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Time-based theorizing has recognized the importance of temporal complexity but tends to reduce it to tensions and conflicts among but two static temporal demands. We recon-ceptualize temporal complexity as a dynamic interplay of multiple—that is, more than two—divergent temporal demands. Based on this reconceptualization, we develop a theory of organizational Eigenzeit, which illuminates how organizations “carve out” a time of their own amid temporal complexity. We propose a process model that explains how organizations navigate distinct constellations of temporal complexity by enacting varying degrees of temporal uncoupling and differentiation. Our model enables us to derive four generic modes of Eigenzeit—entrained, ambitemporal, agile, and pluritemporal—and theorize their characteristics and implications. We argue that grand challenges, such as climate change, require organizations to shift to more advanced modes of Eigenzeit, and detail why such a shift might be difficult to enact. Our paper contributes to time-based theorizing by specifying the distinct nature of temporal complexity and redirecting extant research toward examining different modes of Eigenzeit and their implied dynamics and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In business research, firm size is both ubiquitous and readily measured. Complexity, another firm-related construct, is also relevant, but difficult to measure and not well-defined. As a result, complexity is less frequently incorporated in empirical designs. We argue that most extant measures of complexity are one-dimensional, have limited availability, and/or are frequently misspecified. Using both machine learning and an application-specific lexicon, we develop a text solution that uses widely available data and provides an omnibus measure of complexity. Our proposed measure, used in tandem with 10-K file size, provides a useful proxy that dominates traditional measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this creative-relational inquiry, we pursue a radically new way of conceptualizing, researching, communicating, and practicing health and health care in contemporary times. We write to reimagine what an alternative paradigm that is at once humane, democratic, accessible, inclusive, generative, and resolutely open to diversity in its many forms might look and feel like. We begin by presenting the script of an autoethnographic film that explores health, creativity, and physical activity through an arts-based approach that incorporates moving image, spoken word, soundscape, music, and song. Next, we offer two responses to the film, which embody emotional and empathetic engagement, relational commitment, moral and ethical sensibility, and careful scholarly reflection to extend and develop our inquiry in innovative interdisciplinary directions. Finally, we draw on recent developments in complexity theory and environmental activism to propose a new way to understand and practice health care within complex ecologies of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry faces a significant challenge due to the absence of a well-established financial classification system for quality, leading to quality issues. Among the various quality management (QM) techniques available, the cost of quality (COQ) method is utilized to address these concerns. However, traditional COQ assumptions are static and do not reflect the adaptability required in modern QM for the construction industry, particularly due to hidden factors (HFs). These HFs play diverse roles in shaping the COQ system. The lack of a quantifiable COQ for monitoring quality costs impedes the adoption of the COQ framework within the construction industry. This study addresses these gaps by refining the traditional COQ categories and predicting the relationship between visible factors (VFs) and HFs through the lens of complexity theory. To fill this gap, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 142 experts specializing in QM within the Indian construction industry. Using SmartPLS 4.0, a hypothetical model was constructed to uncover the relationship between COQ categories. The results underscore the significant influence of profession on COQ, the influence of VFs and HFs on COQ, and the influence of COQ categories on achieving optimal quality. This study makes a substantial contribution to existing knowledge by forecasting COQ behavior and proposing future research directions. Practical Applications: The practical implications of this study on the body of knowledge are significant, as the study aims to bridge a prominent gap in the current literature by delving into the quantitative exploration of the relationship between VFs and HFs affecting COQ within the construction industry. This research introduces a fresh perspective by investigating 22 VFs and HFs, a relatively new endeavor in the construction field. Meanwhile, the findings hold significant value for construction practitioners and firms investing in optimizing COQ as this knowledge base could facilitate the construction experts to refine their strategies, policies, and plans, integrating measures designed to proactively address VF- and HF-related challenges. This proactive approach not only fosters improved QM practices but also cultivates a culture of continuous improvement within construction projects. Moving forward, it is imperative for construction and consultancy organizations to integrate these findings into their QM strategies, leveraging insights to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall quality performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental difference between neural networks containing and not containing feedback between elements is analyzed. It is shown that in the first of these cases, quantitative relationships describing the functioning of the neural network can be obtained based on an analogy with the theory of noise-resistant codes. In the second case, an analogy with electronic circuits that form memory cells (triggers) is valid. It is shown that feedback between elements of even the simplest neural networks can lead to the appearance of multidimensional hysteresis, when, with the same state of inputs, the system can be in several qualitatively different states, the transition between which can be abrupt. In this case, the state of the neural network outputs depends not only on the current state of its inputs, but also on the path along which this state was formed. The results obtained are used for the philosophical substantiation of a new approach to the interpretation of complex systems of various natures, which are considered analogs of neural networks. According to it, a system that can store and processing information should be considered "complex". