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International audience; The concept of the circular economy has been a major driver in establishing new perspectives in innovation, product design and in technology management. Technological innovation in the context of a circular economy has become a factor of competitiveness, of success in national and European calls for projects, as well as a source of attractiveness for employees. A transition management is operating today in worldwide organisations from innovation intended to only provide additional economic incomes, to innovations that are willing to be sustainable by staying under the planetary boundaries limits and by satisfying some targeted societal needs. The term "eco-innovation" is among the most cited design for sustainability methods associated with this transformation. The required paradigm shift is a new challenge that technology-intensive organisations must handle with the companies and industries included in this socio-technical system. Such a paradigm shift cannot be achieved without adapting the innovation processes. Moreover, the concept and implementation of eco-innovation remain unclear, lacks in the validation and the experimentation processes are frequent. The overall approach therefore needs to be supported by practical tools and methods for design engineers and applied researchers.This article provides feedback on a project collaboration between a large public-funded research organisation (CEA: Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission) and academic researchers from university (Grenoble Institute of Technology), with the aim of formalising an approach needed to conduct eco-innovation R&D projects. One of the levers in this perspective is the dissemination of applied knowledge (known-how) by providing training materials in order to make R&D engineers aware of the importance of innovation within the circular economy framework.This paper presents the process of development of such educational training conducted in a collaborative way. This training content has the ambition to empower engineers in developing a systemic vision and practical insights in four main topics: sustainability challenges, environmental impact assessment, circular economy vision, and eco-innovation methods. It was tested during pilot workshops and then transformed into an online format.

The maturity of organisations is measured using process assessment models like the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/IEC 33001. Product quality is refined with internal and external product quality characteristics based on models like the ISO/IEC 25010. With the shift from the Tailorism‐driven process orientation to a more people‐centric organization, the process and product quality dimensions have to be extended by the teamwork quality (TWQ) dimension. For the sake of systematic organization development, this new third quality dimension needs to be integrated into existing quality frameworks to achieve a holistic quality approach. This article introduces agile TWQ as the method of choice. It explains its design, implementation and evaluation in the large enterprise context of the Volkswagen AG. It provides insights into the effectivity of this approach in heterogeneous multi‐team settings, as well as into its strengths, weaknesses, and limitations.

International audience; Power electronics converters are traditionally designed regarding efficiency, power density, cost, and reliability figures of merit. Today, with the extreme spread of power electronic applications in our modern societies, together with the earth limits in terms of materials resources, it is important to consider the ecological impact of the converter not only during its usage, but over its whole life cycle. This article introduces an eco-dimensioning methodology for analyzing and accounting for the energy consumption over the entire converter life. The analysis is applied on a small DC-DC converter considering the main components dual active bridge (DAB) converter. The planar transform is one of the key elements modeled in this article, including material and manufacturing conditions. The traditional and eco-dimensioning approaches are carried out and compared in order to emphasize the possible consequences on total energy cost.

As sustainability has become an important asset for production systems, it is important to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. When conducting an LCA of products derived from a multi-product process, the common challenge of impact partitioning arises. This is referred to as the allocation problem. Many allocation methods have been introduced in the literature, leading to a variety of results depending on the choice of allocation method. The purpose of this paper is to provide LCA practitioners with an operational approach that helps them choose the allocation method when evaluating co-products. The extensive literature review carried out in the study allows identification of the main allocation methods available to practitioners. A cross-analysis also points out a strong link between allocation choices and decision-makers’ objectives. A decision-aid tool is introduced and tested on two case studies involving co-products. The resulting decision-aid tool helps guide the allocation choice in the two case studies through multi-level reasoning. Depending on the objective of the LCA study and the co-product being analyzed, a multi-level decision tree proposes a set of recommended allocation methods. The first level consists in identifying the purpose of the study, after which yes-or-no questions start to guide the path toward the right allocation method. In the most complex cases, the LCA practitioner is presented with a table containing all the allocation methods defended by other LCA practitioners for specific industries and contexts. This decision-aid tool complements the guidelines presented by ISO 14044 2006. The presented tool creates a strong correlation between the aims of the study and the allocation choice, thus allowing practitioners to both justify their choice and to discuss the results with alternative scenarios for sensitivity analysis.

International audience; Purpose: Assess the ability of the Kinect to capture movement and posture of people with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) during completion of 14 items of the Motor Function Measure, a validated functional rating scale for people with neuromuscular diseases. Methods: Multicenter feasibility study in which Motor Function Measure items were scored as usual by the participant's therapist during the completion (Score-T) while another therapist scored items based only on the visualization of digital data collected using the Kinect (Score-D). Agreement and disagreement were investigated. Results: Twenty people with SMA type 2 or 3 were participants; 142 items were recorded and analyzed. There was 31.7% agreement between Score-T and ScoreD for participants with SMA type 2, and 76.2% for those with SMA type 3. Conclusions: The results prevent us from considering the use of Kinect capture to deduce an automated scoring, but this device may be of interest to highlight potential compensations.

COVID‐19 is an unexpected and brutal pandemic that requires new innovation models to overcome the constraints of this crisis and address its multiple challenges. Open innovation does not replace a traditional closed R&D model; but in the current crisis situation, it can support an ecosystem stakeholders’ effort by leveraging several collaborations. Based on the Tunisian experience, this study illustrates how a crisis can spontaneously create these collaborations between the maker’s community, the users (public healthcare professionals) and key stakeholders (universities, civil society and the private sector among others). To investigate this research question, we adopted a qualitative approach based on a single embedded case study and collected data through participant observation technique. The case study describes a process of crisis‐driven innovation based on 3D printing technologies in order to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare professionals. It highlights two distinct phases describing the evolution from a local collaborative model to the creation of a national ecosystem able to design, manufacture and address the growing need of the public healthcare system. Our findings show with empirical evidence the crucial roles played by the makers’ community, FabLabs and engineers in the fight against the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study draws lessons on how a large health crisis can trigger national crisis‐driven innovation (CDI) initiatives, which helped structure the makers’ network and promote collaboration towards a common national goal. A collaborative framework for CDI initiated by the Tunisian makers’ community is proposed in this study and could be adopted in similar crisis contexts, in Global South and North settings.

International audience; In the current study, wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of thin-walled 308L stainless steel components was reported. Firstly, the influence of the welding current, the voltage, and the travel speed in the WAAM process on the geometry of single weld beads was investigated. These parameters were also optimized for the deposition of 308L steel walls. Secondly, the microstructure and the mechanical characteristic of WAAM 308L steel walls have been explored. The obtained results reveal the optimized that parameters giving the desirable geometry of single weld beads for building 308L walls by the WAAM process. The microstructure of WAAM 308L steel walls mainly features the dendrites of austenite growing vertically and residual ferrite existing in grain boundaries of the austenite matrix. The microhardness of the built material is about 163 HV0.1. The UTS, YS and elongation of WAAM 308L walls are 532–553 MPa, 344–353 MPa, and 40–54%, respectively, which are relatively similar to those of wrought 308L stainless steel (UTS: 530–650 MPa, YS: 360–480 MPa, and elongation: 35–45%). Thus, the mechanical properties of WAAM 308L steel walls are considered to be adequate for industrial applications.

This paper focuses on an innovative end-of-use strategy: repurposing, defined as a manufacturing process through which products nearing their end-of-life are reused in different applications. We re...

The electric vehicle (EV) batteries should be repurposed after reaching End of Life (EoL), because it could be economically and environmentally beneficial. State of Health (SoH) estimation plays an essential role in repurposing these EoL Lithium (Li)-ion batteries. The aim of this paper is to review different SoH estimation technique to present a novel feature based classification. The review also investigates the issues and challenges in estimating SoH for Li-ion battery, with possible solutions. Furthermore, the study provides proposals for the development of SoH estimation methods for EV batteries in the context of the circular economy.

