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Although lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have many advantages, they cannot satisfy the demands of numerous large energy storage industries owing to their high cost, low security, and low resource richness. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with low cost, high safety, and high synergistic efficiency have attracted an increasing amount of attention and are considered a promising choice to replace LIBs. However, the existing cathode materials for ZIBs have many shortcomings, such as poor electron and zinc ion conductivity and complex energy storage mechanisms. Thus, it is crucial to identify a cathode material with a stable structure, substantial limit, and suitability for ZIBs. In this review, several typical cathode materials for ZIBs employed in recent years and their detailed energy storage mechanisms are summarized, and various methods to enhance the electrochemical properties of ZIBs are briefly introduced. Finally, the existing problems and expected development directions of ZIBs are discussed.

Improving the energy use efficiency of the energy system is of great significance to the development of the national energy economy and the improvement of the national economic competitiveness. The existing domestic research on thermo-economic costs is insufficient. For example, there is no research on the allocation of thermo-economic costs and on the complex energy network with multiple energy outputs. Therefore, this paper reconstructs and optimizes the thermo-economic cost analysis model for the complex energy network. First, the thermo-economic cost model for each sub-network and that for each energy output of the complex energy network were established, and the structure block diagram of the distributed thermo-economic cost allocation model for the complex energy network was given. Then, a local-global decomposition optimization method was proposed for the complex energy network to achieve the thermo-economic optimization of the complex energy network. The experimental results proved the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

The electricity enterprise is one of the most vital infrastructure industries in every state, which is of tremendous importance because of capital intensity, growing efficiency, and productivity. Considering its importance, this observed and compared regional electricity businesses’ performance in Iran for the primary time by supplying a combined organizational ambidexterity model and grid records envelopment analysis. Ambidexterity is one of the newest subjects in the field of organizational and management fields, which may be described because of the company’s capacity to awareness on Exploitation (use of present capabilities) and exploration (discovery of recent competencies). in this investigation, with the help of information envelopment evaluation grid models, the inner approaches of 16 regional power corporations inside the form of two ranges of layout, improvement, and operation in 2016 were analyzed, and the ambidexterity and performance of organizations had been Calculated. The outcomes suggest that the nearby power agencies of Tehran, Semnan, and Kerman in both levels of labor have a single performance and are added as ambidextrous businesses. Also, the West regional energy business enterprise has the bottom ambidexterity rating.

The use of complexity science in evaluation has received growing attention over the last 20 years. We present the use of a novel complexity-appropriate method – Participatory Systems Mapping – in two real-world evaluation contexts and consider how this method can be applied more widely in evaluation. Participatory Systems Mapping involves the production of a causal map of a system by a diverse set of stakeholders. The map, once refined and validated, can be analysed and used in a variety of ways in an evaluation or in evaluation planning. The analysis approach combines network analysis with subjective information from stakeholders. We suggest Participatory Systems Mapping shows great potential to offer value to evaluators due to the unique insights it offers, the relative ease of its use, and its complementarity with existing evaluation approaches and methods.

The paper discusses the environmental impact assessment of key pollutants generated by vessels during maritime transport operations. For the purposes of this study, a vessel is considered as a system that can be broken down into main subsystems and system components. Maritime shipping is a relatively environmentally-friendly means of moving large cargo over long distances. It is the only mode of transport that can successfully take over cargo from hinterland traffic. Mobility improvements have forced people to use more complex energy sources, which has contributed to the development and upgrading of transport infrastructure. From the economic perspective, maritime transport is currently an optimal transport mode. The fast development of this sector, observed especially on the Far Eastern market, entails the elevated risk of polluting the marine environment as a result of ongoing operations as well as accidents. The objective of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the environmental hazards that may arise from the operation of ERRVs (Emergency Response and Rescue Vessels).

Inverse spinel oxide NiCo2O4 is an excellent prototype to explore complex energy landscapes among exchange interactions, crystal field effects, and chemical/lattice disorders. In this work, periodi...