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of passing and receiving locations during the 2022 FIFA World Cup in different match stages, playing positions and team possession types. Eighteen types of spatial entropy were proposed to evaluate the heterogeneity of passing and receiving locations in 64 matches. T-tests of these entropies were made between teams at the group and knockout stages, and between distinct playing positions. The K-means clustering of each team's ball-possession per match was employed to divide all matches into two categories, and their differences in entropies were then analysed using one-way ANOVA. Results showed that the teams at the group and knockout stages had significant differences only in goalkeeper entropy (ES = 0.368). The spatial entropy of the goalkeeper exhibited significant differences in comparison to the other positions (ES: −6.71 ~ -4.69). Low ball-possession teams were significantly lower in 8 types of spatial entropies (ES: −1.02 ~ -0.41) compared to their high ball-possession counterparts. Furthermore, only two types of spatial entropies (ES: −0.58 ~ -0.54) differed significantly in the comparison between high and low ball-possession teams. These findings may provide coaches with guidance for implementing targeted defensive strategies and enhancing the team's passing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between communication and coordination is central to mobilizing response operations, but the processes vary under critical time constraints, creating disparities in complex operations in practice. To explore conditions that facilitate or hinder the interaction between these processes, we identify networks of organizations engaged in communication and coordination that functioned in response to the 6 February 2023, Kahramanmaras earthquakes in Turkey. Framed in the theory of complex adaptive systems, this study focuses on decision-making among organizations that operated during this event and the flow of information within and among organizations that guided collective action. Using exploratory case-study methods, we undertook four tasks to: (1) characterize the context in which the earthquakes occurred—public awareness, policies, and practice to reduce seismic risk; (2) identify technical communication networks that functioned during the first 3 weeks of response operations; (3) identify organizational coordination networks and flow of information that guided technical networks, including principal nodes of connection and missing links in the process; and (4) identify gaps between knowledge and action as organizations struggled to operate in a disaster-degraded context. Study findings revealed limits in both technical and organizational networks and offer insights into how these sociotechnical networks could be scaled and strengthened to function more effectively in large-scale, extreme events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luis H. Favela’s (2024) The ecological brain: Unifying the sciences of brain, body, and environment uses complex systems theory’s methods, concepts and theories to illustrate the possibility of integrating neuroscience with ecological psychology, in spite of the antipathy these fields ostensibly have for one another. While this “NeuroEcological Nexus Theory” (NExT) is a very promising framework to achieve this primary goal, I argue that it ultimately needs more than just Embodied, Embedded (or Ecological) cognition. Favela’s secondary goals of having “œbroad applicability to other mind sciences” and eventually also explaining “real” cognition beyond perception-action coordination, can’t be achieved without incorporating the other aspects of so-called “E-Cognition”; especially Enactive and Extended/Extensive cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the reconstruction of professional identity among three experienced language teacher educators through collaboration in pluralistic approaches. Framing identity within a narrative-based understanding and exploring the interactional aspects of collaboration through the Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) lens, the study moves beyond traditional narrative inquiries in teacher education. Employing an autobiographical narrative approach, the study metaphorically represents professional identity reconstruction as complex dynamic systems. Grounded in autobiographical accounts from a year-long international collaboration on developing teacher competencies for pluralistic approaches, the study identifies emerging themes such as the role of peer collaboration, digital tools, and contextual influences in identity transformation. Findings suggest implications for professional development through collaborative and international networks in language education. The study contributes to understanding language educator identity as a dynamic, ongoing interpretive process in collaborative settings, offering insights for teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The representation of positive polynomials on a semi-algebraic set in terms of sums of squares is a central question in real algebraic geometry, which the Positivstellensatz answers. In this paper, we study the effective Putinar's Positivestellensatz on a compact basic semi-algebraic set S and provide a new proof and new improved bounds on the degree of the representation of positive polynomials. These new bounds involve a parameter ε measuring the non-vanishing of the positive function, the constant c and exponent L of a Łojasiewicz inequality for the semi-algebraic distance function associated to the inequalities g = (g 1 , ... , g r) defining S. They are polynomial in c and ε − 1 with an exponent depending only on L. We analyse in details the Łojasiewicz inequality when the defining inequalities g satisfy the Constraint Qualification Condition. We show that, in this case, the Łojasiewicz exponent L is 1 and we relate the Łojasiewicz constant c with the distance of g to the set of singular systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on formation tracking control of multi-agent systems in a leader–follower setting. The objective is to introduce control algorithms to steer a team of mobile agents into a desired, moving geometrical pattern while the agents are unaware of their own and other agents' velocity information during the entire process. We introduce a formation control law under which the agents asymptotically shape a desired geometrical pattern and track a constant reference velocity. Another control law is then introduced to address the case where the reference velocity is time-varying. Both control laws are based on the complex Laplacian approach and do not require agents' velocity information. The convergence of these algorithms are proved and their performance are examined via numerical examples. Simulation results verify the outperformance of the proposed control laws compared to the rival control schemes in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If "theory of mind" is conceived as reasoning in a strict sense, then it can be said to be useful only at certain times; however, this leaves the rest of social cognition hardly comprehensible. If "theory of mind" is used instead to refer to a mentalist ontology and the consequent awareness that we ourselves and the others function on mental states, then we need new approaches that explain the flow of social experience. To illustrate these points, we outline the general conceptual framework that underlies most empirical studies of theory of mind and discuss their pros and cons; then, we discuss the Theory of Mind Assessment Scale, a tool developed to investigate the complexity of theory of mind, which adopts a different perspective and has been successfully tested on numerous populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely adopted in urban planning to alleviate traffic congestion, urban sprawl, and other problems. The TOD metro station area, as a dynamic and open spatial system, presents typical complex features. To improve urban planning by understanding the complex features of metro station areas, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation method using complex adaptive system theory (CAS) to assess space efficiency and the use of an