International conferences such as CIRP LCE usually imply that their attendees travel around the world to reach the venue Several online conferences have already been organised, but the year 2020 was particular because of the COVID-19 pandemics which obliged to cancel or modify dramatically all the events planned from the second quarter of that year The CIRP Life Cycle Engineering conference was no exception and all arrangements made before March were cancelled or modified in order to host the conference online This article presents the environmental impact assessment of the online conference and its comparison to the estimation of the impacts if the event had taken place in Grenoble (France), as initially planned This study confirms that an online conference has lower environmental impacts than a classical conference, except for freshwater quality The main contributors are the country energy mix of the audience for the online conference and the travel by plane for the classical one This article also shows that online conferences might contribute to stay within the planetary boundaries These results encourages to improve the study of the environmental impacts of online conferences and to highlight the hotspots to be improved © 2021 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

International audience; Circular economy is an effective strategy to reduce globally the environmental impacts of our consumption society. However, the introduction of circular economy scenarios implies major changes in our consumption mode and in our industrial systems. Because of changes in the value chain, the new circular consumption and production scenarios imply new needs, new requirements and then characteristics for the production and organization of these circular offers. The aim of this paper is to present a characterization of the repurposing and upgrading strategies, in order to facilitate design activities related to new circular industrial scenarios. This paper presents the research approach used to characterise the upgrading and repurposing strategies and then the characteristics that have been established investigating academic and industrial projects using literature review and interviews.

Hand gestures are key aspects in maintenance work. In this paper, we present a methodology for creating a digital knowledge base of maintenance hand gestures by applying virtual reality technology. Our motivation is rooted in the need to create work instructions that shall illustrate details of hand gestures that are the appropriate for particular maintenance operations. In this research, we propose an approach of recording, classifying and clustering such hand gestures in a library of gesture. Within this library, we can characterize each gesture and relate them to mechanical assembly and disassembly operations with respect to their appropriateness. Through this relationship, we create a knowledge base that can be used for suggesting hand gestures, as well as for rating them in e.g. training tasks. Furthermore, key elements of work instructions for operators can be derived from it. As a demonstration, we showed the process chain applied to the process of registration of hand gesture in simply maintenance task.

International audience; Wire arc additive manufacturing allows the production of metallic parts by the deposition of weld beads using arc-welding technologies. This low-cost additive manufacturing technology has the ability to manufacture large-scale parts at a high deposition rate. However, the quality of the obtained parts is greatly affected by the various thermal phenomena present during the manufacturing process. Numerical simulation remains an effective tool for studying such phenomena. In this paper, a new finite element method is proposed in order to model material deposition and heat input in WAAM process. This method allows to gradually construct the mesh representing the deposited zones along the deposition path. The heat source model from Goldak is adapted and combined with the proposed material deposition technique considering the power distribution between the filler material and the molten pool. The effectiveness of the new method is validated through a set of experimentations, one of which is detailed in this paper.

International audience; The clinic of use [1] carries the idea that technology is the operator’s partner in his activity.However, it is not uncommon, within 4.0 industry, to observe technologies that don’t allow operators to develop their skills and capacities for action. It happens that some technologies are “technopush” implemented, which may explain the disappointing results of some projects with high technological goals.Ourworks objective is therefore to define criteria for an Human-Technology enabling collaborative situation (ECS), in order to guide conception projects at an early stage. The study of scientific literature leads us to define the ECS according to 3 criteria. These characteristics are considered essential from the point of view of the operator’s activity deployment: learn a new and more efficient way of doing things, increase the available possibilities and ways of doing things, and adjust the Human-Machine couple attributes according to the evolution of situations over time. We present here the results of a multiple case study of innovation projects. This case study is designed to confront the criteria of the ECS with the actors feelings (success or failure). These initial results suggest that the ECS would be an interesting way to understand the contrasted reality of projects, beyond the general positive feelings received in both cases.We hope that the ECS criteria will allows to guide more precisely and in a more demanding way the industrialists in their technological implementation projects

Circular Economy is a model that proposes the closure of loops in the production of goods and services to reduce the depletion of natural resources, pollution, and high levels of production. On the other hand, Lean Manufacturing, is a philosophy that focuses on the development of productivity through the elimination of waste and the increase of value. This article explores the integration of lean manufacturing concepts and tools in a circular context. First, a literature review is presented on the common concepts of waste and value, the circular economy model and the indicators developed previously in the literature. Subsequently, the adaptation of the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is presented, with the integration of a set of indicators proposed related to the concepts of circularity and longevity. Finally, the application of this tool is presented through a case study, which proves that circular systems can be represented and evaluated with the adaptation of Lean tools.

International audience; The Lithium (Li)-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles reach their End of Life (EoL) when their capacity degrades by twenty percent. Circular economy suggests to re-purpose these EoL Li-ion batteries in less demanding applications. In the case of re-purposing, there are multiple second-life applications of a product and it is important to know the State of Health (SoH) in prior to sorting the product efficiently into the above-said applications. In this paper, we propose a data driven method for SoH estimation of Li-ion batteries. The correlation was learnt using three different machine learning models namely LinearRegression, Support vector regression, and Feed-forward Neural network. A use case is created on the NASA AMES open source battery data. The accuracy of the different models has been compared using the indicator of Root mean square error. The result concluded that the feed-forward neural network has higher accuracy compared to the other two models employed.

This article presents the design and application of the EFIS framework that combines four pillars to foster agile and lean working in organizations within large enterprises. These pillars constitute the empowerment of teams, the focus on products, the integration of processes, and the scaling of knowledge. The framework is designed to systematically address typical large enterprise challenges such as governance of regulation requirements and product risks. By design, EFIS is lean and nimble to make it easily adaptable to domain-specific demands within large organizations. It can be used as a stand-alone approach to establish and continuously improve lean and agile organizations, as well as in combination with existing approaches like SAFe®.

International audience

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to help in the establishment of the first fabrication laboratory (FabLab) in Tunisia. The FabLab movement offers many interesting opportunities through value creation, innovation, training and access to digital manufacturing technologies. A newly created FabLab should be well-positioned in terms of business model, purpose and management. The aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of FabLabs in developed countries (mainly in France and Luxembourg) and to provide recommendations on the possible development of a FabLab in Tunisia (FabLabENIT).Design/methodology/approachTwelve FabLabs were visited and experts from the makers movement were interviewed. Data from the visits and interviews were analysed using lexicometric tools. This methodology is based on three main steps: first, the identification and selection of panel of studied FabLabs interviews; second transcribing and coding for IRaMuTeQ software; and third, correspondence analysis.FindingsThe correspondence analysis determined five main factors of analysis that were interpreted using the most correlated words. The analysis of the correlation of the FabLabs and these five factors showed that FabLabENIT was strongly correlated with the third factor (interpreted as the organisation and structure factor). Recommendations for the purpose, local impact and methods were derived using the position of FabLabENIT in relation to the other factors.Practical implicationsThis study highlighted five main topics that characterise FabLabs in developing countries before and after their creation. A second practical contribution of this paper is that it provides a framework for FabLab managers and founders to anticipate possible trajectories of evolution for their organisations, especially in an emerging country. Another contribution, both practical and methodological, is the demonstration of the use of textual interview analysis tools (mainly correspondence analysis) to determine the main practices and characteristics of a creative organisation, such as a FabLab.Originality/valueOne original feature of this paper is the topic of the study, especially in the current context of the COVID-19 outbreak, in which the FabLab movement provided interesting solutions that were designed and manufactured using digital manufacturing technologies. A second originality resides in the use of lexicometric techniques to analyse the information that was discussed during the interviews.

