drużbice, Granowo, Mochowo and Wiśniowa), the coats of arms of two urban communes (the commune of Jawor, the town and commune of Pacanów) and the coat of arms of an urban quarter (Słocina – currently a quarter of Rzeszów, earlier – until 1954 – a commune). Only one of these, i.e. the coat of arms of the commune of Poświętne, refers to St. Martin by objects associated with him. Heraldic representations of Martin of Tours can be found, for example, in Germany, especially in Hesse, Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz, but also in Czechia, Austria, Slovakia, Finland and Ukraine.

From the very outset of his work, Max Weber shows an intense interest for medieval cities and their role of transition to the modern era. His analysis focuses at first on economic aspects, but it progressively entails a sociological inquiry which provides an articulated typology of different kinds of cities in the Middle Ages, and a political analysis highlighting the origin of representative institutions at that time. In general, life in the city guaranteed individual freedom and instated a process of democratization, which simultaneously required new offices and institutions. In this context, Weber takes into account Italian local parliaments as well as the process of formation of the English Parliament. He also stresses the function exerted by the guilds in order to ensure forms of political organization and a purposeful representation of interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of equal access of citizens to land remains a concern of public authorities to respond to issues related to household food security, especially in rural areas. Along the way, a legal and regulatory framework has been developed to give substance to the development options of the primary sector consisting of agriculture and livestock. However, the criteria identified in the context of the allocation of land in the national domain are sometimes biased due to considerations based on the social position of the person concerned. Indeed, the notion of capacity to be able to develop the land requested naturally excludes certain strata that do not meet the financial conditions required for such exploitation. According to our surveys, the category of people who find themselves in this situation is often made up of women, young people, the elderly and those with disabilities. However, there are a series of measures that would aim to restore the equality of citizens for the access and use of natural and land resources. Land projects and programs in collaboration with the State and rural communes make consideration of the gender aspect a component. This concern has enabled vulnerable groups to be better taken into account in the land allocation activities of the national domain at the level of the commune of Diama, notwithstanding the breakthrough of large-scale land acquisitions (ATE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The commune and the parish are units of two divisions: government and church administration. Both were created for the better functioning of structures and the implementation of central activities: government and the mission of the Church. Their functioning is based on meeting the needs of the local community. In turn, their goals, although seemingly divergent, often overlap, because the main mission of both types of units is the good of community members. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to address in this article the issue of methods of cooperation at the lowest level between local government authorities and parish priests operating in the commune. This article presents a theoretical introduction, analyzing the ways in which both spheres operate, with an emphasis on places of cooperation in order to create a unified community, which is defined as both a commune and a parish. The aim of this article is to outline a framework for future empirical research that could clearly indicate the factors shaping the methods and forms of cooperation between these two entities.

Henri Lefebvre’s theoretical research has always been directed towards the growth of the possible dispersed in the everyday life, in order to provoke the spark able to transform the “grey” routinary behaviour. We propose here an excursus that brings out the concepts that link the historical event of the Commune, the notion of utopia and the claim of a radically different sociality. First, the concept of utopia and the distinction between the utopien’s project and the utopia of the utopians. The Lefebvrian utopia discovers possibilities of reality by its dialectical movement. Then the concept of the reproduction of social relationships, which emerges from the comparison between the critical analysis of everyday life, urban phenomena, economic growth and economism. Then the concept of the city as a planned space in which the social formation projects its internal and environmental relations onto the ground. And, conversely, the concept of the urban as the overcoming of capitalist contradictions that distinguish city and country. Linked to these, the concept of dwelling against the contemporary habitat model, which responds to economic growth without social development, i.e. quantitative growth without qualitative development. Dwelling corresponds to a way of understanding the human being that describes it starting from the expressive-evolutionary characters that distinguish it naturalistically and historically. From this constellation of concepts, the historical model of the Paris Commune is finally analysed.

The Paris Commune holds a special place in the history of the labor and socialist movement, and later in the communist movement. Its heroic and tragic fate falls almost halfway between two major steps in the French colonial expansion, namely the conquest of Algeria (1830) and the completion of said expansion (Morocco 1912). Obviously, the Communards had neither the time nor the opportunity to address the colonial question. They were, however, confronted with it on various occasions: first by the small but notable presence of colonized people on the Parisian streets in 1871; then, later, when the exiled « wretched of the earth » crossed paths with other victims of the French state, the Kanak (spelled Canaques at the time). The 1878 uprising of the colonized happened during their exile. Many of the Communards did not understand the reasons – and certainly not the forms – of the uprising. Some, unfortunately, even took part in the crackdown against it. The great internationalist figure of Louise Michel, who lived among the Kanaks for a time and supported their struggle, is all the more remarkable