The work is devoted to solving an urgent problem - the development of a computer model of the energy consumption system of the Institute of the ionosphere of the National Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in order to solve the problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the measuring complex. The power supply system of the complex is described, a generalized structural diagram of the loads - powerful consumers of electricity is presented. The graphs characterizing the energy consumption of individual powerful loads are presented, the problem of compensating the reactive power of loads is shown. The adequacy of the developed model is confirmed by the coincidence of the shape and values of the experimentally obtained characteristics on loads with the characteristics of the model. The model adequacy was assessed by the variance of feedback deviations from the system mean. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of using the developed Matlab-model of the energy consumption system of the measuring complex for creating and testing on the model of an energy-efficient power supply system, which will ensure the stable operation of scientific equipment for the implementation of research programs of the NAS of Ukraine.

The dependence of the photoconductivity sign on the bias voltage, intensity, and duration of illumination is studied for PbSnTe:In films in the space-charge-limited current regime. The role of traps (including surface ones) with a complex energy spectrum in the effects under observation is discussed.

III–V quantum dot systems are widely studied to implement the promising intermediate band solar cell concept. However, current performances are quite lower than theoretical expectations, and severa...

The Geant4 software is used to simulate the CsI detector to measure the mixed energy spectrum from three radionuclides in the nuclear waste barrel. In this paper, a variety of methods are used to perform peak-seeking analysis on the mixed energy spectrum generating from 60Co, 137Cs and 226Ra, the effects of each peak-seeking method are compared for this complex energy spectrum. In this comparative experiment, the results show that the morphological energy spectrum peak-seeking method is more suitable for the energy spectrum from a mixture of multiple radionuclides.

In order to increase the exploitation of the renewable energy sources, the diffusion of the distributed generation systems is grown, leading to an increase in the complexity of the electrical, thermal, cooling and fuel energy distribution networks. With the main purpose of improving the overall energy conversion efficiency and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated to fossil fuel based production systems, the design and the management of these complex energy grids play a key role. In this context, an in-house developed software, called COMBO, presented and validated in the Part I of this study, has been applied to a case study in order to define the optimal scheduling of each generation system connected to a complex energy network. The software is based on a non-heuristic technique which considers all the possible combination of solutions, elaborating the optimal scheduling for each energy system by minimizing an objective function based on the evaluation of the total energy production cost and energy systems environmental impact. In particular, the software COMBO is applied to a case study represented by an existing small-scale complex energy network, with the main objective of optimizing the energy production mix and the complex energy networks yearly operation depending on the energy demand of the users. The electrical, thermal and cooling needs of the users are satisfied with a centralized energy production, by means of internal combustion engines, natural gas boilers, heat pumps, compression and absorption chillers. The optimal energy systems operation evaluated by the software COMBO will be compared to a Reference Case, representative of the current energy systems set-up, in order to highlight the environmental and economic benefits achievable with the proposed strategy.

This note offers a clear view of heat transfer fundamentals in terms of ‘heat tubes’, which are macroscopic architectures for the flow of energy through complex energy systems. The note focuses on heat tubes with conduction and convection, although heat tubes with radiation through stacks of radiation shields have also been treated in the literature. It is shown how to shape a heat tube and how to cool it along its length so that its thermodynamic performance evolves. Several instances of confusion are clarified along the way.

As future energy systems aim to be more efficient, cost-effective, environmentally benign, and interconnected with each other, their design and operation become ever challenging tasks for decision-makers, engineers, and scientists. Sustainability of life on earth will be heavily affected by the improvements of these complex energy systems. Therefore, experts from various fields need to come together to find common solution strategies. However, since different technologies are usually developed separately by their own technical community, a generally accepted unified systematic approach to tackle integrated systems is lacking. With this article, we want to introduce and highlight the power of energy systems engineering as a generic framework to arrive at synergistic solutions to complex energy and environmental problems. Tools of energy systems engineering are numerous, and its application areas cover a wide range of energy systems. In this commentary, we present an overview of state-of-the-art methodologies of energy systems engineering, list its applications and describe few examples in detail, and finally introduce some possible new directions.