International audience; With the increase in the use of Lithium (Li)-ion batteries for Electric Vehicles (EV) applications, it is imperative to think about using it sustainably. The circular economy suggests to reuse or re-purpose the End of Life (EoL) EV batteries in less demanding applications. The State of Health (SoH) is an essential indicator in making decisions while reusing or repurposing EoL Li-ion batteries of EVs. Conventional SoH estimation often requires capacity measurement from the battery's full charge to cut-off state, which is quite challenging. In this paper, we propose an Incremental Capacity (IC) curve based SoH estimation system for Li-ion batteries. The model employs a Kalman filter and a finite differencing method for measurement noise attenuation. A novel method that combines Support vector regression (SVR) and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is utilized to model the relationship between IC and the SoH. A use case is created on the NASA AMES open-source battery data. The case study shows that the proposed model can obtain accurate SoH prediction results without needing the State of Charge information of the battery

De nombreuses recherches et en particulier celles sur les limites planétaires ont montré que nous dépassons actuellement plusieurs limites globales, ce qui questionne fortement la soutenabilité de nos sociétés contemporaines à forte empreinte écologique. Cette prise de conscience se généralise et a fait croître à une vitesse importante les attentes sociétales de visions alternatives à un futur basé sur le seul progrès technologique et/ou une croissance économique infinie.Nous souhaitons faire face à ces constats et aux attentes qu’ils génèrent, sans greenwashing et sans nous en remettre à une croissance verte que nous savons impossible depuis longtemps et notamment par les travaux commandités par le Club de Rome. Impossibilité qui a été rappelée récemment à notre mémoire par une note de l’UE. Pour cela nous souhaitons engager l’UGA dans la construction, sur le long terme, d’une communauté scientifique transdisciplinaire. Nous proposons de développer des recherches complémentaires et alternatives à celles basées sur la double hypothèse d’un éternel progrès technologique et d’une croissance économique qui serait nécessairement vertueuse sur le plan social. Ces recherches auront pour objectif principal d’appréhender la dimension systémique et complexe des questions de dépassement écologique.Pour cela nous savons que nous pouvons d’ores et déjà appuyer notre démarche sur plusieurs collectifs de personnels et d’étudiants nés spontanément dans différentes structures de l’UGA. Leur diversité de profils et de disciplines constitue un atout précieux pour construire une approche transdisciplinaire. Nous pensons donc qu’il est utile et pertinent d’essayer de fédérer ces initiatives dans une démarche collective commune de production de connaissances.

International audience; Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a metallic additive manufacturing process based on the fusion of metallic wire using an electric arc as a heat source. The challenge associated with WAAM is heat management and understanding bead geometry. The printing process involves high temperatures, which results in the build-up of residual stresses can often cause deformations in a component. All of the process variables, such as torch speed (TS), wire feed speed (WFS), idle time, combine to produce the geometry of the deposit bead that results in the desired component shape. So, determining a method for choosing a good combined parameter process is very important to obtain a high-quality part. This article presents a study on how to use the WAAM process to produce a complexity part of aluminium alloys. The step of the determination process parameter is concentrated to develop in this study. An experimental design is determined to study the influence between the process parameters, for example, WFS, TS, high layer, length of bead. Different samples are made using the Yaskawa robot, using the classic CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) as a manufacturing method, using zigzag filling as a manufacturing strategy with the same WFS and same idle times and different TS, different bead lengths. A new manufacturing method using the zigzag filling strategy is proposed by adding an important step in determining the process parameters. The results indicate that the length of the bead has a significant impact on another parameter of the process.

International audience; This article presents the actuation strategy of a 2-DOF tensegrity type mechanism that employs three tension springs and a passive universal joint. This mechanism is proposed to be incorporated as an articulation unit for a piping inspection robot in order to overcome pipe bends and junctions. In the event of a junction, external actuations are required to allow the mechanism as well as the robot to follow a certain direction. Using DC-motors coupled with encoders, experiments are carried out on a test bench of the tensegrity mechanism. The actuation of the mobile platform is performed using cables that pass through each spring. By correlating the architecture to a 3-SPS-U parallel mechanism, the singularity-free workspace of the mechanism is analyzed to identify the tilt limits. A closed-loop PID controller is implemented using a microcomputer to perform a linear trajectory within the singularity-free workspace. The Inverse Kinematic Problem (IKP) is solved by passing input tilt angles to the controller. With the help of a force control algorithm, the experiments are carried out under no-load conditions for vertical and horizontal orientations of the mechanism. The error data of the joint positions and the motor torques are then interpreted for both orientations of the mechanism.

In powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing, the definition of part orientation is one of the most important steps as it affects the quality, the cost and the build time of products. Different works already attempted to propose methodologies for the assessment of optimal build orientation based on criteria such as the minimization of support volume. Elicitation works with industry experts have shown that they use much more varied rules to determine the orientation of parts. For instance, they do not treat the different surfaces of the part the same way (e.g., experts state that “priority surfaces of the part must be oriented close to vertical”). Today, the available tools do not allow integrating these kind of specifications. This paper discusses a knowledge-based methodology for the evaluation of part candidate orientations in PBF. Desirability function approach is used to translate companies’ expertise in the form action rules into mathematical functions that are tested on geometries to provide metrics for assisting the decision-making. A case study is presented to illustrate the use of this desirability function approach on complex part orientation problem.