evaluation method like COWA (continuous ordered weighted averaging) operator and cloud model to show efficiency. Factors include external relevance, internal coordination, and environmental adaptation. This study uses Museum Station of Harbin Railway Transportation as the case study, and the results show that the space efficiency of Harbin's TOD metro station areas are lacking in internal coordination and environmental adaptation. The proposed evaluation method not only identifies areas of space inefficiencies in urban rail transit station areas but also provides valuable insights for informed decision-making and future urban development initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although suicide is complex and heterogeneous, most suicide theories assume that suicidal urges occur primarily in the context of extreme emotional distress. Newer models of suicide based on complex systems theory propose greater heterogeneity in suicidal experiences across individuals and groups, such that some, but not all, suicidal thoughts, urges, and behaviors are associated with extreme negative affect. The present study investigated individual differences in affective states experienced during suicidal urges among 138 adults recruited from the community; 81 (59.1 %) owned handguns and 57 (41.6 %) did not. Participants self-reported their current affect and urge to kill themselves 6 times per day for 28 consecutive days via ecological momentary assessment. Positive and negative affect ratings varied significantly during suicidal urges. The association of positive and negative affect with suicidal urges significantly varied within and between handgun owners and non-owners. Results suggest suicidal urges are characterized by high affective heterogeneity. • Little is known about the range of affect experienced during suicidal states • Affect and suicidal urges were assessed repeatedly using ecological momentary assessment • Affect during suicidal urges ranged considerably across individuals • The relationship of affect and suicidal urges also ranged considerably • The relationship of affect and suicidal urges was weaker among handgun owners [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex systems often operate in equilibriums that can be disrupted under specific conditions, driving the system to undergo an irreversible phase transition (aka tipping point) into a new equilibrium. Disruptive technology, as introduced in the book Innovator's Dilemma, is a new emerging technology that can successfully displace incumbent technologies and push the market through phase transition into a new equilibrium. In this paper, the authors model the market disruption caused by a disruptive technology as a complex system, with dynamics that show a phase transition or tipping point, after which the system shifts into a new equilibrium aiming at assessing the success or failure of a disruptive technology. The purpose of this study is to mathematically model a tipping point measure of complex networks and a theoretical framework for disruptive technology dynamics. A predator–prey model is used to emulate the behavior of a disruptive technology versus an incumbent technology, and a resilience index is integrated to measure the tipping point in the market where the disruptive technology will overtake the incumbent technology. This methodology is applied to a historical case study of film versus digital versus cell phone cameras, demonstrating the application of this methodology. The study's contribution can be applied to both systems engineering and disruptive innovation management. The proposed approach can help stakeholders assess the impact of a potential new disruptive technology and use the resulting resilience index as a measurement for adjusting technology requirements and systems management approaches to achieve a desired outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into L3 phonological acquisition has grown in the past decade, yet perceptual studies remain scarce. Existing studies report complex interactions between the phonetic categories of multilinguals' L1, L2 and L3, depending on investigated feature and stage of L3 learning. This small-scale study, grounded in Complex Dynamic Systems Theory, examines the development of coda obstruent perception in seven beginner learners of Polish as an L3 (aged 21–39), with German as their L1 and English as their L2. Over ten months of instructed L3 learning, participants were tested four times using a timed forced-choice goodness task in both L2 and L3. Additionally, three participants provided monthly data between the second and fourth testing. Analyses across the sample revealed a competitive relationship between L2 and L3 perception, with L2 accuracy declining as L3 accuracy improved. Individual data, however, indicated more varied patterns: while one learner followed the overall trend, another exhibited decreasing accuracy in both their L2 and L3, and the third maintained accurate L2 perception alongside more accurate yet increasingly variable L3 perception. These findings highlight the value of analyzing both overall trends and individual data to better understand multilingual speech perception development, and suggest that, with growing L3 experience, the newly learnt L3 may influence L2 perception of a phonological process shared in the L1 and marked in the L2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proficiency in literacy provides an essential foundation for citizens to participate fully and effectively in society. Research highlights a strong correlation between frequent reading and strong literacy outcomes for students and emphasises the benefits of a Reading for Pleasure (RfP) pedagogy on student reading motivation and attainment. As teachers are responsible for students' literate development, the ability to teach literacy and the development of a literate identity thus form integral components of initial teacher education. There are studies revealing the important connection between teachers' literate identities and their students' reading engagement and literacy outcomes; however, less is known about the formation of pre-service teachers' literate identities. This case study sought to investigate the impact of pre-service teacher engagement with Reading for Pleasure practices as they reflected on their literate identities. During the study, four student teachers in their final year of a Bachelor of Education (Primary) degree in an urban university in NSW, Australia, met weekly for six weeks to engage with Reading for Pleasure practices. Data were collected through participant observation notes, focus group discussions, and a questionnaire completed at the start and the end of the study. This study was informed with a consideration of complexity theory, and an analysis was made of participant's reflections on RfP, as expressed through the intersecting systems within which initial teacher education is situated. Framed by the understanding that knowledge is socially constructed, this paper outlines how participants found benefit in Reading for Pleasure in forming their literate identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face complex systemic challenges in managing digital transformation while pursuing innovation in an increasingly interconnected business environment. This study adopts a systems theory perspective to investigate how digitalization enhances Innovation Performance by examining the dynamic interrelationships among digital adoption, digital drive, digital culture, and