Energy input affects the final cost of dairy products. The paper features energy cost optimization in dairy industry and, in particular, in the production of cultured milk foods. The present research studies the options for renewable energy sources in dairy industry: solar system is becoming a very promising means of energy saving in the southern regions. The authors proposed a complex energy substitution device, which can reduce the electricity costs by 60–70%, according to preliminary calculations. The results obtained in the theoretical underpinning of design parameters and operation modes were checked by experimental studies. For the experiment, the authors designed and manufactured a water heating system based on flat solar collectors. An instrument complex registered temperature values in eight different control points and transferred the signals to a PC hard disk. The article presents the parameters of the equipment in pasteurization and milk fermentation processes with the use of the complex energy substitution device for water heating. The equipment can be used by large-scale dairy enterprises, since the area of the collectors for the preliminary water heating is 2 m2, which provides 150 litters of water with a temperature of 45–60°C. As the normative parameters of the temperature during the milk fermentation process is 32–35°C, and the water temperature in the device is 45–60°C, it can be concluded that the thermal costs are fully covered.

The final dedication of either photoelectric system or any other equipment producing energy is to supply to consumers energy in such forms and quantities that they need. Therefore, the factual efficiency of energy generating equipment is defined by not only characteristics of this generating equipment such as, for example, PV plant, but also by the specifics of equipment, structures, and many other factors that make their effect on the process of energy generation, transmission and use. Integration of this equipment, structures and factors in a system followed by optimization of such system will make it possible to ensure maximal operation efficiency. In this work, energy supply of individual sites by implementing a generalized complex energy supply system has been studied. Necessity of such systems has been substantiated and generic principles of their building, effectiveness criterion, and photoelectric equipment as an integral part of such complex energy supply system have been analysed.

This paper concerns the difficult, somewhat circular, problem of managing complex interconnected dynamical systems. This generally must be done by avoiding complexity and the needs for fast fail-prone communications and having only a limited number of measurements. We illustrate this problem on a typical complex energy management for cooling systems. We first derive conditions for decomposition into subsystems modeled in terms of their own internal dynamics and output measurements on the interfaces with other components. We then use these decomposed models to illustrate how well distributed estimation can be done. The accuracy of parameter estimation is demonstrated using a real-world commercial cooling system.

The recently discovered fully charmed tetraquark candidate $X(6900)$ is analyzed within the frameworks of effective-range expansion, compositeness relation and width saturation, and a coupled multichannel dynamical study. By taking into account constraints from heavy-quark spin symmetry, the coupled-channel amplitude including the $J/\psi J/\psi,~ \chi_{c0}\chi_{c0}$ and $\chi_{c1}\chi_{c1}$ is constructed to fit the experimental di-$J/\psi$ event distributions around the energy region near $6.9$ GeV. Another dynamical two-coupled-channel amplitude with the $J/\psi J/\psi$ and $\psi(3770) J/\psi$ is also considered to describe the same datasets. The three different theoretical approaches lead to similar conclusions that the two-meson components do not play dominant roles in the $X(6900)$. Our determinations of the resonance poles in the complex energy plane from the refined coupled-channel study are found to be consistent with the experimental analyses. The coupled-channel amplitudes also have another pole corresponding to a narrow resonance $X(6825)$ that we predict sitting below the $\chi_{c0}\chi_{c0}$ threshold and of molecular origin. We give predictions to the line shapes of the $\chi_{c0}\chi_{c0}$ and $\chi_{c1}\chi_{c1}$ channels, which could provide a useful guide for future experimental measurements., Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures. To match the published version

Energy infrastructure is well thought-out to be one of the complex infrastructures due to its convoluted configuration and automatic control among all of the systems. With such systems, various connections are made for the purpose of configurations. The energy system infrastructure aims to analytically evaluate each element of the system based on fundamental energy branches according to the customer demand. Developing a novel critical evaluation approach for complex energy infrastructure is pertinent to the evaluation of mixed energy system infrastructure. Considering the functional relationships between elements and their infrastructures, a system is needed to overcome the limitations of the current systems. By doing the efficient modeling of enhancing the performance infrastructure of critical energy infrastructure enable better quantitative evaluation of system. The purpose of the proposed study is to develop an evaluation approach for enhancing the performance of critical energy infrastructure. With the help of the proposed approach, efficient multifeature model for enhancing the performance of critical energy infrastructure was experimentally calculated. The experimental setup of the proposed study was done in the Super Decision tool for an efficient multifeature model for enhancing the performance. Results of the experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed research. National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (201801D121147).