In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, many large established organizations and enterprises are conducting an agile transformation. The agile culture requires autonomous teams for the sustainable adoption of agile approaches and methods. Building on personal and professional responsibility chains rather than on hierarchy, this autonomy mindset has a huge impact on required governance structures affecting in particular accountability and quality management. Established agile frameworks, like SAFe® or Scrum, do not address the challenges related to reorganizing compliance structures accordingly.This doctoral thesis proposes the EFIS framework as a novel holistic approach to complementing existing agile frameworks. EFIS builds on loosely coupled building blocks that facilitate agile adoption. At the very heart of them is systematic team empowerment to foster product-specific mastery of teams that ultimately leads to team autonomy through the assumption of responsibility as part of shared responsibility. EFIS’ key building blocks for team empowerment for both responsible collaboration and technical mastery are agile Team Work Quality (aTWQ) and Technical Team Maturity (TTM). The Product Quality Risk (PQR) building block supports teams in systematically focusing on product risks. This is complemented by Level of Done (LoD) helping them to integrate spe-cifically regulation and governance requirements.In order to leverage its fast adoption and scaling on a large enterprise level, the thesis proposes the Self-Service Kit (SSK) approach as a fundamental part of EFIS that by itself fosters autonomy and asynchrony with knowledge scaling. Teams act as prosumers, most time they consume the offered SSK’s. However, some individuals or teams develop new knowledge during their product-specific work. As a kind of mastery, they can share this by extending or building SSK’s.By design, the EFIS framework works like a flywheel for agile trans-formation: teams grow in their maturity and mastery, mastery leads to autonomy, autonomy leads to self-responsible decisions and actions, actions lead to insights, and insights lead to learnings that can be scaled and make other teams more mature. EFIS’ building blocks are systematically provided to teams for example based on regular aTWQ team maturity evaluation, which forms an integral part of the agile transition facilitation and governance process of the company’s IT. EFIS is also modular and open to integrating domain- and technology-specific elements and build-ing blocks to adapt to the product teams’ demands.Using a methodological approach that combines Design Science with Action Research, the entire EFIS framework has been developed, deployed, and validated in different legal entities and business domains of a German automotive OEM over the last five years. At this stage, it has become an instrument for the company’s agile transition towards a more nimble enterprise.; Dans le contexte de la quatrième révolution industrielle, de nombreux grands groupes industriels mènent une transformation agile. La culture agile nécessite des équipes autonomes pour son adoption durable. S'appuyant sur des chaînes de responsabilité personnelle et professionnelle plutôt que sur une hiérarchie, cet état d'esprit d'autonomie a un impact considérable sur les structures de gouvernance requises, en particulier sur la responsabilité et la gestion de la qualité. Les cadres agiles établis à ce jour, comme SAFe® ou Scrum, ne relèvent pas les défis liés à ces aspects.Cette thèse propose le cadre EFIS comme une nouvelle approche holistique pour compléter les cadres agiles existants. L'EFIS s'appuie sur des éléments constitutifs faiblement couplés qui facilitent l'adoption agile. Au cœur même de ceux-ci se trouve l'autonomisation systématique des équipes pour favoriser la maîtrise spécifique des équipes qui conduit finalement à leur autonomie grâce à la prise de responsabilité partagée. Les éléments clés de l'EFIS sont la qualité du travail d'équipe agile (aTWQ) et la maturité technique de l'équipe (TTM). L’élément risque qualité produit (PQR) aide les équipes à se concentrer sur les risques produits. L’élément du niveau de réalisation (LoD) les aide à intégrer spécifiquement les exigences de la réglementation et de la gouvernance.Un autre élément fondamental de l'EFIS est le concept du kit libre-service (SSK) qui en soi favorise l'autonomie et l'asynchronie pour la mise à l'échelle des connaissances. Les équipes agissent comme des prosommateurs : la plupart du temps, elles consomment les SSK proposés. Cependant, certaines personnes ou équipes développent de nouvelles connaissances au cours de leur travail spécifique à un produit. En guise de maîtrise, ils peuvent partager leurs connaissances acquises en étendant ou en construisant des SSK.De par sa conception, le cadre EFIS fonctionne comme un volant d'inertie pour la transformation agile : les équipes grandissent dans leur maturité et leur maîtrise, la maîtrise conduit à l'autonomie, l'autonomie conduit à des décisions et des actions auto-responsables, les actions conduisent à des apprentissages qui peuvent être mis à l'échelle et rendre les autres équipes plus matures. Les éléments constitutifs de l’EFIS sont systématiquement fournis aux équipes, par exemple sur la base d’une évaluation régulière de la maturité de l’équipe aTWQ, qui fait partie intégrante du processus de facilitation agile de la transition et de la gouvernance de l’informatique de l’entreprise. EFIS est également modulaire et ouvert à l’intégration d’éléments spécifiques à la technologie et au domaine afin de s’adapter aux demandes des équipes produit.En utilisant une approche méthodologique combinant la science de la conception et la recherche en action, l'ensemble du cadre EFIS a été développé, déployé et validé dans différentes entités juridiques et domaines d'activité d'un équipementier automobile allemand au cours des cinq dernières années. À ce stade, il est devenu un instrument essentiel à la transition agile de l’entreprise.

In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, many large established organizations and enterprises are conducting an agile transformation. The agile culture requires autonomous teams for the sustainable adoption of agile approaches and methods. Building on personal and professional responsibility chains rather than on hierarchy, this autonomy mindset has a huge impact on required governance structures affecting in particular accountability and quality management. Established agile frameworks, like SAFe® or Scrum, do not address the challenges related to reorganizing compliance structures accordingly.This doctoral thesis proposes the EFIS framework as a novel holistic approach to complementing existing agile frameworks. EFIS builds on loosely coupled building blocks that facilitate agile adoption. At the very heart of them is systematic team empowerment to foster product-specific mastery of teams that ultimately leads to team autonomy through the assumption of responsibility as part of shared responsibility. EFIS’ key building blocks for team empowerment for both responsible collaboration and technical mastery are agile Team Work Quality (aTWQ) and Technical Team Maturity (TTM). The Product Quality Risk (PQR) building block supports teams in systematically focusing on product risks. This is complemented by Level of Done (LoD) helping them to integrate spe-cifically regulation and governance requirements.In order to leverage its fast adoption and scaling on a large enterprise level, the thesis proposes the Self-Service Kit (SSK) approach as a fundamental part of EFIS that by itself fosters autonomy and asynchrony with knowledge scaling. Teams act as prosumers, most time they consume the offered SSK’s. However, some individuals or teams develop new knowledge during their product-specific work. As a kind of mastery, they can share this by extending or building SSK’s.By design, the EFIS framework works like a flywheel for agile trans-formation: teams grow in their maturity and mastery, mastery leads to autonomy, autonomy leads to self-responsible decisions and actions, actions lead to insights, and insights lead to learnings that can be scaled and make other teams more mature. EFIS’ building blocks are systematically provided to teams for example based on regular aTWQ team maturity evaluation, which forms an integral part of the agile transition facilitation and governance process of the company’s IT. EFIS is also modular and open to integrating domain- and technology-specific elements and build-ing blocks to adapt to the product teams’ demands.Using a methodological approach that combines Design Science with Action Research, the entire EFIS framework has been developed, deployed, and validated in different legal entities and business domains of a German automotive OEM over the last five years. At this stage, it has become an instrument for the company’s agile transition towards a more nimble enterprise., Dans le contexte de la quatrième révolution industrielle, de nombreux grands groupes industriels mènent une transformation agile. La culture agile nécessite des équipes autonomes pour son adoption durable. S'appuyant sur des chaînes de responsabilité personnelle et professionnelle plutôt que sur une hiérarchie, cet état d'esprit d'autonomie a un impact considérable sur les structures de gouvernance requises, en particulier sur la responsabilité et la gestion de la qualité. Les cadres agiles établis à ce jour, comme SAFe® ou Scrum, ne relèvent pas les défis liés à ces aspects.Cette thèse propose le cadre EFIS comme une nouvelle approche holistique pour compléter les cadres agiles existants. L'EFIS s'appuie sur des éléments constitutifs faiblement couplés qui facilitent l'adoption agile. Au cœur même de ceux-ci se trouve l'autonomisation systématique des équipes pour favoriser la maîtrise spécifique des équipes qui conduit finalement à leur autonomie grâce à la prise de responsabilité partagée. Les éléments clés de l'EFIS sont la qualité du travail d'équipe agile (aTWQ) et la maturité technique de l'équipe (TTM). L’élément risque qualité produit (PQR) aide les équipes à se concentrer sur les risques produits. L’élément du niveau de réalisation (LoD) les aide à intégrer spécifiquement les exigences de la réglementation et de la gouvernance.Un autre élément fondamental de l'EFIS est le concept du kit libre-service (SSK) qui en soi favorise l'autonomie et l'asynchronie pour la mise à l'échelle des connaissances. Les équipes agissent comme des prosommateurs : la plupart du temps, elles consomment les SSK proposés. Cependant, certaines personnes ou équipes développent de nouvelles connaissances au cours de leur travail spécifique à un produit. En guise de maîtrise, ils peuvent partager leurs connaissances acquises en étendant ou en construisant des SSK.De par sa conception, le cadre EFIS fonctionne comme un volant d'inertie pour la transformation agile : les équipes grandissent dans leur maturité et leur maîtrise, la maîtrise conduit à l'autonomie, l'autonomie conduit à des décisions et des actions auto-responsables, les actions conduisent à des apprentissages qui peuvent être mis à l'échelle et rendre les autres équipes plus matures. Les éléments constitutifs de l’EFIS sont systématiquement fournis aux équipes, par exemple sur la base d’une évaluation régulière de la maturité de l’équipe aTWQ, qui fait partie intégrante du processus de facilitation agile de la transition et de la gouvernance de l’informatique de l’entreprise. EFIS est également modulaire et ouvert à l’intégration d’éléments spécifiques à la technologie et au domaine afin de s’adapter aux demandes des équipes produit.En utilisant une approche méthodologique combinant la science de la conception et la recherche en action, l'ensemble du cadre EFIS a été développé, déployé et validé dans différentes entités juridiques et domaines d'activité d'un équipementier automobile allemand au cours des cinq dernières années. À ce stade, il est devenu un instrument essentiel à la transition agile de l’entreprise.

