Search

Background: Vaccination adherence among healthcare workers (HCWs) is fundamental for the prevention of vaccine -preventable diseases (VPDs) in healthcare. This safeguards HCWs' well-being, prevents transmission of infections to vulnerable patients and contributes to public health. Aim: This systematic review and meta -analysis aimed to describe interventions meant to increase HCWs' adherence to vaccination and estimate the effectiveness of these interventions. Methods: We searched literature in eight databases and performed manual searches in relevant journals and the reference lists of retrieved articles. The study population included any HCW with potential occupational exposure to VPDs. We included experimental and quasi -experimental studies presenting interventions aimed at increasing HCWs' adherence to vaccination against VPDs. The post -intervention vaccination adherence rate was set as the main outcome. We included the effect of interventions in the randomeffects and subgroup meta -analyses. Results: The systematic review considered 48 studies on influenza and Tdap vaccination from database and manual searches, and 43 were meta -analysed. A statistically significant, positive effect was seen in multi -component interventions in randomised controlled trials (relative risk (RR) = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13-1.66) and in observational studies (RR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.29-1.58). Vaccination adherence rate was higher in community care facilities (RR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.49-1.68) than in hospitals (RR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.76-2.05). Conclusion: Interventions aimed at increasing HCWs' adherence to vaccination against VPDs are effective, especially multi -component ones. Future research should determine the most effective framework of interventions for each setting, using appropriate study design for their evaluation, and should compare intervention components to understand their contribution to the effectiveness.

Background: Several process-of-care indicators have been developed and implemented to improve the quality of heart failure (HF) patients care. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between a set of recommendations for HF care with measurable clinical outcomes, also in terms of outcomes that could be avoided. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out on subjects with at least one hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of HF in 2007. Data were retrieved from healthcare utilization databases of Lombardy region (Italy). Exposure to selected recommendations (periodic control of echocardiogram and use of blockers of the renin-angiotensin system and beta-blockers) was recorded. All-cause mortality and hospitalization with primary diagnosis of HF were considered as outcomes. Multivariable Cox models and Poisson model were fitted to estimate the exposure-outcome association. Results: Among 8207 cases of HF, those who adhered to none, one or all recommendations during the first year after diagnosis were 11%, 60% and 30%, respectively. Compared to patients who adhered to no recommendation, a significant mortality risk reduction of 24% (95% CI 17-31%) and 44% (36-52%) were observed for those who adhered to one and all recommendations, respectively. A significant reduction in the rate of re-hospitalizations in subjects adhered to at least one recommendation was also observed. A decreased trend in Population Attributable Fraction for death cases according to follow-up time was observed. Conclusion: A strict control of patients with HF through regular clinical examinations must be considered as fundamental for the reduction of mortality and re-hospitalizations.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of bleedings that occurred among warfarin users attributable to the concomitant use of other medications. A general approach for measuring the impact of the prescriptive inappropriateness on drug adverse outcomes at the population level is described. Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted to obtain summary relative risks of bleeding associated with concurrent use of warfarin and other medications compared to warfarin use alone. A population-based investigation was performed, in an Italian cohort of cardiopathic patients aged 65 years or older, to estimate the prevalence of concurrent users of warfarin and other medicaments. The population attributable fraction was computed by combining data on summary relative risks and prevalence of concurrent users. Results: Concomitant use of warfarin and cotrimoxazole, amiodarone, quinolones, macrolides, platelet aggregation inhibitors, SSRIs, NSAIDs, and lipid-lowering agents was associated with an increased risk of bleeding. The corresponding attributable fractions were 3% (95% CI 2 to 4%), 21% (1 to 41%), 21% (17 to 25%), 9% (8 to 10%), 14% (12 to 16%), 6% (5 to 8%), 10% (1 to 20%), and 8% (0 to 18%), respectively. Conclusions: More than half of bleeding events occurring among frail elderly using warfarin are attributable to a concomitant use of warfarin with certain drugs. Because some of these drugs appear to be essential for the treatment/prevention of cardiovascular conditions, and their concomitant use with warfarin could be acceptable in some cases, proper INR-monitoring and warfarin dose adjustments are requested.