After thirty-two years of dictatorship (1965-1997), seven years of war (1996-2002) and three years of transition (2003-2006), the DR Congo has embarked on the path to democracy. Since then, three electoral cycles (2006, 2011 and 2018-2019) have been organized. This work focuses on the last two cycles. It aims to identify the reasons which led to the failure of the national members of parliament (MP) candidates who are teachers in the universities and higher education in Butembo city. Among these teachers, eleven were candidates in 2011, and ten in 2018 out of an average total of 120 candidates. None of them was elected despite the prestige and presumption of knowledge they enjoy. Thus, this study proposes to discover what would be the basis of these failures. To achieve this, 315 people were interviewed out of a population comprising just over 315,000 adults who participated in the 2011 and 2018-2019 vote in Butembo city. The municipality of residence and the gender of respondents are the two variables and/or quotas that have been taken into account in this analysis. Three categories of determinants have influenced the failures of Universities and higher teachers who are candidates for national MP. Preponderant or superior (disconnection from social life, scientific pride and inappropriate choice of party, running mate and allies), middle or intermediate (lack of money and unpreparedness) and inferior determinants (political inexperience, the local electoral culture and the fact of not having wanted to distract teachers from their job of training young people) have been identifies as causes of their failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This article aims to assess the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. Design/methodology/approach: The implementation of the research goal was based on the assumption that the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic impacted the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate resource of the City of Poznan. In order to assess the analysed phenomenon, the analysis covered the sale of real estate, conducted in the form of a tender during the two years preceding the pandemic and the two years of the pandemic. The analyses were carried out using a list of tenders conducted by the City of Poznan in 2018-2021 and information on the state of the municipal property prepared during this period. The study considered statutory changes relating to the disposal process of municipal real estate. The assumed goal was implemented based on the classic review of the literature, supported by the analysis of legal acts and materials of the studied unit. Findings: The pandemic resulted in significant changes in the sale of real estate from the municipal real estate stock of the City of Poznan. We can distinguish three characteristic periods, with the dynamics of change being the highest in the first year of the pandemic. We note the change in preferences of real estate market participants and the need to update the regulations on the sale of municipal real estate so that they take into account the opportunities for developing digital technologies. Social implications: The article may influence public policy by drawing attention to the importance of adapting legal requirements to the current situation and strategic thinking in managing the communal real estate resource, considering future crises. Originality/value: The article deals with the current and essential topic of the impact of the pandemic on the sale of real estate from the communal real estate resource, which is the research gap. The literature on the subject shows that this issue is analysed in the context of the commercial sector, while there are no analyses in relation to the municipal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reassesses the debate around the meaning of 'libertarian communism' within the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist movement in the years prior to and during the Civil War. Drawing on recent historical and theoretical literature that argues for a non-pejorative and analytical understanding of utopia, it brings renewed attention to this aspect of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism. The article focuses on the proposals for a definition of libertarian communism that were debated in the run up to and during the National Confederation of Labour's (CNT) Zaragoza Congress in May 1936. It argues that a utopian imagination was central to the movement's self-understanding and concrete achievements, and not confined to its more idealist currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of P. A. Stolypin, who was burdened by the task of agrarian changes in the country, still remains the object of the “arguments of the parties”. As a rule, one of the arguments ‘for’ or ‘against’ Stolypin’s agrarian policy is drawn from the content of L. Tolstoy’s letters of 1907-1909 to the reformer and his only reply. All these letters date to the most intense period of the land “revolution” in the sovereign state, which only started half a century after serfdom had been abolished. The current epistolary situation is really indicative because it reveals the views and aspirations of the two most prominent fi gures of the beginning of the 20th century, who had diff erent opinions on the solutions of the most signifi cant issue for Russia – the one of the land. The author of the present paper has a goal to study the epistolary sources anew, to sort through the essence of the program attitudes of each of the participants of the epistolary communication, and, where practicable, fi gure out the history of how these attitudes had been formed; reveal the ethical, psychological and intonation texture of the letters, which should facilitate the recreation of the more precise idea of the personalities of the writer and the politician, as well as the atmosphere of the epoch. Equally wishing well-being to their compatriots, separately L. N. Tolstoy and P. A. Stolypin were convinced that the way off ered by each of them was the only way to achieve this well-being, which is demonstrated in the letters, as well as the speeches of the Prime Minister at the State Duma. The confrontation of the sender and the addressee was supported by the opponents and advocates of Stolypin’s reforms. L. Tolstoy, arguing for the abolition of land ownership, for the introduction of the “single tax”, by the strength of his infl uence on the contemporaries objectively hindered the historically reasonable innovations, proposed by the head of the government, who considered it necessary to discontinue the commune and to encourage the working peasant, by making him the owner of the land. The letter refl ects the dramatic intensity of the reform implementation process and the dramatic state of their initiator and leader.

Understanding the factors that influence agricultural productivity is critical for promoting sustainable food production, economic growth, and rural livelihoods. Despite the fact that numerous theoretical and empirical studies on agricultural productivity have been conducted in recent decades, few have focused on the local geographical level, investigating the impact of specific agroecological conditions and farming systems. The current study examines the geographical micro-level determinants of labor productivity for all farmers and agricultural holdings in Portugal by estimating the parameters of an extended Cobb–Douglas production function and using panel data techniques. In general, the findings support major findings in empirical and theoretical literature that show a positive relationship between labor productivity and farm size, mechanization, irrigation, and human capital. Labor productivity is higher in regions with a higher prevalence of Mediterranean farming systems, such as orchards, vineyards, and horticultural crops, possibly due to crop suitability and ancient specialized knowledge, implying that a shift in farming techniques and crop selection, in balance with local natural and social specificities, may increase agricultural output and income for rural communities.