International audience; L'écoconception de convertisseurs statiques devient nécessaire pour appréhender non seulement la notion de performance mais aussi les coûts énergétiques de fabrication, d'usage et de fin de vie. Les convertisseurs de puissance multicellulaires apportent une opportunité vis-à-vis de l'optimisation de leur usage tout au long de leur cycle de vie. C'est l'objet de l'analyse présentée dans cet article. L'article présente, en premier lieu, une méthode de dimensionnement des convertisseurs fondée sur des critères de coûts énergétiques pendant le cycle de vie incluant des marqueurs de défaillance à l'usage. Une comparaison de plusieurs scénarios de fin de vie est proposée dans un cadre applicatif, technologique et géographique restreint, pour maitriser la variabilité et la sensibilité des données utilisées.

Small companies encounter difficulties to adapt to new markets with a sustainable perspective. The subject of this article is a paper transformation company which has been eager to develop the organic farming market by developing a new plant support. Alternatives made from plant fibres or plastics exist, such as jute and polypropylene. The main difficulty of this project was to ecodesign a paper product with a multicriteria approach. The factors considered have been divided into two categories. Firstly, the environmental impacts calculated according to the Life Cycle Assessment methodology (on raw material extraction, manufacturing and end-of-life) are summarised. Secondly, the characteristics of the product are discussed in regards to these results and sustainability questions as part of the interpretation phase. Finally, ways of improvement of the LCA methodology to improve the study in terms of geographical representativeness and societal considerations are discussed.

International audience; Remanufacturing is considered one of the most effective and efficient end-of-life strategies of the circular economy, in terms of environmental benefits and economic viability. Products are circulating all over the world, coming from multiple sources and numerous intermediates. Thereby, making the supply chain between the user and the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) very complex when it comes to recovering products at their end-of-life. In fact, local sellers have direct contact with users, as they are geographically close, which makes it easier for them to recuperate worn out and obsolete products. However, these sellers lack the know-how and the technical knowledge necessary to develop the remanufacturing process. This paper presents the strategy to be followed by small companies to adopt and implement the remanufacturing process, in order to give these end-of-life products a second life and to make a profit from both new and remanufactured products. In particular, it focuses on the specific case of a small company in France, that included the process of remanufacturing air compressors and electric motors in its business model and started selling them directly to users. Therefore, this study will display the multiple advantages that this remanufacturing strategy has to offer and will also show the barriers that can be faced when applying this strategy.

The advent of renewable energy systems has led to an increase in decentralised energy systems. Consequently, the last 10 years have seen development of specialised software such as HOMER, iHOGA, EnergyPro, RETScreen and TRNSYS to analyse these systems. This study compares these software in detail especially in terms of the environmental assessment. It is concluded that these software do not adequately include environmental analysis since only 1 out of 5 software considers more than one life cycle stage, neglecting other upstream/downstream emissions. Furthermore, the emphasis is on emissions such as NOx and SO2 that are usually associated with fossil fuel utilization. As the energy systems are becoming increasingly complex, especially with storage technologies such as hydrogen and batteries, emissions ‘shift’ away from the operating stage. Moreover, it becomes essential to look further than global warming potential and take into account other impacts such as depletion of critical materials, acidification, eco-toxicity, etc. Hence, it becomes essential to take into account entire life cycle stages and provide comprehensive environmental impacts along with the already available techno-economic capabilities to the designers and decision-makers. Finally, this study provides recommendations on the methodology to include environmental analysis in the investigated software.

International audience; Additive Manufacturing gives designers freedom to explore new way of thinking smart parts. Smart parts can be defined as parts that react, adjust themselves and/or communicate. Such tasks can be performed through embedded devices or in an independent way when a change in their environment occurs, decreasing or replacing a human intervention. They are an important step toward the establishment of the 4.0 industry. This study is focused on smart part with strain monitoring. Embedding sensors enable core measurement while ensuring protection of the device from outside impairment. Additive manufacturing makes it possible to embed such kind of sensor inside a part during the manufacturing process. These newly produced parts would be able to monitor their use and optimize their lifetime. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing is a good candidate to produce smart parts. However, this process uses gas metal arc welding technology to build metallic parts in an additiveminded way and thus imply high current and high temperatures. These consequences make it difficult for some kind of strain sensing technologies to be embedded soundly. This paper benchmark various sensor technologies for monitoring part strain and groups them into three approaches: embedding electronic devices, embedding fibre optic sensors and embedding passive exogenous indicators. Each approach is presented through one of its major sensor technology, and their pro and cons are discussed. Finally, a guide is proposed and tested on three examples, to select the strain-sensing technology adapted to restrictions imposed by the specifications of each example and by the WAAM process.

The research of the best compromise between economic, mechanical and technological imperatives has always been the primary objective of the mechanical engineer. The methods used to achieve these excellence objectives have evolved considerably over the last few years. The author's experience in optimisation began in 1983. At this time, the design stage would come first, then the calculation and finally optimisation afterwards. In practice, and during experience of shape optimisation of mechanical structures, between 1985 and 1990, many extreme cases were encountered. In these cases, the question of optimisation wasn't posed until damage had occurred in service; the author’s industrial partners realized, often too late, that their designing left quite a bit to be desired. They would then call for the author’s help in using optimisation programs to supply them with an improv ed shape. These shapes were reached despite technological limitations being very severe at this stage; so severe, in fact, that engineers were powerless to resolve the problem. Innumerable problems such as this were dealt with. Figure 1 exemplifies this very well. In this case, the very localized optimisation of the rear bearing of a hydraulic hammer is presented (the type of which had been sold in most parts of the world). The bearing in question would break after relatively few cycles of operation. The automatic optimisation of the shape of this product would, simply by a small modification of shape (which would be difficult to predict other than by calculation (increased radius, decreased width), considerably improved the mechanical durability of the bearing: the over-stress being reduced by 50%, the objective being the minimisation of the maximum value of the Von Mises equivalent stress along the mobile contour, whilst taking into account the technological constraints of the industrial partners. Such an approach to designing has become unthinkable these days. The economic competitivity has increased, the design and manufacture delays have