Innovation Performance. Through an empirical analysis of 201 Chinese SMEs using PLS-SEM, IPMA, and ANFIS approaches, we reveal that digital drive fully mediates the relationship between digital adoption and Innovation Performance, highlighting the systemic nature of digital transformation processes. Digital culture emerges as a critical moderator, positively influencing the relationships between digital adoption and digital drive, as well as between digital drive and Innovation Performance. These findings demonstrate how different elements of digital transformation form an integrated system where components interact to produce innovation outcomes. This study contributes to systems theory by illuminating the complex interdependencies in digital transformation and offers practical implications for managing systemic change in SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complexity theory (CT) refers to a collection of concepts and heuristics that can be used to study the developments emerging from interactions between phenomena, actors, and events. CT has increasingly been utilized in the study of public administration and policy. However, there is no comprehensive analysis of empirical or other research focused on the functioning of political-administrative phenomena applying CT. This article reports the results of a systematic literature review demonstrating how CT has been applied in empirical research in different stages of the policy cycle: policy preparation, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance. The study reveals empirical research utilizing CT offers practical implications that can be categorized into four themes: enabling leadership, leveraging experimentation, the holistic perspective, and the humble approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revealing geological environment resilience (GER) under seawater intrusion (SWI) hazards is a prerequisite for solving groundwater resource depletion, land salinization, and ecological degradation in coastal cities. This study applies the resilience design approach based on urban complex adaptive systems theory to understand the impact of SWI on the geological environment. Taking SWI as the research object, the GER evaluation method under SWI disaster was established by selecting five elastic indexes: disturbance intensity, geological environment vulnerability, stress resistance, recovery, and adaptability. This method is used to evaluate the GER level of the coastal areas of Shenzhen in recent years under the impact of SWI hazards. The study found that there is a negative correlation between the intensity of disturbance and precipitation amount. The vulnerability is greater the closer the distance to the coastline and the shallower the depth of bedrock burial. Resistance is composed of early warning ability and disaster prevention ability, and the result is 10.07, which belongs to the medium level. The recovery is 1.49, which is at a relatively high level, indicating a high capacity for restoration ability. The adaptability increased from 3.03 to 3.13, so that the area of seawater intrusion is becoming smaller. GER is affected by precipitation amount and depth of bedrock burial; the greater the precipitation and the shallower the bedrock burial, the lower the GER. Precipitation amount significantly impacts the SWI situation in the eastern coastal area of Shenzhen. In the central region, the impact of precipitation on GER is less significant. However, in the western region, the depth of bedrock burial primarily affects GER. Compared to completely weathered granite, Pleistocene fluvial plain sediments are more susceptible to SWI effects in freshwater environments. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of SWI on the geological environment in coastal areas, providing decision-makers with the necessary knowledge to develop targeted and effective governance and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid density functionals, such as B3LYP and PBE0, have achieved remarkable success by substantially improving over their parent methods, namely Hartree-Fock and the generalized gradient approximation, and generally outperforming the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) that is more expensive. Here, we extend the linear scheme of hybrid multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (HMC-PDFT) by incorporating a cross-entropy ingredient to balance the description of static and dynamic correlation effects, leading to a consistent improvement on both exchange and correlation energies. The B3LYP-like translated on-top functional (tB4LYP) developed along this line not only surpasses the accuracy of its parent methods, the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and the original MC-PDFT functionals (tBLYP and tB3LYP), but also outperforms the widely used complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2). Remarkably, while remaining satisfactory for general purpose, tB4LYP shows superior accuracy for challenging cases like the Cr2 dissociation and the associated low-lying vibrational energies, the ethylene torsional rotation and the ethyne diabatic colinear dissociations, with the significantly lower computational cost than CASPT2. A balanced description of static and dynamic correlation effects has long been a challenge for most density functional methods. Here, the authors proposed a new hybrid multi configuration density functional theory method that is shown to give satisfactory results for general purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A new undergraduate medical programme was instituted at the University of Botswana in 2009. In 2016, the Faculty of Medicine decided to conduct a comprehensive review of the programme. Participants at a planning workshop decided the review had to lead to an in-depth understanding of the programme. The challenge was to develop an evaluation process to achieve this aim. Approach: Standards and theories used in other programme evaluations were investigated. A steering committee developed a 'six-step process' for the review of the programme as a complex system. The process used three evaluation models and various sources of evaluation standards to derive 90 evaluation questions. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using 96 different instruments, with data triangulation prominently featured. Data analysis used an interpretivist approach. The review process was validated against the Cilliers's ten features of a complex system. Validation: The review process was validated against Cilliers's ten features of a complex system. We found that the 'six-step process' illuminated each of these features in the MBBS programme in turn, and was therefore a valid way of evaluating this programme as a complex system. Discussion: In the process of designing and using the 'six-step process' to evaluate a complex medical programme important lessons were learnt: starting the process with complexity theory at the forefront; being as inclusive as possible in data collection; also applying complexity theory to the evaluation of smaller programme components as 'mini-complex systems'; and managing one's inevitable insider bias. Conclusion and utility: The 'six-step process' as it stands or in adaptation is likely to be useful in similar situations, where evaluators perceive the object of their evaluation to be a complex system, or a component of such a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has issued a number of high-level policies aimed at reforming research