The study presents the essence, normative structure and principles of a principle of non-repayable support to communes regarding an implementation of low-emission projects, the implementation of which may be co-financed from the Thermomodernization and Renovation Fund. The Fund is supplied primarily with subsidies from the state budget. Only low-emission projects carried out in single-family houses or rooms located in such houses may be supported in this way, and their beneficiaries should be, in particular, natural persons entitled to receive social welfare benefits. The normative scheme for granting support adopted by the legislator consists of several basic elements: a so-called anti-smog resolution adopted by a regional council, an agreement on an implementation of low-emission projects concluded by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management with a commune, a contract for an implementation of a specific project concluded between a commune and a natural person meeting formal terms and conditions, verification and control procedure of the effects of the project. Thus, in a relatively narrowly defined area, a financial support mechanism was established for activities aimed at improving air quality. The study positively verified the assumption about a need to use this form of support. However, at the same time, the excessive caution of the legislator, consisting of establishing narrow subjective and objective boundaries of the program of activities for the improvement of air quality in Poland, was criticized.

Based on two premises --the consolidation of the "common" as a political interlocutor with its own agenda and discourse, for which fiscal matters had important implications in terms of legitimacy, and the constitution of cities as key spaces for fiscal negotiations with the Castilian Crown during the Late Middle Ages- this article aims to analyse the "voice" of the common in the construction of consensus/dissent and the configuration of the fiscal structure of the state during the reign of Isabella I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This book's novel approach sheds new light on the commune before, during, and after the events of 1871. Quentin Deluermoz's reinterpretation of the commune from a global standpoint emphasizes the international impact of a revolution whose ability to fascinate readers transcends space and time. The article underlines the major achievements but also some of the problems raised by the analytical perspective used here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rural areas remain a major part of Europe's land area. For several reasons, the EU wants to see sustainable development. Several European funds are therefore intended to support activities, particularly economic activities, in rural areas. Thus, motivated by such a European policy, we considered it appropriate to carry out research at the level of a communewith an important level of living and economic development. We focused our attention on the commune of Cenad in Timis county, a commune on the western border with Hungary. In the methodological approach we used different types of documents and a range of research methods (participatory observation, case study, document analysis, interviews) to highlight the level of economic and social development achieved by the community of Cenad. Even if the inhabitants are mostly satisfied with what has been achieved in their community, even if unemployment is very low and does not put pressure on the social welfare system, we have nevertheless identified certain directions of sustainable development of the locality and implicitly of the community that can be beneficial for all, inhabitants, or tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable anthropization degree of environment during the modern period had determined a gradual sinking of ecological stability of geographical landscapes, especially given the predominance of agricultural landscapes which occupy 73.4% from total area of Republic of Moldova at present [1]. Land Cadastre data for Republic of Moldova (2000-2020) [2] and population level’s statistical data (2000-2019) [3] was used to obtain a few indicators that reflect the state of geographical landscapes (population density, naturality index and environmental changes index) and quantify the anthropic pressure on the geographical landscapes at the commune level. We had used the period of 2000-2020 as the reference period.

Résumé : Au début des années 90, la décentralisation prônée par les agences de coopération internationale connaît un regain d’intérêt. Dans la plupart des pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, elle traverse des difficultés dans sa mise en application. Au Togo, les problèmes liés à son encrage est la raison qui a motivé cette recherche. Quels sont les obstacles ou mieux les entraves au processus de décentralisation qui expliquent le retard des communes de la préfecture de Doufelgou en termes de leur développement et d’automatisation? C’est la question principale que cherche à élucider cette recherche. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, des réflexions sont passées au crible des inventaires documentaires et de la méthode qualitative dont le but est d’expliquer les causes réelles des entraves au processus de décentralisation. En termes de résultats, on note que celles-ci sont liées d’une part à un cadre juridique aux enjeux ombrés laissant entrevoir une gouvernance communale balbutiante, d’autre part, la mise sous tutelle des communes étudiées par l’Etat central compromettant les chances de réussite d’un tel processus pour une bonne gouvernance locale.

The election of the mayor, as a public authority which is the closest to the citizens is undoubtedly based on the assessments of the electorate, which are both objective and subjective. From this perspective, it is not surprising that our legislator is inclined to sanction the conduct of the elected mayor, who is suspected to has failed to exercise his/her duties, or who disappoints the inhabitants of the territorial and administrative division to such an extent, that they resort to the organization of a local referendum for the removal from office of the respective mayor. On the opposite pole, it is often noted in practice that there are also situations in which a person obtains several terms of office as mayor as a result of the validation and confirmation over time of the trust of the citizens who have elected him/her. However, this study aims to analyze the particular case of the termination of the mayor’s term of office, construed as a sanction, as regulated by the Administrative Code in force, having as ground the holding of such a local referendum in June 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]