International audience; Targeting sustainability in our industrial society requires integrating specific criteria in the design process of products and processes. A paradigm shift is necessary in the economical, social and political systems to ensure the natural ecosystems preservation on the planet while fulfilling society needs. Various research methods have therefore emerged to change the way products and services are designed, developed, used and discarded considering territorial contexts. Design for Sustainability, Design for Sustainable Transition, Socially Responsible Design, post-growth design, etc. provide several methods integrating the sustainable principles in the design process. However those approaches remain mainly experimental and are limited to the industrial context. In parallel to those approaches a wide variety of grassroots initiatives have emerged in territories. They propose alternative ways to design systems and they integrate new constraints in a practical manner. This research therefore aims to confront the diversity of Design to Environment (DtE) approaches with 'grassroots' initiatives in order to understand the possible evolution of the integration of sustainability into the design process of products and services used in industry. This paper presents the first literature review results of a started project in 2020. An original research protocol is proposed in this paper, based on specific focus groups with grassroots initiatives practitioners and eco-design experts from research and industry. The presentation of four DtE frameworks are analysed in this paper. This research finally discusses the opportunity of integrating the grassroots enriched DtE frameworks by non-officialdesigners in life cycle engineering. This bottom-up process may drive an expression of sustainability in industry aligned with some emerging local socio-technical systems.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) enables the production of metallic parts by depositing beads of weld metal, layer-by-layer, using arc-welding technologies. Combined of an electrical arc as a heat source and a wire as feedstock, this technology has the ability to manufacture large parts at a high deposition rate. However, the quality of the obtained parts is greatly affected by the various thermal phenomena present during the deposition process such as heat accumulation, re-heating cycles, and changing substrate temperature. The quality of the fabricated parts can be evaluated from two aspects, the geometric accuracy and the material integrity, and can vary drastically depending on the deposition strategy chosen, because it shapes the part’s thermal history during the manufacturing process. Numerical simulation remains an effective tool in order to tackle such issues. In this thesis, a thermal finite element model is built in order to investigate the thermal behavior in WAAM process, based on a novel metal deposition technique. This latter allows to gradually construct the mesh representing the deposited regions along the deposition path, taking into consideration the energy distribution between filler material and the molten pool, as well as the changing in the boundary conditions. Then, a set of thermal quality criteria are developed based on the proposed finite element model, allowing a better prediction of the different defects in WAAM parts. Finally, a simulation-based optimization method is proposed in order to optimize deposition strategies in WAAM process, with the aim of improving the quality of the fabricated parts. In this method, the part’s desired thermal history is dictated by adjusting the deposition strategy parameters along the deposition path. The optimized strategies are determined using the previously developed thermal simulation, with respect to the different thermal quality criteria. The overall method is validated by series of experiments, and has proven effective in ensuring consistent and accurate quality in WAAM production., Le Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) est le procédé de fabrication additive permettant d’obtenir de grandes pièces par empilement successif de cordons de soudure, au moyen des technologies de soudage à l’arc. La fabrication additive arc-fil emploie une énergie électrique pour mettre en fusion un fil d’apport, et permet notamment des taux de déposition élevés dans un grand espace de travail. Cependant, la qualité des pièces fabriquées par WAAM est grandement affectée par les différents phénomènes thermiques présents au cours de la fabrication, tels que l'accumulation de chaleur, et les champs de températures non uniformes. La qualité des pièces fabriquées peut être évaluée sous deux aspects, la précision géométrique et la santé matière, et peut varier considérablement en fonction de la stratégie de dépôt choisie, car elle façonne l'historique thermique de la pièce au cours du processus de fabrication. La simulation numérique reste un outil efficace pour aborder ces questions. Dans cette thèse, un modèle éléments finis est développé afin d'étudier le comportement thermique du procédé WAAM. Ce modèle est basé sur une nouvelle technique de modélisation du dépôt de métal. Cette dernière permet de construire progressivement le maillage représentant les régions déposées le long de la trajéctoire du dépôt, en prenant en considération la distribution de l'énergie entre le métal d'apport et le bain de fusion, ainsi que le changement des conditions aux limites. Ensuite, un ensemble de critères thermiques de qualité est développé grace au modèle d'éléments finis proposé, permettant une meilleure prédiction des différents défauts affectant la qualité des pièces WAAM. Enfin, une méthode d'optimisation basée sur la simulation est proposée afin d'optimiser les stratégies de dépôt du procédé WAAM, dans le but d'améliorer la qualité des pièces fabriquées. Dans cette méthode, l'historique thermique souhaité de la pièce est dicté en ajustant les paramètres de la stratégie de dépôt le long de la trajetoire de dépôt. Les stratégies optimisées sont déterminées à l'aide de la simulation thermique précédemment développée, par rapport aux différents critères thermiques de qualité. La méthode globale est validée par une série d'expériences, et s'est avérée efficace pour assurer une qualité constante et fiable dans une production par WAAM.

International audience

Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) features a high material deposition rate and low costs of device investment. However, WAAM parts generally undergo a complex-thermal history and a high accumulation of heat, which significantly influences its external and internal qualities. In this article, the influence of different cooling conditions on the qualities of WAAM SS308L components was addressed. Three thin walls were built by WAAM with three cooling conditions. The first and second walls were produced with the free-cooling condition, where an interlayer holding time (Tih) of 30 s and 60 s was used between two successive deposits, respectively. The third wall was built with the compressed dry air (CDAir)-based active cooling, in which the compressed dry air (CDAir) and an interlayer holding time of 10 s were employed between two adjacent layers to cool down the workpiece. The obtained results indicate that the evolution of microstructures in three walls is very likable. In the bottom and the middle regions, the microstructure mainly contains vertically oriented dendrites of austenite and ferrites that appear in the austenite grains’ boundary. The austenitic phases also appear in equiaxed grains in the top region. However, the CDAir-based active cooling has noticeable effects on the spacing of secondary dendrite arms (SSDA) in the middle of the walls. The wall built with the CDAir-based active cooling features the smallest average SSDA, followed by the walls produced in the free cooling condition and a Tih of 60 s and 30 s, respectively. Accordingly, the CDAir-based active cooling produces the highest average hardness and tensile strengths. Moreover, the wall produced using the CDAir-based cooling also reveals the lowest surface roughness. Therefore, it can be considered that the CDAir-based active cooling is a reasonable option to enhance the internal and external qualities of WAAM stainless steel 308L components.

International audience

The use of expert knowledge by manufacturing companies to support everyday activities has become an emerging practice thanks to the new knowledge management tools. A big set of knowledge is available in the organizations but its profitable use to solve problems and assist decision making is still a challenge. This is the case of CAM operations or preprocessing steps for which various works have been led to involve experts’ knowledge in the decision-making based on qualitative principles. However, so far, there is no methodology to the quantitative representation of that knowledge for more assistance. This paper introduces an approach for the conversion of knowledge into quantitative mathematical models. The main idea is to go from elicitation data in the form of action rules to simple unitary mathematical images; here desirability functions. The whole process carried out to extract the useful information that help building the desirability functions is exposed and different useful mathematical considerations are proposed. The resulting methodology identifies the categories of concepts in action rules and translate them into codified action rules. Then, through a mathematization process, the desirability functions are built. In short, this new approach allows evaluating the satisfaction level of the rules prescribed by the experts. As an illustration, the model is applied to action rules for CAM operations in additive manufacturing and more precisely to the definition of part orientation. This has shown the robustness of the methodology used and that it is possible to translate elicitation data into mathematical functions operable in computation algorithms. ANR-17-CE10-0008 : COFFA

International audience; The aim of this paper is to propose an effective method to create and store data of lattice structureCAD models. The currently used computer-aided design (CAD) tools are unsuitable for creating lattice structures because of the large number of facets in the lattice structure CAD models. Therefore, a new solution is required to overcome this problem. In this study a new skeleton model to create and store lattice structures is proposed. The skeleton model consists of the basic elements used to describe a lattice structure model: points, lines, joints, and sections. The configurations necessary to describe the lattice structures and the newly developed algorithm for the skeleton model generation of these configurations are described. To illustrate its application, a case study to create conformal and non-conformal lattice structures by using the newly developed skeleton model was presented. Unlike current techniques, this proposed method does not need to create boundary representations of the lattice structure CAD models and enables the computer to represent and store lattice structure model data more efficiently. The findings of this research have wide applicability in the development of CAD software and file formats tailored for additive manufacturing.