assessment to establish its own research evaluation approach and replace the emphasis on quantitative performance measures that has persisted for decades. This study presents a landscape of institutional responses to the new research assessment reform in China. Drawing on theories of institutional complexity, we employ in-depth document analysis to analyse how national policy requirements are implemented at the university level. Our findings demonstrate that Chinese research universities have adopted blended hybrid strategies to address institutional complexity caused by the interplay of state, market, management, and academic professional logics. These strategies have enabled universities to incorporate their own attributes to negotiate complexity and have helped universities maintain their legitimacy and competitive advantage. The findings highlight both the progress and challenges in building a new research evaluation system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances the theory of Configurational Field Analysis (CFA) as a reconfiguration of Pierre Bourdieu's field theory, aiming to address the limitations of Global Field Theory in analyzing the complexities of global and transnational phenomena. While the concept of the Global Field extended Bourdieu's ideas to transnational and global arenas, it has been critiqued for its structural determinism, Eurocentrism, and its inability to fully capture the fluid, indeterminate, and contingent nature of global social dynamics. In response, this paper introduces social configurations as dynamic, relational constructs that emerge from specific historical and contextual conditions, rather than as fixed and universal structures. By integrating the concept of social configurations into field theory, CFA reconceptualizes social spaces as fluid and contested arenas where power, capital, and influence are continually negotiated. The paper proceeds by revisiting the foundations and critiques of Global Field Theory, followed by the introduction of social configurations and their theoretical advantages. Finally, it presents Configurational Field Analysis as a comprehensive framework, detailing its analytical steps and demonstrating its applicability to contemporary global issues. This framework not only addresses the methodological and analytical gaps in Global Field Theory but also offers a more adaptable and context-sensitive approach for understanding the complexities of global interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coopetition harbours the potential to drive innovation. However, our understanding of how innovation is impacted by various coopetition strategies, and how this interacts with firms’ external governance mechanisms and internal organisational capabilities, remains limited. This study employs the fsQCA method to investigate how the interplay among coopetition strategies, governance mechanisms and knowledge integration capability (KIC) – the three antecedent conditions – propels innovation. Through an examination of 413 high-tech firms, we identified four distinct configurations and unveiled two primary findings. First, when firms embrace an unbalanced coopetition strategy, it should be matched with relational governance; Conversely, for a balanced-strong coopetition strategy, transactional governance is deemed more suitable. Second, within any configuration characterised by high-innovation performance, KIC emerges as a core condition. This research contributes a new lens to the deeper understanding of complexity theory in firm innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: LLM integration in generating new methodologies in OHS. This paper introduces a novel generative artificial intelligence workbench specifically tailored to the field of safety sciences. Utilizing large language models (LLMs), this innovative approach significantly diverges from traditional methods by enabling the rapid development, refinement, and preliminary testing of new safety methodologies. Traditional techniques in this field typically depend on slow, iterative cycles of empirical data collection and analysis, which can be both time-intensive and costly. In contrast, our LLM-based workbench leverages synthetic data generation and advanced prompt engineering to simulate complex safety scenarios and generate diverse, realistic data sets on demand. This capability allows for more flexible and accelerated experimentation, enhancing the efficiency and scalability of safety science research. By detailing an application case, we demonstrate the practical implementation and advantages of our framework, such as its ability to adapt quickly to evolving safety requirements and its potential to significantly cut down development time and resources. The introduction of this workbench represents a paradigm shift in safety methodology development, offering a potent tool that combines the theoretical rigor of traditional methods with the agility of modern AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies looking into second language development have shown that findings about a group of learners cannot be transferred to individual learners. In this study, we explored ways to meaningfully group individuals starting from the data and investigated whether this grouping can give extra information about learning trajectories that goes beyond the individual learner. We followed 61 learners for 10 months, collected information about various individual difference variables at the start of the study, and investigated speaking development by collecting data on a weekly basis. We investigated whether it was possible to discern learner types through cluster analysis starting from five individual difference variables. This resulted in three learner types that differ from each other in their speaking development. Within each learner type, there are differences but also clear similarities across learners. The study shows that adopting a person‐centered approach to grouping learners can contribute to uncovering patterns in learners’ development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many complex systems encountered in the natural and social sciences, mechanisms governing system dynamics at a microscale depend upon the values of state variables characterizing the system at coarse-grained, macroscale (Goldenfeld and Woese, 2011, Noble et al., 2019, and Chater and Loewenstein, 2023). State variables, in turn, are averages over relevant probability distributions of the microscale variables. Neither inferential Top-Down nor mechanistic Bottom-Up modeling alone can predict responses of such scale-entwined systems to perturbations. We describe and explore the properties of a dynamic theory that combines Top-Down information-theoretic inference with Bottom-Up, state-variable-dependent mechanisms. The theory predicts the functional form of nonstationary probability distributions over microvariables and relates the trajectories of time-evolving macrovariables to the form of those distributions. Analytic expressions for the time evolution of Lagrange multipliers from Maxent solutions allow for rapid calculation of the time trajectories of state variables even in high dimensional systems. Examples of possible applications to scale-entwined systems in nonequilibrium chemical thermodynamics, epidemiology, economics, and ecology exemplify the potential multidisciplinary scope of the theory. A worked-out low-dimension example illustrates the structure of the theory and demonstrates how scale entwinement can result in slowed recovery from perturbations, reddened time series spectra in response to white-noise input, and hysteresis upon parameter displacement and subsequent restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews Ryan Nefdt's book "Language, Science, and Structure," which defends a structuralist view of languages and linguistic entities. Nefdt's book covers topics such as ontology, theory change, information structure, and the relationship between linguistics and cognitive science. The review highlights Nefdt's contribution to the ontology of language and the philosophy of linguistics, emphasizing the need to move beyond traditional views and engage with a broader range of issues in the field. The book is recommended for those interested in the philosophical foundations of language. [Extracted from the article]