Il concetto di Burden of Disease è molto usato nella letteratura internazionale per indicare il peso, l’impatto che una condizione, una malattia o un fattore di rischio possono avere sulla popolazione. Misurare questo burden sembra essere necessario per migliorare i sistemi sanitari e per aiutare i decisori politici nell’allocare adeguatamente le risorse pubbliche. Una misura molto usata nella valutazione del Burden of Disease è la frazione attribuibile di popolazione, che misura il numero di casi di malattia che si potrebbero evitare o prevenire se il fattore di rischio venisse eliminato. I percorsi clinici, o PDTA (percorsi diagnostico-terapeutico-assistenziali), sono composti da un insieme di interventi clinici basati sulle evidenze e vengono considerati sia come uno strumento per una miglior cura del paziente sia come un modo per descrivere la struttura di un processo di cura, ed è uno strumento utilizzato in tutto il mondo per rendere trasparenti i processi stessi e per migliora l’efficacia e la qualità dell’assistenza. Tuttavia, il reale impatto di questi percorsi di cura sugli outcome clinici dei pazienti, soprattutto in ambino extra-ospedaliero, rappresentano un campo della ricerca ancora poco esplorato. Se consideriamo, inoltre, l’aderenza alle raccomandazioni contenute nei PDTA come un gold standard da perseguire per evitare diversi outcome clinici o complicanze, una condizione di non-aderenza rappresenta un fattore di rischio che può essere controllato e limitano, se non additìrittura eliminato. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di valutare l’impatto degli interventi sanitari per specifiche patologie dal punto di vista della salute pubblica, e cioè in termini di (i) dimensione del problema, (ii) processo di cura e (iii) associazione tra il processo stesso gli outcome in esame. Con queso fine, la tesi è formata da quattro parti che conducono ad esplorare il quesito principale di questi lavoro di ricerca e a capire come si possa misurare l’impatt, The burden of a condition, illness or risk factor on the population is a fundamental issue in Public Health and evaluating this burden appears to be necessary to improve health systems and policies, and to help decision makers for a better allocation of public resources. The population attributable fraction, a measure used to assess the burden of disease, allows to determine the number of disease’s cases that would be avoided or prevented if a risk factor was eliminated. Clinical Pathways are composed by several evidence-based healthcare intervention and are considered both as tool for patients’ care and as a way to describe the structure of a care process that is worldwide used to make care processes transparent and to improve the efficiency and quality of health care. However, the real impact of these pathways on several clinical outcomes, in particular in outpatient settings, is a little explored field. If we consider the subject’s adherence to recommendations contained in Clinical Pathways as a ‘gold standard’ of healthcare to avoid adverse clinical events/complications, the condition of ‘non-adherence’ represents a risk factor that could be controlled and limited, if not even removed. The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of healthcare interventions for specific health conditions, from the Public Health point of view, in terms of (i) size of the problem, (ii) process of care and (iii) association between process and outcomes. To this purpose, my thesis is composed of four parts that lead to explore the main issue of this work and to understand how we can measure the impact of some healthcare interventions on subjects affected by several chronic conditions. After an introduction to the concept of Burden of Disease and its possible application in the assessment of impact of healthcare interventions, Clinical Pathways and their current use are presented. In this part an Italian project aimed to assess the impact of several pathways on patients’ clinical o

Background: Healthcare utilization data are increasingly used for chronic disease surveillance. Nevertheless, no standard criteria for estimating prevalence of high-impact diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, are available. In this study an algorithm for recognizing COPD/asthma cases from HCU data is developed and implemented in the HCU databases of the Italian Lombardy Region (about 10 million residents). The impact of diagnostic misclassification for reliably estimating prevalence was also assessed. Methods: Disease-specificdrug codes, hospital discharges together with co-payment exemptions when available, and a combination of them according with patient's age, were used to create the proposed algorithm. Identified cases were considered for prevalence estimation. An external validation study was also performed in order to evaluate systematic uncertainty of prevalence estimates. Results: Raw prevalence of COPD and asthma in 2010 was 3.6 and 3.3% respectively. According to external validation, sensitivity values were 53% for COPD and 39% for asthma. Adjusted prevalence estimates were respectively 6.8 and 8.5% for COPD (among person aged 40 years or older) and asthma (among person aged 40 years or younger). Conclusions: COPD and asthma prevalence may be estimated from HCU data, albeit with high systematic uncertainty. Validation is recommended in this setting.