International audience; Three-dimensional patterns have been widely considered for the generation of lightweight internal structures in design methodologies for additive manufacturing. Accordingly, triply periodic minimal surfaces patterns have been previously explored due to their improved mechanical performance compared to traditional lattice structures. The present study analyses the effect of the design parameters on relative density of Primitive and Gyroid patterns. Results show a linear correlation between the relative density and pattern’s thickness, and a non-linear relationship to length. Relative density equations are proposed to ultimately aid in the pattern’s dimensions selection based on manufacturing constraints for their applicability in topological optimization procedures.

Among Additive Manufacturing technologies, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing process is strongly dependent of deposition conditions such as welding parameters, substrate temperature, trajectory. In this research, geometry and temperature evolutions of single beads have been investigated according to process parameters modifications. For our experiment, a heating device have been used in order to control the substrate temperature from room temperature up to 400 °C. Considering the Cold Metal Transfer technology, welding parameters, Wire Feed Speed (WFS) and Travel Speed (TS), have been modified while keeping a constant ratio λ (WFS/TS). Results indicate that weld bead geometry, height (h) and width (w), is influenced by substrate temperature and welding parameters. It has been shown that substrate temperature, itself influenced by process parameters, tends to produce thicker and lower weld beads while it increases.

Remanufacturing is considered as one of the most effective and efficient circularity strategies, in terms of environmental benefit and economic viability. In the absence of remanufacturing initiatives by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), independent sellers may be key players in a decentralized implementation of remanufacturing processes. In fact, local sellers have direct contact with product users due to their geographical proximity, which makes it easier for them to recuperate worn out and obsolete products. However, local sellers lack the technical know-how at the product and process level to implement remanufacturing activities. To meet the technical, environmental, and economic scientific issues, this PhD research opted for an action-research methodology based on a case study in a commercial company. This PhD thesis explores the motivations and barriers of implementing remanufacturing processes in small commercial companies. This research work proposes adapted methods at the operational level to address the inherent challenges of the transition from a linear towards circular economy model in Small and Medium Companies (SMEs). The proposed methods of this PhD thesis are demonstrated and applied on a case study at a commercial company that integrates remanufacturing to its activity., Le remanufacturing est considéré comme l’une des stratégies de fin de vie les plus efficaces et efficientes de l’économie circulaire, en termes d’avantages environnementaux et de viabilité économique. En absence d’initiatives par l’OEM pour le Remanufacturing des produits, les vendeurs indépendants peuvent être des acteurs incontournables dans l’implémentation décentralisée des processus de Remanufacturing. En effet, grâce à la proximité géographique des vendeurs locaux, ils gardent un contact direct avec les utilisateurs ce qui leur permet de récupérer plus facilement les produits utilisés ou en fin de vie. Cependant, ces vendeurs ne détiennent ni le savoir-faire des activités en amont à la vente ni les connaissances techniques sur le produit et le processus pour développer le Remanufacturing. Pour répondre à ces verrous scientifiques d’ordres techniques, environnementaux et économiques, nous avons opté pour une méthodologie recherche-action centrée sur un cas d’étude d’une entreprise commerciale. Cette thèse explique les motivations et les barrières de la mise en œuvre du processus de remanufacturing dans une petite entreprise commerciale et propose des méthodes adaptées au niveau de décision opérationnelle, pour relever les défis inhérents à la transition de ce type d’entreprises vers l’économie circulaire. Les méthodes proposées de cette thèse sont démontrées et appliquées sur le cas d’étude d’une entreprise commerciale qui intègre le Remanufacturing à son activité.

International audience; In this paper, the utilization of gas-metal-arc-welding additive manufacturing (GMAWAM) for the repurposing of components was explored. Herein, the GMAWAM process was used to build new low-carbon steel features on an existing low-carbon steel component to obtain a new part with new functionalities. To confirm the internal quality of the new part obtained by such a strategy that is adequate for real applications, its material properties were investigated. The obtained results reveal that the new features (i.e., thin walls) built by GMAWAM possess different microstructure types. The upper region of thin-walled features exhibits lamellar structures, whereas the middle region is characterized by granular structures, and mixed equiaxed and lamellar grains appear in the bottom region. Particularly, the new features have an excellent bonding strength with the existing part. The material properties of GMAWAM-repurposed parts also meet industrial requirements, confirming that the GMAWAM-repurposed parts are adequate with real applications.

International audience; Eco-designing static converters becomes a necessity to tackle the growing issue of e-waste, and to mitigate the environmental impacts occurring during the manufacturing, usage and the end of life stages. This research focuses on multicellular power converters as original designed systems providing the opportunity for optimizing their functional usage throughout their life cycle. This paper proposes a quantitative method for designing for reuse. The suggested models rely on the concept of keeping the components' value high during multiple lifecycle stages within a circular economy scheme.

International audience; Le travail présenté ici s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat en ergonomie et présente les résultats de l’analyse de la littérature effectuée durant la première année. La clinique de l'usage (Bobillier-Chaumon & Clot, 2016) porte l’idée que la technologie n'est pas qu'un simple outil au service d'une tâche mais un partenaire de l'opérateur dans son activité. La technologie devrait donc permettre à l'opérateur de développer ses capacités d'action en améliorant l’efficience et le sens dans son activité. La conception d'un environnement capacitant (Falzon, 2005) adapté à l'industrie 4.0 nécessite des travaux qui permettent de concevoir, de simuler et d'évaluer ces interactions Homme-Machine. L'objectif de nos travaux est de penser la conception d’une situation capacitante Homme-Technologie dans le cadre de l’industrie 4.0. Nos résultats montrent que la littérature scientifique sur le sujet du facteur-humain en industrie 4.0 est très dispersée, il y a donc un réel besoin de capitalisation des connaissances qui communiquent difficilement entre elles. Nous avons pu travailler à la conception d’une grille d’évaluation de la performance de l’interaction humain-technologie. Dans cette grille générale, nous sommes particulièrement attentifs à la définition d’une situation capacitante, qui met en avant la question du déploiement de l’activité de l’opérateur. Notre contribution est donc principalement théorique et porte sur la redéfinition d’une situation capacitante dans le cadre de l’industrie 4.0 ainsi que la création de cette grille d’évaluation. Ces travaux nous permettront, ultérieurement, de confronter cette vision au terrain par le biais de monographies.

The energy crisis and environmental problems have resulted in an increase of biofuels production. However, the production cost is the biggest commercialization drawback for fuels such as biodiesel; the highest cost in its production chain is associated with the raw material. Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils; nevertheless, water supplies, fertilizers and large land areas are required for its production. An alternative is to use animal fat as the most economic raw material for biodiesel production. It does not compete with food safety and reduces the environmental impact caused by an inadequate disposal. But the use of biodiesel causes damages on some different parts of unmodified diesel engines and decrease their performance. Therefore, it is necessary to study additives that modify the thermodynamic and transport properties of biodiesel such as density, viscosity or surface tension. The aim of this research is to present the goal, scope and life cycle inventory necessary to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of ternary diesel + biodiesel + additives blends, as biofuels through life cycle assessment. Mass of reagents and blends components were identified, while they have already been tested and validated from the experimental data. The life cycle scenarios will include beef tallow, biodiesel, diesel and additives production, mixing processes, and blends combustion.