"Prevent minor issues before they become major problems, and prepare for the future." This study utilizes complex system theory to introduce a nonlinear dynamic system for examining the production and emission reduction strategies of new energy vehicle (NEV) and gasoline vehicle (GV) manufacturers under the dual credit (DC) policy over a long-term game process. By considering production delays, we analyze dynamic behaviors within a duopoly automotive system, including stable regions, bifurcation, chaotic attractors, and the Largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE). The results show that: (1) As production and carbon emission adjustment parameters increase, the decision-making system for both automakers can slip into disorder, posing a risk of disruption within the automotive industry. (2) In stable regions, GVs' carbon emission adjustments do not affect the production of either NEVs or GVs, while NEVs demonstrate greater flexibility in production adjustments compared to GVs. (3) The industry system will likely benefit from delay production decisions that could help stabilize the automobile market. The study provides theoretical support for the smooth transformation of old and new driving forces in the automobile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis introduction to the Special Issue starts from the observation that, over time, the process of political ordering to harness nuclear energy has become more complex in terms of actors, rules, levels, and contexts. So far, however, the existing literature provides only limited insights into the complexity of nuclear ordering. To advance our understanding of the characteristics and consequences of this complexity, this introduction provides a conceptual framework for the subsequent articles of the Special Issue and lays out a broader research agenda. It does so by first addressing the notions of political ordering and disordering. It then draws on complexity theory to develop an analytical perspective through which the contributions to this Special Issue examine the complexity of nuclear (dis)ordering. Finally, the article reviews the contributions to the Special Issue, and outlines avenues for further research on nuclear (dis)ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective article explores the intersection of science education advancements and public science understanding improvement efforts, critiquing the still prevalent "deficit model" of science communication. It argues for a nuanced approach, incorporating insights from conceptual change research and the coexistence of scientific and misconceived notions within learners. Highlighting the prospects and promises of representational pluralism, it suggests strategies for science communicators to foster public engagement, emphasizing the importance of young audiences, avoiding simplistic dichotomies, and promoting critical thinking. The piece advocates for mutual enrichment between science education and communication, aiming for a well-informed, epistemologically competent public capable of navigating the complexities of scientific discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) is gaining increasing attention from academics, professionals, and policymakers because of its potential as a policy tool for promoting economic growth. However, the theoretical foundation for analyzing EE needs further development to comprehensively capture its systemic, complex, and adaptive nature. Although recent studies have made progress in this area by incorporating complexity theory into this field of literature, the multilayer characteristics of an EE have been overlooked in those conceptualizations. We therefore build upon those papers by introducing an understanding of EE as a multilayer network from the perspective of complexity theory. Building upon this understanding, we provide a representative example to illustrate the practical application of our conceptual model via agentbased modeling while outlining a research agenda that suggests new directions for future studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cormac McCarthy's duology The Passenger and Stella Maris examines the productive nexus between science and religious inquiry in a contemporary context. Predicated on the recent historiographic notion that there has always been a productive relationship between these fields, McCarthy's final novels explore how physics, mathematics, philosophy, and music blend in a worldview that explores the metaphysical implications of these areas of inquiry when considered together. In this context, McCarthy emerges as a radical skeptic who remains uncertain about ultimate questions but understands the value and necessity of both scientific inquiry and religious experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-frames the concept of causality in deradicalisation, disengagement and reintegration pathways. Analysis of the theories and frameworks in counter-terrorism research indicate that prevalent causal models offer reductive explanations of human behavior, revealing the absence of a scientifically credible account of how agents undergo transformation in pathways out of terrorism. To address the problem of causality, I borrow from the thought bank of complexity theory and reconceptualise causality as the operation of "constraints." The paper then goes on to operationalize the concept of constraints for counter-terrorism researchers and practitioners, laying down a new and preliminary conceptual framework for thinking about how people leave terrorism behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the renewal and restructuring period for SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation (SCS) between 2008 and 2016. Following a retrospective review of the author's formative years, evolving research interests, and continuing academic journey, the rationale for reorganizing the journal is examined in the context of the evolving professional realm of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). The alignment of the profession, developments in the broader M&S domain, and related SCS initiatives are discussed. The simulation discipline is viewed as a dynamic adaptive innovation ecosystem that brings the principles of the science of complexity to bear on the challenges to its resilience and vitality. The innovation dynamics and complexity perspectives imply future aspirations for the M&S discipline based on recent technological advancements, emerging trends in the scientific culture, and evolving societal demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the dynamic complexity of chain-to-chain output decisions in a closed-loop supply chain system of cross-border e-commerce (CBEC), this study decomposes the system into four product–market (PM) chains, based on the e-commerce platform's information-sharing strategy and the manufacturer's selected logistics mode (direct mail or bonded warehouse). By combining game theory with complex systems theory, discrete dynamic models for output competition among PM chains under four scenarios are constructed. The Nash equilibrium solution and stability conditions of the models are derived according to the principles of nonlinear dynamics. The stability of the model under the four scenarios, as well as the impacts of the initial output level and comprehensive tax rates on the stability and stability control of the system, are analyzed using numerical simulation methods. Our findings suggest that maintaining system stability requires controlling the initial output levels, the output adjustment speeds, and tariff rates to remain within specific thresholds. When these thresholds are exceeded, the entropy value of the model increases, and the system outputs decisions to enter a chaotic or uncontrollable state via period-doubling bifurcations. When the output adjustment speed of the four PM chains is high, the direct-mail logistics mode exhibits greater stability. Furthermore, under increased tariff rates for CBEC, the bonded warehouse mode has a stronger ability to maintain stability in system output decisions. Conversely, when the general import tax rate increases, the direct-mail mode demonstrates better stability. Regardless of the logistics mode, the information-sharing strategy can enhance the stability of system output decisions, while increased e-commerce platform commission rates tend to reduce stability. Interestingly, the use of a non-information-sharing strategy and the direct-mail logistics mode may be more conducive to increasing the profit levels of overseas manufacturers. Finally, the delayed feedback control method can effectively reduce the entropy value, suppress chaotic phenomena in the system, and restore stability to output decisions from a fluctuating state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We define predictive states and predictive complexity for quantum systems composed of distinct subsystems. This complexity is a generalization of entanglement entropy. It is inspired by the statistical or forecasting complexity of predictive state analysis of stochastic and complex systems theory but is intrinsically quantum. Predictive states of a subsystem are formed by equivalence classes of state vectors in the exterior Hilbert space that effectively predict the same future behavior of that subsystem for some time. As an illustrative example, we present calculations in the dynamics of an isotropic Heisenberg model spin chain and show that, in comparison to the entanglement entropy, the predictive complexity better signifies dynamically important events, such as magnon collisions. It can also serve as a local order parameter that can distinguish long and short range entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a backlash against academic writing in the humanities that can be found in popular culture at least since the 1990s. By considering a selection of arguments from critics of academic writing in the humanities, I then defend a certain kind of 'obscurity' or 'difficulty' in scholarly prose by developing a concise genealogy of obscure academic writing. This paper develops the notion that an 'uncommon sense' should be situated against 'common sense' to unveil an assumed 'world' or 'reality' alongside the structural formations of that which is considered 'useful' language. Often, complicated academic language grapples with the intrinsic complexity that is hidden behind 'simple' ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of archaeology, researchers have evaluated human societies in terms of systems and systems interactions. Complex systems theory (CST), which emerged in the 1980s, is a framework that can explain the emergence of new organizational forms. Its ability to capture nonlinear dynamics and account for human agency make CST a powerful analytical framework for archaeologists. While CST has been present within archaeology for several decades (most notably through the use of concepts like resilience and complex adaptive systems), recent increases in the use of methods like network analysis and agent-based modeling are accelerating the use of CST among archaeologists. This article reviews complex systems approaches and their relationship to past and present archaeological thought. In particular, CST has made important advancements in studies of adaptation and resilience, cycles of social and political development, and the identification of scaling relationships in human systems. Ultimately, CST helps reveal important patterns and relationships that are pivotal for understanding human systems and the relationships that define different societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species are a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services, requiring significant resources for management to mitigate impacts. Invasive species management is conducted under policy and funding frameworks that rely on defining nuanced invasion science concepts so they can be operationalized. Climate change has led to a rapidly developing science and terminology related to species ranges and impacts, adding another layer of complexity to invasion science, often with consequences to management and policy. We propose an adaptable framework that organizes invasive species and climate change terminology. The framework describes possible scenarios resulting from climate-change-induced changes to species' ranges and impacts, and serves as a tool to assist decision-making, improve communication, and promote inclusion of terms that reflect a range of perspectives and values. The rapid diversification of terminology associated with invasion ecology is a known barrier to effective communication and management. These challenges are magnified by the addition of terms and concepts related to climate-induced range-shifting taxa and/or changes to impacts. Further, institutional policies and terminologies for invasive species introduce new ambiguities when considering climate change. To alleviate communication and application challenges, we introduce a conceptual framework that organizes climate-related invasion terms, revealing ambiguities and gaps. Additionally, we illustrate how these ambiguities can affect management with four case studies and consider situations where resolution can improve policy and management outcomes. The framework can help users avoid inconsistent use of terminology, and prioritize when to address management and policy consequences related to associated terminological ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Loyalty programmes are business strategies aimed at increasing customer fidelity to brands. One of the most promising technologies of the 21st century is blockchain, whose application to the management of loyalty programmes can increase transparency and reliability, enable interoperability, and facilitate centralised management. (2) Methods: This study evaluates the antecedents of the acceptance of blockchain-based loyalty programmes (BBLPs) using a model grounded in the technology acceptance model UTAUT2. The four basic constructs of UTAUT, which we call the UTAUT-baseline, are considered explanatory factors: performance expectancy (PER), effort expectancy (EFF), social influence (SOC), and facilitating