The growing diffusion of the distributed generation systems, due to the European and national legislations which impose the fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions reduction and the renewable sources exploitation, have led to an increase in the complexity of the existing energy networks. The main issue of the complex energy grids is their management, which consists in the resolution and optimization of the load allocation problem by minimizing the primary energy consumption and, thus, improving the overall efficiency. In this context, the aim of this paper is to develop and validate a non-linear algorithm suitable for the resolution of the load allocation problem. In detail, the software COMBO, which has been developed by the University of Bologna, is based on a non-heuristic algorithm and allows to optimize a complex energy network — characterized by electrical, thermal, cooling and fuel fluxes — by evaluating all the possible combinations of solutions. The objective function of the software consists in the minimization of the total cost of energy production, including not only the variable costs, but also the costs related to the environmental impact of the energy systems. In this paper the mathematical model of the algorithm at the basis of the software COMBO is presented and described in detail. Furthermore, the software has been validated by its application to a case study and comparing the results with the ones obtained with a previously developed software based on a genetic algorithm (heuristic non-linear method).

The modeling of sorption systems for thermal energy storage can involve different levels, that is, from powdery level (modeling of material) up to system level and make use of a continuum or lumped (noncontinuum) approach. Different levels of detail and different scales of the problem require the implementation and solutions of diverse sets of equations and solution methodologies. In this chapter, the model at reactor and system level is discussed, with specific focus on the equilibrium description of working pairs and the solution of heat and mass transfer problems in continuum or lumped reactor systems, as well as the black-box models employed when the integration of a thermal energy storage in a more complex energy system is required. Finally, some examples of applications are discussed to show the potentialities of the different methodologies.

This year replete with so many anniversaries related to the energy sector sees the centenary celebration of the GOELRO Plan. This event is remarkable for energy studies: a complex energy method that backed up the Plan development half a century later became one of the preconditions for the development of the methodology of systems analysis of the energy development. The groundwork of this methodology was laid at SEI/ESI SB RAS (Siberian Energy Institute. Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) founded by Academician L.A. Melentiev; the institute celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. Half a century ago, an 'off-site' department of the SEI was established in Moscow and 15 years later it was reorganized into ERI RAS (Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and GKNT (State Committee for Science and Technology). The paper focuses on the background of the development of the theory and methods of systems analysis of energy development, covers its main theoretical and applied contributions in two stages of social and economic development of the country, discusses evolution of this research area and its possible adoption in the alternative (mobilization-type and liberal) concepts of shaping 'the information society’ of the future.

Decarbonization gained prominence with the witnessed rise of temperature over recent years, particularly in the aftermath of the adoption of the Paris agreement for limiting the temperature increase within 2◦C until 2050. Biogenic resources are explicitly indicated as carbon-neutral from LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) perspective by the IPCC, shedding light on the carbon-neutral society by applying BECC (Biogenic Energy Carbon Capture) for creating negative emissions. This article proposes a novel modeling approach by introducing carbon layers with specification on the principal carbon sources and sinks based upon an optimization algorithm, in order to solve the carbon loop issue in a highly inter-connected energy system due to increasing penetration of biomass and CCUS (carbon capture, use and storage). This study contributes to quantifying biogenic and non-biogenic carbon footprints, and optimizing the circular economy associated with a net zero-emission society, in favor of policy-making for sustainable development in long terms.

We consider a driven, non-Hermitian generalization of the Aubry-Andre-Harper (AAH) model. We show that the introduction of periodic driving allows us to obtain fully real quasienergy spectra in configurations where the corresponding static system has complex energy eigenvalues for any non-Hermitian degree. We illustrate how generalized parity-time (PT) symmetry can be applied within the Floquet formalism and show that our model's fully real quasienergy spectrum corresponds to an unbroken symmetry. This model exhibits a Floquet topological phase, few examples of have been found in non-Hermitian potentials., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

Inspired by the newly observed $X_{0}(2900)$ and $X_1(2900)$ at LHCb, the $K^*\bar{D}^*$ and $K\bar{D}_1$ interactions are studied in the quasipotential Bethe-Salpeter equation approach combined with the one-boson-exchange model. The bound and virtual states from the interactions are searched for as the poles in the complex energy plane of scattering amplitude. A bound state with $I(J^P)=0(0^+)$ and a virtual state with $0(1^-)$ are produced from the $K^*\bar{D}^*$ interaction and $K\bar{D}_1$ interaction, and can be related to the $X_{0}(2900)$ and $X_1(2900)$ observed at LHCb, respectively. A bound state with $I(J^P)=0(1^+)$ and a virtual state with $I(J^P)=0(2^+)$ are also predicted from the $K^*\bar{D}^*$ interaction with a small $\alpha$ value, which can be searched in future experiments., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures; more discussions added; typos corrected