International audience

Over the last decade, Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been evolving rapidly. VR environments and devices are more and more powerful and enable exceptional user experiences. Such environments and devices have a huge potential in a wide variety of industrial applications, in particular in maintenance training. Industry, however, still has difficulties achieving satisfactory training results, mainly due to inappropriate choices and setups of VR-based training infrastructures. In order to systematically support the preparation process of VR-based maintenance trainings, this thesis proposes a holistic concept for preparing VR-based maintenance training sequences with a focus on experimenting with, and evaluating and comparing different VR setups and configurations. This concept is called “Virtual Reality technology for Training Preparation Process” (VR-TPP), and it has been implemented for validation in both non-immersive and fully-immersive setups. Within those, three different case studies demonstrate how this systematic approach supports trainees in finding out the appropriate working process and hand gestures, as well as trainers in determining the most appropriate training environment, sequence and work instructions. In order to account for specificities in maintenance training operations, a particular focus has been directed on properly capturing hand gestures and associating them with different types of mechanical joints and the disassembly of mechanical parts according to their appropriateness. This is considered an important contribution to upgrading, complementing or even replacing traditional work instructions without active user involvement to virtual work instructions providing user experience. Furthermore, the use of the VR-TPP concept also helps revealing the cause of mistakes that users make when working in a virtual environment. From these insights, the learnings can be fed back into the design of the training process as well as the infrastructure. Apart from industrial maintenance (therefore assembly- and disassembly-) trainings, the concept enables and supports numerous other applications.; Au cours de la dernière décennie, la technologie de la réalité virtuelle (RV) a évolué rapidement. Les environnements et appareils de la RV sont de plus en plus puissants et permettent des expériences utilisateur exceptionnelles. De tels environnements et dispositifs ont un potentiel énorme dans une grande variété d'applications industrielles, en particulier dans la formation à la maintenance. L'industrie, cependant, a encore des difficultés à obtenir des résultats de formation satisfaisants, principalement en raison de choix et de configurations inappropriés d'infrastructures de formation basées sur la RV. Afin de soutenir systématiquement le processus de préparation des formations de maintenance basées sur la réalité virtuelle, cette thèse propose un concept holistique pour la préparation de séquences de formation sur la maintenance basée sur la réalité virtuelle en mettant l'accent sur l'expérimentation, l'évaluation et la comparaison de différentes configurations de réalité virtuelle. Ce concept est appelé « Processus de préparation des formations basées sur la technologie de réalité virtuelle » (VR-TPP), et il a été mis en œuvre pour la validation dans des configurations non immersives et entièrement immersives. Parmi celles-ci, trois études de cas différentes montrent comment cette approche systématique aide les apprenants à trouver le processus de travail et les gestes de la main appropriés, ainsi que les formateurs à déterminer l'environnement de formation, la séquence et les instructions de travail les plus appropriés. Afin de tenir compte des spécificités des opérations de formation à la maintenance, un accent particulier a été mis sur la bonne saisie des gestes de la main et leur association avec différents types d'articulations mécaniques et le démontage des pièces mécaniques en fonction de leur adéquation. Ceci est considéré comme une contribution importante à la mise à niveau, au complément ou même au remplacement des instructions de travail traditionnelles sans participation active de l'utilisateur à des instructions de travail virtuelles offrant une expérience utilisateur. De plus, l'utilisation du concept VR-TPP permet également de révéler la cause des erreurs commises par les utilisateurs lorsqu'ils travaillent dans un environnement virtuel. Ces connaissances peuvent être réinjectées dans la conception du processus de formation ainsi que dans l'infrastructure. Outre les formations à la maintenance industrielle (donc au montage et au démontage), le concept peut être facilitateur pour de nombreuses autres applications.

Over the last decade, Virtual Reality (VR) technology has been evolving rapidly. VR environments and devices are more and more powerful and enable exceptional user experiences. Such environments and devices have a huge potential in a wide variety of industrial applications, in particular in maintenance training. Industry, however, still has difficulties achieving satisfactory training results, mainly due to inappropriate choices and setups of VR-based training infrastructures. In order to systematically support the preparation process of VR-based maintenance trainings, this thesis proposes a holistic concept for preparing VR-based maintenance training sequences with a focus on experimenting with, and evaluating and comparing different VR setups and configurations. This concept is called “Virtual Reality technology for Training Preparation Process” (VR-TPP), and it has been implemented for validation in both non-immersive and fully-immersive setups. Within those, three different case studies demonstrate how this systematic approach supports trainees in finding out the appropriate working process and hand gestures, as well as trainers in determining the most appropriate training environment, sequence and work instructions. In order to account for specificities in maintenance training operations, a particular focus has been directed on properly capturing hand gestures and associating them with different types of mechanical joints and the disassembly of mechanical parts according to their appropriateness. This is considered an important contribution to upgrading, complementing or even replacing traditional work instructions without active user involvement to virtual work instructions providing user experience. Furthermore, the use of the VR-TPP concept also helps revealing the cause of mistakes that users make when working in a virtual environment. From these insights, the learnings can be fed back into the design of the training process as well as the infrastructure. Apart from industrial maintenance (therefore assembly- and disassembly-) trainings, the concept enables and supports numerous other applications., Au cours de la dernière décennie, la technologie de la réalité virtuelle (RV) a évolué rapidement. Les environnements et appareils de la RV sont de plus en plus puissants et permettent des expériences utilisateur exceptionnelles. De tels environnements et dispositifs ont un potentiel énorme dans une grande variété d'applications industrielles, en particulier dans la formation à la maintenance. L'industrie, cependant, a encore des difficultés à obtenir des résultats de formation satisfaisants, principalement en raison de choix et de configurations inappropriés d'infrastructures de formation basées sur la RV. Afin de soutenir systématiquement le processus de préparation des formations de maintenance basées sur la réalité virtuelle, cette thèse propose un concept holistique pour la préparation de séquences de formation sur la maintenance basée sur la réalité virtuelle en mettant l'accent sur l'expérimentation, l'évaluation et la comparaison de différentes configurations de réalité virtuelle. Ce concept est appelé « Processus de préparation des formations basées sur la technologie de réalité virtuelle » (VR-TPP), et il a été mis en œuvre pour la validation dans des configurations non immersives et entièrement immersives. Parmi celles-ci, trois études de cas différentes montrent comment cette approche systématique aide les apprenants à trouver le processus de travail et les gestes de la main appropriés, ainsi que les formateurs à déterminer l'environnement de formation, la séquence et les instructions de travail les plus appropriés. Afin de tenir compte des spécificités des opérations de formation à la maintenance, un accent particulier a été mis sur la bonne saisie des gestes de la main et leur association avec différents types d'articulations mécaniques et le démontage des pièces mécaniques en fonction de leur adéquation. Ceci est considéré comme une contribution importante à la mise à niveau, au complément ou même au remplacement des instructions de travail traditionnelles sans participation active de l'utilisateur à des instructions de travail virtuelles offrant une expérience utilisateur. De plus, l'utilisation du concept VR-TPP permet également de révéler la cause des erreurs commises par les utilisateurs lorsqu'ils travaillent dans un environnement virtuel. Ces connaissances peuvent être réinjectées dans la conception du processus de formation ainsi que dans l'infrastructure. Outre les formations à la maintenance industrielle (donc au montage et au démontage), le concept peut être facilitateur pour de nombreuses autres applications.

In an industrial context, high software quality is mandatory in order to avoid costly patching. We present a state of the art analysis of approaches to ensure that a specific Artificial Intelligence (AI) model is ready for release. We analyze the requirements a Machine Learning (ML) system has to fulfill in order to comply with the needs of an automotive OEM. The main implication for projects relying on ML is a holistic assessment of possible quality risks. These risks may stem from implemented ML models and spread into the delivery. We present a methodological quality assurance (QA) approach and its evaluation.