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Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic disease with impact on the development of human subjects and communities. It is caused by two liver-infecting fasciolid trematode species, the globally-distributed Fasciola hepatica and the Africa/Asia-restricted but more pathogenic, larger F. gigantica. Fasciola gigantica is the cause of endemicity in livestock throughout the warm lowlands from Pakistan to southeastern Asia since old times. Human fascioliasis is emerging in this region at present, with an increase of patient reports. Complete sequences of rDNA ITS-1 and ITS-2 spacers and mtDNA nad1 and cox1 genes were obtained from fasciolid eggs found in the endoscopic bile aspirate from a patient of Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Egg measurements, pronounced ITS heterozygosity, and pure F. gigantica mtDNA haplotypes demonstrate an infection by a recent F. gigantica-like hybrid. Sequence identities and similarities with the same DNA markers found in livestock from Bangladesh prove the human-infecting fasciolid to present identical ITSs and nad1 haplotypes and only one silent transversion in cox1 when compared to a widely-spread combined haplotype in animals. In northeastern India and Bangladesh, human fascioliasis emergence appears linked to increasing livestock prevalences due to: ruminant importation from other countries because of the increasing demand of rapidly growing human populations; numerous livestock movements, including transborder corridors, due to the uncontrolled small-scale household farming practices; and man-made introduction of F. hepatica with imported livestock into an area originally endemic for F. gigantica leading to frequent hybridization. Sequences, phylogenetic trees, and networks indicate that the origins of intermediate/hybrid fasciolids and factors underlying human infection risk differ in eastern and western South Asia. The emergence scenario in southern China and Vietnam resembles the aforementioned of northeastern India and Bangladesh, whereas in Pakistan it is linked to increasing monsoon rainfall within climate change combined with an impact of an extensive irrigation system. Past human-guided movements of pack animals along the western Grand Trunk Road and the eastern Tea-Horse Road explain the F. gigantica mtDNA results obtained. Physicians should be aware about these emerging scenarios, clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques and treatment. Government authorities must appropriately warn health professionals, ensure drug availability and improve livestock control.

Let u , v be two coprime positive integers. A positive integer n is said to be d -representable for u , v if n is the sum of terms taken from { u α v β : α , β = 0 , 1 , ... } such that no one divides the other. Let u , v denote the set of all positive integers that are d -representable. For n ∈ u , v , let m u , v (n) be the maximum of the least terms of d -representations of n and let M u , v (n) be the minimum of the largest terms of d -representations of n. In 1996, Erdős and Lewin conjectured that m 2 , 3 (n) → + ∞ as n → + ∞. Recently, the authors of this paper confirmed this conjecture. This paper concerns the magnitudes of m u , v (n) and M u , v (n). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set A of positive integers is called d -complete if every sufficiently large integer is the sum of distinct terms taken from A such that no one divides the other. In this paper we answer two questions of Erdős and Lewin partially and settle a conjecture of Erdős and Lewin on d -complete sequences affirmatively. We also pose two conjectures for further research. For a video summary of this paper, please visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0AoLpvj4QQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a process of generating random positive integer weight sequences { W n } where the gaps between the weights { X n = W n - W n - 1 } are i.i.d. positive integer-valued random variables. The main result of the paper is that if the gap distribution has a moment generating function with large enough radius of convergence, then the weight sequence is almost surely asymptotically m-complete for every m ≥ 2 , i.e. every large enough multiple of the greatest common divisor (gcd) of gap values can be written as a sum of m distinct weights for any fixed m ≥ 2 . Under the weaker assumption of finite 1 2 -moment for the gap distribution, we also show the simpler result that, almost surely, the resulting weight sequence is asymptotically complete, i.e. all large enough multiples of the gcd of the possible gap values can be written as a sum of distinct weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, for the first time, the genetic variability of the Metagonimus suifunensis population in the Russian southern Far East was estimated based on the full-length sequences of the nad1 gene of mitochondrial DNA. In addition, for a sample of the same size, the sequences of cox1 and cytb genes, previously used for population studies for M. suifunensis, were reanalysed. Three markers were combined to a common sequence, and the obtained data were studied. Despite the higher level of variability, nad1 and cox1 mtDNA genes did not reveal subdivisions within the population. The combined dataset made it possible to determine that the sample from the Odyr River was the centre of the species' range formation and clarified the continental migration route of the parasite from south to north. According to the data obtained, it was presumed that piscivorous birds participate in the life cycle of the parasite. The subdivision within population revealed that using all three mitochondrial markers is consistent with the features of differentiation within populations of related species, but the reasons for its formation remain unclear due to the insufficient amount of data and the use of different markers in studies of different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a specific version of the authors' approach to the synthesis of bases of discrete orthogonal transforms (DOTs). The approach takes into account the relation between the structure of basis functions of a transform and the existence of a certain numeral system on the (multidimensional) index set of an input signal. In contrast to Chernov's prototype paper "Discrete orthogonal transforms with bases generated by self-similar sequences" (2018), which was concerned with DOTs associated with irredundant numeral systems (where each index of the input signal has a unique representation in a chosen numeral system), in the present paper we study the case of the so-called complete numeral systems. In this case, there is no bijection between the set of input indices of DOTs and the set of their digital representations. Potentially, such statements of applied problems naturally appear in image recognition, artificial intelligence, theory of formal languages, mathematical programming, and other areas where the analyzed objects are characterized by many heterogeneous attributes, which can be quantitative, qualitative, and mixed. There may be several copies of each object, and the copies may have inconsistent descriptions, which must be considered and analyzed as a whole. Such objects with many attributes can be represented as multisets ("sets with repetitions"). Since discrete spectral analysis is a basic tool for solving the described problems in the classical "multiple" interpretation of objects, we try to extend some ideas and methods of spectral analysis to the case of multiset objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complete sequences are defined as infinite sequences of natural numbers, with the help of which it is possible to represent any other natural number. The most significant result, allowing to judge the completeness of any sequence, was obtained by D. Brown. The article poses the problem of representing the complete sequence of all natural numbers up to a certain limit as a sum of elements (such initial segments of complete sequences are called generating sequences). Then there is the problem of finding generating sequences of minimal length for a given limit N. The article proposes algorithms for generation of generating sequences of minimal length. A class of algorithms for generation of generating sequences containing a given generating sequence of shorter length is proposed, it allows us to introduce regular algorithms of generating complete sequences. The proposed regular algorithms for generating complete sequences are used in the development of the algorithm for sorting natural numbers without comparing them, which is the development of the radix sorting algorithm with interpretation of the bits as elements of a suitable complete sequence. The article demonstrates approaches of adapting the work of this algorithm for sorting a specific sorted sequence.

Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic disease with impact on the development of human subjects and communities. It is caused by two liver-infecting fasciolid trematode species, the globally-distributed Fasciola hepatica and the Africa/Asia-restricted but more pathogenic, larger F. gigantica . Fasciola gigantica is the cause of endemicity in livestock throughout the warm lowlands from Pakistan to southeastern Asia since old times. Human fascioliasis is emerging in this region at present, with an increase of patient reports. Complete sequences of rDNA ITS-1 and ITS-2 spacers and mtDNA nad 1 and cox 1 genes were obtained from fasciolid eggs found in the endoscopic bile aspirate from a patient of Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Egg measurements, pronounced ITS heterozygosity, and pure F. gigantica mtDNA haplotypes demonstrate an infection by a recent F. gigantica -like hybrid. Sequence identities and similarities with the same DNA markers found in livestock from Bangladesh prove the human-infecting fasciolid to present identical ITSs and nad 1 haplotypes and only one silent transversion in cox 1 when compared to a widely-spread combined haplotype in animals. In northeastern India and Bangladesh, human fascioliasis emergence appears linked to increasing livestock prevalences due to: ruminant importation from other countries because of the increasing demand of rapidly growing human populations; numerous livestock movements, including transborder corridors, due to the uncontrolled small-scale household farming practices; and man-made introduction of F. hepatica with imported livestock into an area originally endemic for F. gigantica leading to frequent hybridization. Sequences, phylogenetic trees, and networks indicate that the origins of intermediate/hybrid fasciolids and factors underlying human infection risk differ in eastern and western South Asia. The emergence scenario in southern China and Vietnam resembles the aforementioned of northeastern India and Bangladesh, whereas in Pakistan it is linked to increasing monsoon rainfall within climate change combined with an impact of an extensive irrigation system. Past human-guided movements of pack animals along the western Grand Trunk Road and the eastern Tea-Horse Road explain the F. gigantica mtDNA results obtained. Physicians should be aware about these emerging scenarios, clinical pictures, diagnostic techniques and treatment. Government authorities must appropriately warn health professionals, ensure drug availability and improve livestock control., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Swine influenza is a worldwide disease, which causes damage to the respiratory system of pigs. The H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes circulate mainly in the swine population of Mexico. There is evidence that new subtypes of influenza virus have evolved genetically and have been rearranged with human viruses and from other species; therefore, the aim of our study was to identify and characterize the genetic changes that have been generated in the different subtypes of the swine influenza virus in Mexican pigs. By sequencing and analyzing phylogenetically the eight segments that form the virus genome, the following subtypes were identified: H1N1, H3N2, H1N2 and H5N2; of which, a H1N1 subtype had a high genetic relationship with the human influenza virus. In addition, a H1N2 subtype related to the porcine H1N2 virus reported in the United States was identified, as well as, two other viruses of avian origin from the H5N2 subtype. Particularly for the H5N2 subtype, this is the first time that its presence has been reported in Mexican pigs. The analysis of these sequences demonstrates that in the swine population of Mexico, circulate viruses that have suffered punctual‐specific mutations and rearrangements of their proteins with different subtypes, which have successfully adapted to the Mexican swine population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text A set A of positive integers is called d -complete if every sufficiently large integer is the sum of distinct terms taken from A such that no one divides the other. In 1996, Erdős and Lewin proved that the sequence { 2 α 5 β p γ } is d -complete for every prime p with 6 < p < 20 and commented that they cannot prove that the sequence { 2 α 5 β 23 γ } is d -complete. In this paper, we prove that, for any integer p > 6 with ( p , 10 ) = 1 , if there exists a number c = c ( p ) such that every integer n with c < n < 25 p c is the sum of distinct terms taken from { 2 α 5 β p γ } such that no one divides the other, then the sequence { 2 α 5 β p γ } is d -complete. In particular, we prove that the sequence { 2 α 5 β p γ } is d -complete for p ∈ { 9 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 29 , 31 } . Video For a video summary of this paper, please visit https://youtu.be/lq7XleRNLf8 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B. J. Birch [1] proved that all sufficiently large integers can be expressed as a sum of pairwise distinct terms of the form p q, where p, q are given coprime integers greater than 1. Subsequently, Davenport pointed out that the exponent b can be bounded in terms of p and q. N. Hegyvári [3] gave an effective version of this bound. In this paper, we improve this bound by reducing one step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we prove that the set of degrees of asynchronously automaton transformations of infinite sequences with a solvable monadic theory forms an initial segment in the set of degrees of asynchronously automaton transformations. We prove a solvability criterion for a monadic theory of a complete sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]