By utilizing a proposed analytical model in combination with the phase-field method, we present a comprehensive study on the effect of chemical patterns on equilibrium droplet morphologies. Here, three influencing factors, the droplet sizes, contact angles, and the ratios of the hydrophilic area to the hydrophobic area, are contemplated. In the analytical model, chemical heterogeneities are described by different non-linear functions. By tuning these functions and the related parameters, the analytical model is capable of calculating the energy landscapes of the system. The chemically patterned surfaces display complex energy landscapes with chemical-heterogeneity-induced local minima, which correspond to the equilibrium morphologies of the droplets. Phase-field (PF) simulations are accordingly conducted and compared with the predicted equilibrium morphologies. In addition, we propose a modified Cassie–Baxter (CB) model to delineate the equilibrium droplet shapes. In contrast to the classic CB model, our extension is not only restricted to the shape with a spherical cap. Both the energy landscape method and the modified CB model are demonstrated to have a good agreement with the PF simulations.

Strongly correlated materials possess a complex energy landscape and host many interesting physical phenomena, including charge density waves (CDWs). CDWs have been observed and extensively studied in many materials since their first discovery in 1972. Yet, they present ample opportunities for discovery. Here, we report a large tunability in the optical response of a quasi-2D CDW material, 1T-TaS$_2$, upon incoherent light illumination at room temperature. We show that the observed tunability is a consequence of light-induced rearrangement of CDW stacking across the layers of 1T-TaS$_2$. Our model, based on this hypothesis, agrees reasonably well with experiments suggesting that the interdomain CDW interaction is a vital knob to control the phase of strongly correlated materials., 16 pages, 4 figures

The usual derivations of the S and K matrices for two-particle reactions proceed through the Lippmann–Schwinger equation with formal definitions of the incoming and outgoing scattering states. Here we present a simpler alternative derivation that is carried out completely in the Hamiltonian representation, using a discrete basis of configurations for the scattering channels as well as the quasi-bound configurations of the combined fragments. We use matrix algebra to derive an explicit expression for the K matrix in terms of the Hamiltonian of the internal states of the compound system and the coupling between the channels and the internal states. The formula for the K matrix includes explicitly a real dispersive shift matrix to the internal Hamiltonian that is easily computed in the formalism. That expression is applied to derive the usual form of the S matrix as a sum over poles in the complex energy plane. Some extensions and limitations of the discrete-basis Hamiltonian formalism are discussed in the concluding remarks and in the Appendix.

We consider a flexible mechanical metamaterial comprising an elastomeric matrix with an embedded square array of circular holes. First, we use the deflated continuation technique of bifurcation analysis to explore its complex energy landscape, characterized by multiple bifurcations from which stable and unstable branches emanate. We then investigate how this landscape can be used to design materials with advanced programmability. We find that the response of the system can be constantly reprogrammed through local manipulation, moving it from one stable branch to another, and that small targeted imperfections can be harnessed to enhance such programmability.

The nature of the \(Z_{c}(3900)^\pm \) and \(Z_{c}(4020)^\pm \) is analyzed in a coupled-channels calculation, including \(D^*\bar{D}^{(*)}+h.c.\), \(\pi J/\psi \) and \(\rho \eta _c\) channels, performed in the framework of a constituent quark model and the Resonating Group Method. The interactions among the different channels are dominated by the non-diagonal terms, which indicates the \(Z_{c}(3900)^\pm \) and the \(Z_{c}(4020)^\pm \) are unusual structures. The study of the analytic structure of the S-matrix on the complex energy plane leads us to conclude that the behaviour of the line shapes in the \(\pi J/\psi \) and the \(D^*\bar{D}^{(*)}\) invariant mass distributions is due to the presence of virtual states.

Chapter 4 treats the more complex situation of a pair of one-dimensional Bose gases initially differing by their atom number and atomic density. In this case, the relaxation is observed below a threshold, above which dephasing mechanisms dominate. We attribute this effect to the trap geometry and to the complex energy spectrum of the initial state.