conditions (FAC). Additionally, we consider the constructs introduced in UTAUT2: hedonic motivation (HED) and perceived price value (PRI), to which we add innovativeness (INN) and trust (TRU), and we refer to these as UTAUT-extended, along with the moderating variables of UTAUT and UTAUT2: gender, age, and experience. The analytical approach used is complexity theory, which aims to capture the configurations that lead to both acceptance and rejection positions regarding BBLPs. This analysis is performed via fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). (3) Results: Eight explanatory configurations of the acceptance of BBLPs have been obtained, in which the presence of all UTAUT-baseline and UTAUT-extended constructs is a condition in at least three prime implicates. The constructs with the greatest presence as core conditions are PER, EFF, and TRU. On the other hand, nine configurations leading to the rejection of BBLPs have been identified. The absence of all UTAUT-baseline and UTAUT-extended variables is a condition in at least three configurations. The core conditions with the greatest presence in the rejection of BBLPs are the lack of FAC, HED, and PRI. (4) Practical implications: The results obtained are of great interest to business owners, as they allow for the characterisation of different profiles of people potentially engaged with BBLPs, as well as the profiles of consumers reluctant to adopt them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists are increasingly involved in large health technology consortia to enhance the societal relevance and acceptability of the innovations that are developed, tested, or implemented. In this paper, we critically reflect on the role of such 'embedded social scientists' in various digital health technology initiatives. We reflect on our experiences in several large-scale consortia and smaller local partnerships we were involved in studying the development of digital technologies in health and welfare. Informed by our background in pragmatist interventionist research, we suggest that there are additional tensions and action repertoires for social scientists beyond the identification of transgressions, as proposed by the Sphere Transgressions framework. However, the Sphere Transgression framework focuses primarily on signaling potentially problematic conversions of advantages, it produces fewer immediately relevant clues on what other kinds of contributions social scientists can make to responsible and ethical forms of innovation, and how they can do so. We describe three tensions emerging from the conflicting agendas, goals, and expectations of different stakeholders, zooming in on how we navigated this normative complexity. In the discussion, we tie our reflections to the role of power dynamics in technology consortia and the boundaries of embedded research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical thought evolves across space and time, reflecting and influencing major societal issues. The development of geography traverses various phases and epistemological currents, producing distinct and often conflicting approaches. This work proposes a discussion on complexity theory and complex systems as an epistemological framework for geography, particularly in addressing the challenges of the 21st-century digital and globalized society. By integrating complexity into its foundations, geography aims to transcend historical dualities, bridging the human and natural spheres. The goal is to establish a geography with strong social impact, capable of understanding complex dilemmas, offering concrete solutions, and fostering emancipation, thereby surpassing academic boundaries in favor of an action-oriented science that is sensitive to human dimensions and aligned with contemporary realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study strives to better understand resistance to chatbots in the banking sector. To achieve this, it proposes a model based on the paradigm of resistance to innovation and the complexity theory. In addition, it explores the role of gender in relation to chatbot resistance. Design/methodology/approach: Data are collected in France using a snowball sampling technique. The sample is composed of 385 participants. FsQCA is used to identify all possible combinations of usage, value, risk, tradition and image barriers, as well as two gender conditions that predict resistance to chatbots. Findings: The results reveal that the sample provides four possible solutions/combinations that may explain resistance to chatbots. These are: (i) a combination of usage, value, risk and tradition barriers, (ii) a combination of value, risk, tradition and image barriers, (iii) a combination of usage, value, risk and image barriers, along with the male gender and (iv) a combination of usage, value, tradition and image barriers, along with the female gender. Research limitations/implications: This study provides valuable and straightforward theoretical and managerial implications. The proposed solutions suggest a deep understanding of chatbot resistance. Chatbot developers and marketers can highly benefit from these findings to enhance user acceptance. Originality/value: In this study, barriers are envisioned within the larger context of innovation resistance. The interactions among barriers causing resistance to chatbots are examined through the lens of the complexity theory, while the data analysis employs the fsQCA approach. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the role of gender in explaining chatbot resistance in the banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of international academics in universities has increased steadily over the past decades, driven by universities' internationalisation strategies to enhance their competitiveness in the global market and the academics' desire for career advancement through broadening global experiences, international networks and collaboration. Despite their growing number, little attention has been given to the professional transition of international academics. This paper offers a critical discussion on the professional adaptation challenges, strategies and institutional support available to international academics using complexity theory as a lens. By conceptualising the university as a complex system, we argue that professional adaptation needs to be integrated into the entire system, a move from being largely international academics' business to a bilateral and reciprocal approach. This has implications for host institutions to consider their own position towards international academics as well as review current support policies and practices for these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines DREAMers' acculturation patterns using Berry's framework of acculturation, focusing on their attitudes towards the US and acculturative stress. It extends acculturation research by incorporating elements of UndocuCrit Theory and differential adaptation theory to highlight the complexities of living undocumented in the US and by quantitatively and qualitatively analysing online weblogs instead of using traditional survey methods. Despite findings consistent with past acculturation research regarding immigrant attitudes towards the US and acculturative stress as a mediating factor, the unique coding process revealed the appearances of various acculturation patterns both within and across blog posts, suggesting the fluidity and variability of acculturation phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]